A memo on the history of world cinema
Before 1895
11th century
Scientists realized that passing a beam of light through a small hole could To make an external image appear internally.
16th century
Reynardo da Vinci (Italy) sketched out the concept of the "black box". The "black box" appeared in Italy before the European Renaissance. It is a camera obscura similar to a lens, and the light emitted from it can form an inverted image on the wall opposite it.
The mid-16th century to the 17th century
1. Ciambattista della Porta (Italy) showed a short set of landscape pictures through the "black box" .
2. Atanesius Kircher (Germany) invented his "magic lantern". This is a method of projecting images through candles and lenses.
1824
Peter Mark Roget (UK) submitted a report titled "On the Principles of Visual Photography of Moving Objects" to the Royal Society in London.
In 1826
Dr. John Elton Paris invented the "Phantom Carousel", which was a circular disk with a birdcage painted on one side and a bird painted on the other. It creates a "bird in a cage" feeling when rotating.
In the 1830s
1. Joseph Niépce and Louis Daguerre (both French) developed the photographic platemaking process so that the captured images could be preserved On a metal plate.
2. William Henry Fox Talbot (UK) made a positive film on cardboard.
1832
1. Joseph Platteu (Belgium) created a "trickster". This is a disk with a series of action diagrams drawn on it. There are many perforations on the edge of the disk. The operator faces the mirror, aims his eyes at any perforation, and rotates the disk to see moving images in the mirror.
2. Simon Ritter von Stumpf (Germany) invented the "Cylinder Animation Mirror", which is a toy similar to the "Trickster".
1834
William George Horner (British) invented the "moving comic reel". It affixes pieces of paper with a series of decomposition movements in a cylindrical inner ring, and the rotation of the cylinder allows people to see images of continuous movement.
1839
Daguerre (France) exhibited daguerreotypes in Paris.
In 1849
The Langenheim brothers successfully experimented with glass plate photography in Philadelphia.
1877
Thomas Alva Edison (USA) invented the phonograph recorder. Eadweard Muybridge (UK) successfully captured the decomposition of a galloping horse with a set of lenses.
1882
Etienne Jules Marly (France) invented the "photographic gun".
1884
George Eastman (USA) put Kodak film on the market.
In 1888
Eastman applied for a patent for a film emulsion used on a celiac film base.
In 1889
Edison Laboratory invented the moving picture camera.
In 1891
Edison invented the kinetoscope, which projected images that could only be viewed through a small hole.
1893
The world's first movie studio, Edison's "Black Mary" Studios, was built in New Orleans, New Jersey.
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The beginning of movies (1895--1913)
1895
1. Auguste and Louis Lumiere (France) invented the portable movie projector.
2. The Lumière brothers shot their first film "Workers Leaving the Gate of Lumiere Factory".
3. Woodville Latham (USA) invented the film control device on the movie projector, which solved the problem of picture jumping when the film is running.
4. On December 28, the Lumiere brothers held a public screening of the film in Paris.
1896
1 Robert William Paul (UK) patented the motion picture projector (Biosoope) in the UK.
2 Georges Méliès (France), the "Father of Narrative Film", began to make "illusion" (stunt) films. Throughout his subsequent film career, he continued to explore this imaginary realm.
3. On April 23, Edison (USA)'s projector (Vitascope) held its first screening event at Coster and Beale Concert Hall in New York City.
1900--1905
Brighton School was established in England. It was formed by a group of photographers whose experiments showed how the interaction between lenses can convey uncertain messages.
1900--1910
Hundreds of short feature films based on famous stage plays appeared.
1902
1. Méliès's "A Journey to the Moon" (France) was published. The film brought him international fame.
2. Edwin S. Bout's "The Postman's Romance" (USA) shows a growing awareness of the basic elements of film narrative.
3. Charles EMI (France) established his own studio - EMI Film Company.
1903
1. Bott's "The Life of an American Fireman" (USA) showed the possibility of creating dramatic and symbolic meaning through film editing.
2. Bott's "The Great Train Robbery" (USA) shows the effect of parallel editing and the charm of the West.
1905
1. The Nickelodeon Theater opened in Pittsburgh. It was the first fully equipped movie theater in the United States.
2. The first industry publication "Viewing and Film Directory" was published in the United States. At this time, the standard video length was one book.
