Raspberry mainly refers to Rubus. Rosaceae plants can be used in food, medicine and extracting effective components to make skin care products. Description of Rubus: Deciduous or evergreen shrubs, subshrubs or herbs. Stems climbing or erect, mostly prickly. Leaves alternate, simple, pinnate or palmately compound, with serrated, lobed or entire edges and petioles; Stipules entire or divided, free and more or less connate with petiole. Flowers bisexual, rarely dioecious, terminal, sparsely axillary racemes, panicles or corymbs, or solitary; Calyx lobes 5, sparsely 3-7, persistent in fruit, erect or reflexed; Petals 5, sometimes absent, erect or spreading, white or reddish; Stamens numerous, erect or spreading; Many carpels, sometimes only a few, are separated from each other on the raised receptacle. Ovary has 1 cell, short style, lateral or terminal. The fruit is drupe, clustered on the receptacle to form a berry-like aggregate fruit, sometimes dry, yellow, red or black, hairless or hairy. There are about 700 species of this genus, which are widely distributed all over the world, mainly in the northern temperate zone, and a few in the southern hemisphere and tropical regions. About 280 species in China, distributed in northern and southern provinces (regions); There are 19 species and 4 varieties in Qinling Mountains. [Edit this paragraph] 1: Deciduous semi-shrub of Rubus in Rosaceae. There are more than 450 species in the world, mainly distributed in the cold zone and temperate zone of the northern hemisphere. There are about 2 10 species in China, both of which are wild in the north and south. The artificial cultivation of raspberries first began in Europe. The main producing countries are the Soviet Union, Poland, the United States and Canada. China is cultivated only in the northeast. Aggregate fruit is soft and juicy, with bright color, sweet and sour taste and rich fragrance. Suitable for fresh food, a large number of products are mainly used for processing jam, fruit wine, preserves and fruit juice. Branches are usually densely spiny or hairy, with alternate leaves, pinnately compound leaves and 3-5 leaflets. Most hermaphroditic flowers are attached to the protruding receptacle and develop into polymeric drupes. The colors of fruits are red, yellow, black and purple. There are four main types of cultivated species: raspberry, blackberry, raspberry and Rohan, Kharkiv Oblast raspberry. European raspberry (R.idaeus) cultivated in the northeast of China, also known as raspberry, is combined into a pot shape and easily separated from the receptacle when it is ripe. Rubus is a newly domesticated variety in the United States, which is suitable for cultivation in the south. Blackberry and Rohan, Kharkiv Oblast raspberry are distributed between them, and Rohan, Kharkiv Oblast raspberry is a hybrid of raspberry and blackberry. The three fruits are not easy to be separated from fleshy receptacle when they are ripe, and they are picked together with receptacle and calyx when they are harvested. Raspberries germinate easily and propagate by ramets. Cutting roots is easy to grow into seedlings. Some kinds of branches often droop, and the top is easy to take root when touching the ground, so they can be propagated by layering at the top. The life span of branches is only two years. Every year, new branches grow from the rhizome at the base of the stem, or tillers grow from the adventitious buds of the roots. Flower buds can form in the same year and blossom and bear fruit in the next year. In cultivation, biennial branches after fruit picking are often cut off as early as possible to improve the light and nutritional conditions for the growth of new branches. Branches are long and soft and often need support and shaping. Shallow roots need loose soil and better fertilizer and water management. [Edit this paragraph] 2: Medicinal raspberry name: raspberry category: astringent pharmaceutical name: raspberry Hu alias: Rubin, small tray, farmer bubble, Weng Niu, wet nurse. Source: Immature fruit of East China Raspberry, a deciduous shrub in Rosaceae. Plant morphology: deciduous shrub. The new branches are slightly tendril-shaped, purple-brown, and the young branches are green, covered with white powder and a small amount of barbs. Leaves alternate, suborbicular, palmately 5-lobed, occasionally 7-lobed, with irregular jagged edge and white pubescence on two veins; Petiole scattered and spiny, stipules linear. Flowers solitary in axillary branches; Sepals 5, ovate or oblong, grayish white pilose; Petals 5, suborbicular, white; Stamens numerous, born on raised receptacle. Aggregate fruit is spherical, red, drooping, and drupe is densely yellowish white pubescent. The flowering period is April-May and the fruiting period is June-July. Born on sunny slopes, roadsides, forest margins and bushes. Medicinal parts: Medicinal properties of fruit: This product is aggregate fruit, which is formed by polymerization of most small drupes. It is conical, with a height of 0.6 ~ 1.3 cm and a diameter of 0.5 ~ 1.2 cm. The surface is yellow-green or light brown, the top is blunt and round, and the center of the base is depressed. Persistent calyx is brown, and there are fruit stalk marks under calyx. Small fruits are easy to peel, each small fruit is half-moon-shaped, with gray hairs on the back, obvious reticulation on both sides and protruding ridges on the abdomen. Light and hard. Slight breath, slightly sour taste. Chemical composition: contains organic acid, sugar, ellagic acid, B- sitosterol, etc. Origin: mainly produced in Zhejiang, Fujian, Hubei, Guizhou and other places. Harvesting and processing: the fruit turns from green to green in early summer, and Huangshi is harvested. Remove the stems and leaves, blanch or steam them in boiling water, and take them out to dry. Sexual taste and orientation: warm; Sweet and sour; Indications of kidney and bladder meridian function: tonifying kidney, consolidating semen and reducing urine. Used for enuresis due to kidney deficiency, frequent micturition, impotence, premature ejaculation and nocturnal emission. Administration and dosage: oral: decoction, 6 ~12g; Or into the pill, powder; Or soak in wine to boil cream. Taboo: Kidney deficiency with excessive fire and short urine with caution. Ruby's Notes on Materia Medica has different names such as Bielu, Wu Bi Zi, Xiaopan and Bi Ke Zi. The source is the immature fruits of Rosaceae plants such as Rubus palmatum and Chatianpao. Plant morphology ① Rubus palmatum, a deciduous shrub, is 2 ~ 3 meters high. Branches are thin and round, reddish brown; Young branches are green, with white powder and sparse, slightly curved spines, 4 ~ 5 mm long. Leaves solitary or clustered, 3 ~ 5 cm long, up to 7 cm, palmately 5-lobed, rarely 3-lobed, with 65,438+0 pieces in the center, oval or oblong, tapering at the top, often tail-shaped, with smaller lobes on both sides, often unequal in length, and double serrations on the edges of the lobes; There are 5 main veins, the upper part is pilose and the lower part is pilose; Petiole thin, 3 ~ 4.5 cm long, spiny; Stipules 2, linear-lanceolate Flowers solitary at the top of branchlets, pedicels thin, 2 ~ 3 cm long; Calyx 5, persistent, ovoid-oblong, hairy on both sides; Petals 5, ovoid; Stamens are numerous, anthers are T-shaped, 2-loculed; Pistils are numerous, inserted on prominent receptacle. Aggregate fruit is nearly spherical. Flowers bloom in April. The fruiting period is from June to August. Born in a forest by a stream or on a hillside. Distributed in Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian and other places. (2) Soak in the field and carefully "take root". The roots (raspberry roots) and stems and leaves (raspberry leaves) of the above plants also have the function of medicine, and each has its own special article in detail. After harvesting in long summer, when the fruit is full and still green, pick, remove the stems and leaves, soak in boiling water for 1 ~ 2 minutes, and then dry in the hot sun. Aggregate fruit stem is a collection of most small fruits, all of which are conical, oblate or spherical, with a diameter of 4-9 mm and a height of 5- 12 mm, with a grayish green surface and grayish white fur. The upper part is blunt and round, the bottom is flat, the involucre is brown, 5-lobed, there are brown hairs on the involucre, and the lower part often has a fruit stalk, which is brittle and easy to fall