3. Cecil Hepworth's "Saved by the Tramp" (UK) uses a method of continuous screen movement as a method to maintain the continuity of the story.
4. China shot its first film "Dingjun Mountain". The film was shot by Beijing Fengtai Photo Studio and records several performance clips of the Peking Opera "Dingjun Mountain".
1906
In the United States, there were nearly 1,000 nickelodeon theaters.
1907
1. "Art Film Company" was established in France. The company aims to produce films of cultural value.
2. Chicago established the first urban film review board.
1908
1. Emile Cole shot his first cartoon in France. At the same time, Stuart Blackton Jr. started his animation career in the United States. .
2. EMI Film Company (France) has developed into the largest film empire in the world. The films it exports to the United States every year are twice as many as those produced in the United States.
1909
1. 35mm film became the standard for international films.
2. The American film industry established the National Board of Film Censorship to counter attempts by state and municipal authorities to interfere with films.
3. "The Father of Film Techniques" D. W. Griffith made "Hoarding Wheat" (USA). The film represents an early effort to make "dialectical cinema."
4. Winsor McCay made "Gettier, the Dinosaur", which was the first important American animated film.
5. There are already 10,000 nickelodeon theaters in the United States.
6. The star system began to appear in the United States, marked by the first actress Florence Lawrence ("Biography Girl") to use her real name on the screen.
1911
1. Sentur Film Company established the first studio in Hollywood.
2. Pennsylvania established the first state jury to examine the moral quality of films.
3. The first movie fan magazine "Movie Story Magazine" was founded in the United States.
4. Griffith's film "War" (USA) was released. This documentary-style feature film demonstrates the director's growing mastery of the film medium.
1912
1. Carl Larmore established Universal Pictures (USA).
2. Adolf Zucker established Famous Actors Production Company (USA).
3. Sirico Guazzoni filmed "Where Are You Going?" (Italy). This elaborately shot, large-scale film was a huge success and established Italian cinema's important position in epic films.
4. Louis Mercanton filmed "Queen Elizabeth" (France). Sarah Bernal stars in this 50-minute film based on the stage play.
1913
1. Stellan Rye filmed "The Students of Prague" (Germany). This expressionistic fantasy became the prototype of the occult horror film.
2. China produced the first short feature film "A Difficult Husband, a Difficult Wife", directed by Zhang Shichuan and Zheng Zhengqiu. The film describes a series of red tape that a young man and woman go through in a feudal arranged marriage.
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One of the growth periods (1914--1920)
One of the growth periods (1914--1920)
1914
1. Feature films began to become the standard product of the film industry.
2. The first large-scale cinema "Riverside Theater" opened in New York, USA.
3. W. W. Hawkinson established Paramount Pictures (USA).
4. Charles Chaplin appeared in Keystone's film. He filmed 35 comedies in one year and created the image of the "Little Tramp".
5. The famous series "The Adventures of Pauline" (France) was released. Ball White plays the female lead in the film.
6. Giovanni, Pasdelona filmed "Cabiglia" (Italy).
The gorgeous costumes in this blockbuster film attracted worldwide acclaim.
7. Frank Powell's "There Was a Fool" (USA) came out. Theda Bala played the role of "slut" for the first time, and from then on, the word "temptress" began to enter people's language.
8. Mike Senat made his first feature-length comedy film, "Tillier's Unmasked Romance" (USA).
1915
1. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the legal lawsuit between Mutual Film Company and the State of Ohio that the film medium did not enjoy the protection of free speech under the "First Amendment" of the Constitution. terms.
2. The “National Board of Film Review” in the United States was renamed the “National Board of Review.”
3. William Fox established Fox Film Company (USA).
4. Thomas Ince created the "studio system" in the United States.
5. Teacher B. Dimir filmed "Deception" (USA). It's a sophisticated film about crime, sex and sacrifice, with high-key cinematography showing the psychological undercurrents.
6. Griffith shot "The Birth of a Nation" (USA). This monumental and hotly debated film lasted for nearly three hours and used many previous films. A method that has never been used before.
1916
1. Samuel Goldfith and Edgar Selwyn *** jointly established the Goldwin Film Company (USA).
2. Griffith filmed "Party Against Diversity" (USA). The film, which lasts for more than three hours, interweaves four threads of the story and calls for world peace and friendship through a complex narrative.