off. Small fruits peel easily. Each small fruit is triangular and half-moon, with dense gray hairs on the back and obvious reticular lines on both sides, containing 1 brown seed. The smell is fragrant and the taste is sweet and slightly sour. It is best to be big, full, full-grained, solid, grayish green and leafless. Location: Zhejiang, Fujian, Hubei and other places. Rubus is mainly the fruit of Rubus palmatum. The fruit soaked in the field is used in Shaanxi and Sichuan, and the raspberry map contained in Textual Research on Plant Names is such a species. In addition to the above varieties, there are many kinds of fruits of the same genus also used as raspberries, such as: Rubus used in Jiangsu (see "Rubus"); Gray-haired berries (see "hard branch black lock plum") are used in Yunnan; Pseudoraspberries are used in Tibet and other places. The chemical composition Rubus palmatum contains organic acids, sugars and a small amount of vitamin C. The pharmacological effects of Rubus palmatum seem to have estrogen-like effects through vaginal smears and endometrial slices of rats and rabbits. Pharmacological action 1. Bacteriostasis 100% decoction has inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus and Vibrio cholerae. 2. Estrogen-like effects: Vaginal smears and endometrial sections of rats and rabbits show that raspberries seem to have estrogen-like effects. ① Treating impotence of yang: raspberry, soaked in wine, baked into powder, and served with Fengdan wine. (Simplified Prescription on the Lake) ② Filling essence and marrow, soothing kidney qi, regardless of cold and heat caused by deficiency of lower energizer, automatically taking: 82 Lycium barbarum, 82 toast (steamed with wine, mashed), 22 Schisandra chinensis (ground), 42 Ruby (washed with wine, eyes removed) and 22 Plantaginis (washed). Apply the medicine, choose the refined new ones, and dry them in the sun. * * * is fine powder, honey pills, and the plane tree is big. 90 hollow pills per dose, 50 pills before going to bed, boiled soup or salt soup, and warm wine in winter. (Wuzi Yanzong Pill, a prescription given to the masses) 3 Treating lung deficiency and cold: take raspberries, take juice and fry them, still add less honey, or cook them into fine poplars and serve them. Process the screen, remove dust, clean impurities, and remove the handle. (1) Lei Gong's baking theory: "Anyone who uses raspberries must steam with wine for one night, wash with water twice and dry in the sun." 2 "Outline"; "Collecting raspberries, smashing them into pancakes, drying them in the sun, storing them in secret, and temporarily steaming them with wine is particularly wonderful." Sweet and sour in nature, flat in nature. ① Don't record: "Sweet in taste, flat in nature and nontoxic." ② "Thousand Daughters of Shi Zhi": "Sweet and sweet, flat in nature." ③ Theory of medicinal properties: "Slightly hot, sweet and pungent." 4 Meng Wei: "It tastes sour." Return to the meridian "southern Yunnan materia medica": "enter the liver and kidney meridian." The main functions are nourishing liver and kidney, reducing stool and helping yang, and strengthening eyesight. Treat impotence, nocturnal emission, bad counting, drowning, fatigue and black eyes. (1) Bielu: "The main body benefits qi, makes the body healthy, and makes the hair not white." (2) the theory of medicinal properties: "the main male kidney essence is exhausted, and the female food has children. Insufficient main yin. " 3 "Rihuazi Materia Medica": "Safety of five internal organs, benefiting qi and color, nourishing essence, long hair and strong will. Treat stroke, body heat and shock. " ④ "Kaibao Materia Medica": "Tonifying deficiency, nourishing yin and strengthening yang, pleasing skin, calming viscera, warming middle energizer, treating fatigue and wind deficiency, nourishing liver and improving eyesight." ⑤ Materia Medica: "Benefiting kidney and reducing stool." ⑥ Materia Medica: "Treating kidney deficiency and exhaustion." ⑦ Materia Medica: "Treat fatigue and fatigue, liver and kidney qi deficiency and aversion to cold, cough due to kidney qi deficiency, flaccidity, dysentery, red and white turbidity, crane knee wind, various blood syndromes and eye diseases." Oral