3. Victor Sjostrom filmed "Kiss of Death" (Sweden). He used modern methods in dramatic material, narrating events through a series of flashbacks.
1917
1. With the support of the government, Germany established the UFA studio.
2. Chaplin's "Easy Street" and "The Immigrant" (both American) were released. In both films, the Little Tramp has developed from his original caricature into a humane and socially critical character with tragicomic effects.
1918
1. Griffith filmed "Heart of the World" (UK). The film showed several protagonists who experienced the First World War and had a negative attitude towards Germany, which achieved successful publicity effect. Ernest Lubitsch filmed "Carmen" (Germany). This film, produced by "the master of European luxury cinema", attracted the attention of the international film community with its exotic, gorgeous and luxurious costumes and hints of sexual relations.
2. The first American animated feature film, "The Sinking of Lusitania" directed by McKay, was released.
3. The Shanghai Commercial Press established the "Mobile Film Department" (later renamed the "Film Department"), and China began to establish its own national film industry.
1919
1. Nationalization of the Soviet film industry.
2. Written by Mary Pickford, Charles Chaplin, Douglas Fairbanks and D. W. United Artists, co-founded by Griffith, is established.
3. The complete film supply method is gradually promoted.
4. Abel Gance, the "European Griffith", shot the three-hour blockbuster "War and Peace". In the film, he combined stunts, metaphorical imagery, and documentary footage to express anti-war themes.
5. Griffith's "The Broken Flower" (USA) successfully used the studio environment to create a moving atmosphere.
6. Moritz Stiller filmed "Mr. Arner's Treasure" (Sweden). This epic film truly recreates the history of Sweden in the 16th century.
7. Erich von Stroheim filmed "The Foolish Husband" (USA). The film is a subtle yet frank representation of a love triangle between wealthy people, and it also marked the beginning of his directorial career.
8. Robert Wiener's "Dr. Caligari" was published (Germany). This horror fantasy explores the techniques of expressionism in the story of a mad doctor.
1920
1. Joe Bromte and Henry and Jack Cohen jointly established CBC Film Sales Company (the predecessor of Columbia Corporation) (USA).
2. Lev Kuleshov (Soviet Union) established his studio in Moscow and began to explore editing techniques.
3. Carl Bowser and Paul Wegener filmed "Gollen the Clay Man" (Germany). The film depicts the story of a life-infused clay man rebelling against his creator. It was an influential Expressionist film.
4. "Why Did You Change Your Wife" (USA) filmed by Xixi Dimir, an exquisite film about sexual conflict.
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Growth period two (1921--1925)
1921
1 , Chaplin's "The Legend of a Son and the Immortal" (USA) came out.
This is the first feature film he has directed. The film became his most commercially successful.
2. Rex Ingram filmed "The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse" (USA). In this allegory against the war, Rudolf Valentino created a new kind of romantic icon, which earned him great fame at the time.
3. Stroheim filmed "The Foolish Thief" (USA). The film depicts in realistic detail the story of an American woman's involvement in the corruption and depravity of European upper class society.
4. China's first batch of feature films "Yan Ruisheng", "Pink Skull" and "Eternal Oath" were released.
1922
1. Two-thirds of the states in the United States have enacted or are in the process of enacting relevant regulations to manage movies.
2. The American film industry formed the "American Film Producers and Distributors Organization" and hired Will H. Hayes as chairman to improve the image of Hollywood.
3. Robert Flaherty's "Nanook of the North" (USA) was released. This seminal non-fiction film captures the life of an Eskimo family.
4. Fritz Lang filmed "Dr. Mabuse the Gambler" (Germany). The film paints a picture of German society after World War I.
5. Friedrich Murnau filmed "Nosferradu" (Germany). The film was shot on location. This film adaptation of the story of Bram Stoker's "Dracula", although not faithful to the original work, brought the image of vampires to movie audiences for the first time.
6. China's first relatively large-scale film company "Star Pictures Company" was established in Shanghai. It marks the beginning of the development stage of Chinese national films.
7. Dziga Vertov shot the documentary "Film Pravda" (Soviet Union). The film combines newly shot scenes and film materials through editing, and is divided into 23 titles to depict the true picture of the life of the Soviet people.
1923
1. Warner Bros. Pictures (USA) was officially registered.
2. Chaplin completed "A Woman in Paris" (USA). The film shows a young woman's excellent handling of love themes through her choice between a luxurious life of being supported and true love.
3. Rene Claire filmed "Crazy Rey" (France). This short film takes full advantage of the possibilities of stunts in the medium of film.
4. James Cruz's "Caravan" (USA) was released. This epic depiction of pioneer life on the American Western frontier inspired numerous imitators.
5. Teacher Dimir filmed "The Ten Commandments" (USA). This historical blockbuster, showcasing visual tricks and stunts, earned the director a reputation as one of Hollywood's "A-listers."
6. Fritz Lang filmed "Nibelungen" (Germany). The extravagant two-part film emphasizes the fatalistic undertones of the German legend.
1924
1. Three film companies, Mitt, Goldwin and Meyer, united to form Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (USA).
2. CBC Film Sales Company became Columbia Pictures (USA).
3. Rene Claire filmed "Intermission" (France). The film uses stunts and absurd movements to mock reality.
4. John Ford filmed "The Rider" (USA). The film is unique among Western epics with exciting action scenes and nostalgic environmental depictions. 5. Fernand Léger's "Ballet Mechanique" (France) was released. This avant-garde short film juxtaposes mechanically moving objects with fragments of real life. 6. Paul Leni filmed "House of Wax" (Germany). This expressionist fantasy combines the stories of three evil figures from history with a poet's nightmare.
7. Friedrich Murnau filmed "The Lowest Man" (Germany). This is a creative and influential film. It uses the technique of imaginative pictures to show the subjective state of mind of the characters.
8. Stellheim filmed "Greed" (USA). The film brought a new style of realism to American screens through its candid depiction of a materialistic world.
1925
1. Chaplin's "The Gold Diggers" (USA) came out. When the little tramp in the film finally finds love, happiness and wealth and loses his own personality, the tragicomic world created by the director is realized.
2. E. A. Dupont filmed "Video" (Germany). The film tells a story of jealousy and murder. It uses excellent camera movements to dramatize the protagonist's painful inner world.
3. Sergei Eisenstein filmed "Battleship Potemkin" (Soviet Union). The "conflict montage" theory created by the director was used in this film about the 1905 Russian Revolution. The film had an important influence on filmmakers around the world.
4. Robert Julian filmed "Phantom at the Opera" (USA). Lon Chaney climbed to stardom with the most successful horror film of the past decade. 5. George.
Wilhelm Pabst filmed "Street without Joy" (Germany). This least romantic "street film" shows the material deprivation and social despair in the chaotic post-war economic environment.
6. Kim Vidor filmed "Parade" (USA). This internationally successful film depicts the coming of age of a young man living through the First World War.
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One of the sound eras (1926-1929)
1926
1. John Grierson coined the term "documentary" in his review of Flaherty's "Moana: A Romance of the Golden Age" (USA).
2. Alan Crossland filmed "Tang Sulfur" (USA). The film was the first to use the Vitafone sound system to compose background music for the film.
3. Buster Keaton filmed "The General" (USA). This "great cold-faced man" perfectly blends gags and social satire in the film.
4. Albert Parker filmed "The Black Pirates" (USA). The film was the first feature film to use entirely the two-color dyeing process.
5. "Mother" by Vsevolod Pudovkin (Soviet Union) was released. The film combines personal destiny with mass movements and highlights the development of character in a political context.
1927
1. The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences launched the "Academy Awards" (Oscar Awards) for the first time.
2. For the first time, a "talkie" with sound from a film appeared in the prologue of a feature length film.
3. Alan Crosland's "The Jazz Singer" (USA) was released. The first feature film with music and some dialogue scenes to meet the audience. It prompted the entire film industry to move towards sound films.
4. Abel Gance filmed "Napoleon" (France). The over four-hour epic was highly praised for its technical sophistication - including the use of three linked screens to show four scenes simultaneously.
5. Fritz Lang filmed "Metropolis" (Germany). This expressionistic film, vibrant in its depiction of architecture, examines the technological society of the future. There, the conflicting goals of science, industry, and labor bring humanity to the brink of destruction.
6. Murnau filmed "Sunrise" (Germany). The director uses moving lenses to give this triangular love story a lyrical expression.