administration and dosage: decoction, 1.5 ~ 2 yuan: soaking in wine, decocting in ointment or taking pills and powder. It is advisable to avoid kidney deficiency and fire, and use it with caution for those with short urine. (1) Classic of Materia Medica: "Those who are strong but fail should be avoided." (2) "Materia Medica": "The syndromes of kidney heat and yin deficiency, blood dryness and blood deficiency should be stopped." (3) "Materia Medica from the New": "Don't take it if you have trouble urinating." Prescription 1: Treating impotence of yang: raspberry, soaked in wine, baked into powder, and served with wine per denier. (Simplified Prescription of Lakeside Collection) ② Filling essence and marrow, soothing kidney qi, no matter whether the lower energizer is cold or hot, this is the secret recipe: 82 Lycium barbarum, 82 Cuscuta chinensis (steamed with wine and mashed into cakes), 22 Schisandra chinensis (ground) and 42 Ruby (washed with wine and removed from the eyes). Plantago seed 22 Liang (Yang Jing), used as medicine, refined and fresh, carefully selected, baked, * * * as fine powder, refined honey pills, and sycamore seed as large. Each dose, 90 hollow pills, 50 pills before going to bed, 100 boiling soup or salt soup, warm wine in winter. (Wuzi Yanzong Pill, a recipe for giving life to the masses) 3 Treatment of lung deficiency cold: raspberry, take juice as fruit, still add less honey, or cook it as dilute syrup, and take it. ("Herbal Yi Yan") Famous experts discuss ① "Outline": "Rubus and coriander have similar effects. Although they are two things, they are actually one kind, two kinds. Early maturity, late maturity, it doesn't hurt to use both. Its nourishing effect is as good as that of mulberry. If it is raspberry, you can't mix it. " (2) The Classic of Materia Medica: "Raspberry, its main function is to benefit qi and essence. Kidney stores essence, kidney receives qi, and essence is sufficient, so the body is light and not white. Su Gong helps to tonify deficiency, nourish yin and strengthen yang, and soothe the nerves. Zhenquan dominates male kidney essence failure, yin flaccidity, and female food has children. Daming governs the five internal organs, benefiting qi and color, nourishing essence, growing long hair and being strong. " They all take the meaning of tonifying kidney and replenishing essence, and are sweet and astringent. (3) Materia Medica Xuan Tong: "Raspberry, sweet and flat into the kidney, rising yang to treat flaccidity, strengthening the kidney without partial dryness and heat, and strengthening the essence is also a golden treasure." (4) "Notes on Materia Medica": "Rubus, prescription books can be used to treat fatigue, or to tonify kidney and yang, or to benefit kidney yin, or to nourish essence and blood, whatever is appropriate, can help it." ⑤ Materia Medica Justice: "Covering the basin is a medicine for nourishing true yin, which tastes slightly sour and can absorb yin and produce sperm. Therefore, it is reasonable for Kou Zongxuan to say that tonifying kidney and reducing kidney should be used to cover his drowning device. Although the language is attached, it is still reasonable. Classic governs the five internal organs, and dirty is also yin. Each child is solid, which can replenish the middle qi, and the condition has the power to collect acid, which can replenish the yin of the five internal organs and benefit the essence. Every child is heavy and can benefit the kidney, and this special treatment of kidney yin can strengthen kidney qi and enhance the will to have children, which is also good for kidney yin. "Don't expose" or "essence" means benefiting qi and making hair not white. "However, this principle is devoted to nourishing Yin, not helping Yang. Neither Classic nor Bielu mentioned warming. They think that those who are slightly warm and slightly hot are speculated by later generations. It seems that all the drugs that tonify the kidney belong to warm drugs, but they don't know kidney yin and kidney yang, and each drug has its own master. Those who nourish the true yin must not be the medicine of warming and tonifying. " Herbaceous raspberry: common name "nursery board", Linyi, Shandong, sunny and wild.