7. Pudovkin filmed "The Last Days of St. Petersburg" (Soviet Union). The film shows the protagonist's growth in history and his experience of joining the revolution.
8. Walter Ruttmann filmed "Berlin - Symphony of a Big City" (Germany). It captures the "essence" of Berlin through editing of the shapes and movements of objects.
9. Joseph von Sternberg filmed "The Underworld" (USA). It marked the beginning of gangster movies.
10. William Wellman filmed "Wings" (USA). This film depicting the spectacular aerial combat scenes of World War I won the first Academy Award for Best Picture and added to its luster.
1928
1. RKO Corporation was established (USA).
2. Salvador Dali and Luis Bunuel filmed "A Dog Called Andalou" (France). It is the most famous film of the French Surrealist movement.
3. Walt Disney filmed "Steamboat Willie" (USA). It was the first cartoon to feature synchronized sound.
4. Carl Dreyer completed "The Passion of Joan of Arc" (France). The film is shot mostly in close-ups. Its juxtaposed collage of fragmentary images sparked heated debate.
5. Brian Foy filmed "Lights of New York" (USA). It was the first feature film to have all dialogue.
6. Pudovkin filmed "Asian Storm" (Soviet Union). The film depicts a Mongolian herdsman leading the people's struggle against imperialist rule in a revolutionary storm.
7. Sjostrom filmed "Wind" (USA). The film describes a pioneer woman struggling to survive in a new environment, and is almost driven into madness by the wind.
1929
1. The speed standard for movie projections was set at 24 frames per second.
2. With the completion of the transition to talkies, more than 300 talkies were produced worldwide.
3. Under the leadership of Grierson, British film workers began a 10-year movement of filming documentaries closely related to society. The movement gained international fame and inspired directors around the world.
4. Harry Beaumont filmed "Broadway Musical" (USA). This "100% all-singing, all-dancing, all-dialogue" film won the Academy Award for Best Picture and set off a craze for musicals in Hollywood.
5. Alexander Duvzhenko filmed "Arsenal" (Soviet Union). The film extols the indestructible revolutionary spirit of the Ukrainian people in a poetic mood.
6. Alfred Hitchcock filmed "Blackmail" (UK). Britain's first talkie shows a keen awareness of the relationship between sound and picture in creating suspense on screen.
7. Joseph Santelli and Robert. Flory filmed "Coconut" (USA). This first Marx Brothers film added a new absurdist dimension to screen comedy.
8. Vertov filmed "Man with a Camera" (Soviet Union). This is a vivid film about Russian urban life, which expresses philosophical themes through dynamic use of camera and editing.
9. Kim Vidor filmed "Hallelujah!" (USA). The first talkie with all black actors.
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The Sound Era II (1930-1933)
1930
1. Bu?uel filmed "The Golden Age" (France). The surreal film was banned in Paris after causing riots.
2. Jean Cocteau filmed "The Blood of the Poets" (France). This director's debut film combines the experience of surrealism and impressionism to reveal the spiritual world of a poet.
3. Duvzhenko filmed "Land" (Soviet Union). The film provides a poetic representation of the struggle of Ukrainian peasants to unite as they embarked on collectivization.
4. Mervyn Lelloe filmed "Little Caesar" (USA). Edward G. Robinson rose to stardom playing a ruthless gangster in this amoral depiction of brutal violence.
5. Pabst filmed "The Western Front in 1918" (Germany). This highly realistic anti-war film follows the lives of several German soldiers on the front lines during World War I.
6. Sternberg filmed "The Blue Angel" (Germany). Marlene Dietrich played a barmaid who led an old professor to corruption and death in the film, and has since entered the ranks of stars.
1931
1. The programming method of showing two films at one time began to appear.
2. Tod Browning filmed "Dracula" (USA). Bela Lugosi played his most famous role in this classic film, which inspired many imitators.
3. Claire filmed "Freedom Belongs to Us" (France). The film mocks modern society that strips away personal freedom and turns people into machines.
4. Fritz Lang filmed "M" (Germany). He made excellent use of the interaction of sound and image in this film about a psychopathic child murderer. 5. Wellman filmed "Public Enemies" (USA). This documentary-style film chronicled the transformation of a lower-class boy into a vicious killer and made James Cagney a star.
6. James Whale filmed "Frankenstein" (USA). This adaptation of Mary Shelly's novel became a classic thanks to Boris Karloff's performance and Jack Pearcy's makeup skills.
1932
1. Post-dubbing technology began to be applied.
2. The Venice Film Festival begins. This is the first international film festival of its kind.
3. Browning filmed "Freaks" (USA). This bizarre and controversial film tells the story of a group of circus freaks who seek revenge on "normal" people after they were tricked by them.
4. Disney filmed "Flowers and Trees" (USA). It used the three-color dyeing and printing process for the first time in a cartoon.
5. Howard Hawks filmed "Scarface" (USA). The violent gangster film sparked protests over its brutal scenes.
6. Leroy filmed "I Am an Escaped Prisoner" (USA). The film, set in Georgia, exposed the injustices of the American justice system and led to reform in Georgia.
7. Lubitsch filmed "Trouble in Paradise" (USA). The film ends as a love-and-games comedy in the famous "Lubitsch way" in a graceful and elegant style.
1933
1. The British Film Institute was established.
2. The German film industry was placed under Nazi control.
3. Lloyd Bacon filmed "42nd Street" (USA). The film describes the tremendous efforts made by the actors and staff behind the stage for the performance of a new opera. Thus, Busby Berkeley and his uniform, highly stylized musical group breathed a new life into the genre.
4. Merian G. Cooper and Ernest B. Schoedsek filmed "Steel" (USA). Willis O. Bryan's stunning stunts make this "Beauty and the Beast" feature film a classic.
5. Thornton Vreeland filmed "Flying to the Grand" (USA). Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers began to appear as partners, and thus pushed the dance film to a new sodium and graceful realm.
6. Alexander Korda filmed "The Private Life of Henry VIII" ("The Romance of the Rich," UK). This internationally successful romantic historical film set an example for the portrayal of characters from this period.
7. Gustav Marchetti filmed "EXTASE" (Czech Republic). This early porn classic tells the story of an affair. A nude swimming scene in the film caused a sensation among the audience.
8. Jean Vigo filmed "Zero Points of Morality" (France). The film had an important influence on French cinema by combining realistic and symbolic imagery through the free use of sound.
9. Frank Capra's "It Happened One Night" (USA) was released. This "eccentric comedy" won Oscars for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Screenplay, and Best Actor and Actor, and became the first of its kind.
10. Flaherty filmed "The Man from the Isle of Aran" (UK). The film sparked debate for its assessment of daily life and the struggle for survival on an island far from Ireland.
11. Van Dyke filmed "The Slender Man" (USA). This popular comedy-mystery depicts a happy-go-lucky, humorous and deeply in love couple that adds a new dimension to couples in movies.
12. Very filmed "Barge Atlante" (France). Realism is melted into poetic imagery in this film about the awakening of feelings and love on a barge.
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The third audio era (1935-1939)
1935
1. The Museum of Modern Art's Film Library opens.
2. Fox Film Company and 20th Century Pictures merged to form 29th Century Fox Film Company (USA).
3. Ford filmed "The Informer" (USA). This "anti-hero" film was one of the first to precisely combine the use of sound with the staging of scenes.
4. Robert Marmorian filmed "The Family" (USA). It was the first full-length feature film to use the three-color dyeing process.
5. From 1935 to 1951, the newsreel "Diary of the Times" began to be filmed and released on a monthly basis. The film had a significant impact on both news filmmaking and audiences.
6. "Fishing Lights" (China) directed by Cai Chusheng won the honorary award at the Moscow International Film Festival. This is the first Chinese feature film to win an international award.
1936
1. The French Film Archive, the largest film archive in the world, was established.
2. Capra filmed "Mr. Deeds Goes to Town" (USA). This most popular fantasy film depicts an ordinary man's triumph over corruption and cynicism.
3. Chaplin filmed "Modern Times" (USA). The film satirizes the impact of technology on the human condition.
4. Mizoguchi Kenji filmed "The Brothel Sisters" (Japan). This classic film explores the conflict between traditional and modern values ??through its portrait of women living in a changing society.
5. Lenny Nizzoguchi filmed "Triumph of the Will" (Germany). This huge Nazi-funded propaganda film shows a rally held in Nuremberg in 1934 to cheer up the Nazis. It exaggerates Hitler's appeal and popularity with deliberately staged scenes, and disguises itself as a true documentary.
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