DC nux vomica Also known as Semen Strychni, Semen Strychni Pisces and Semen Strychni Yunnanensis. It is a woody vine of the family Strychnaceae. Mainly produced in Wenshan, Honghe and Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province. India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Vietnam are all distributed. Use seeds as medicine. It contains alkaloid 1.8-5.3%, mainly including brucine, isorhynchophylline, pseudobrucine, brucine, pseudobrucine, etc. In addition, it also contains strychnine, chlorogenic acid and so on. Pharmacological clinical trials show that brucine has an exciting effect on the central nervous system and a bitter effect on the digestive system to strengthen the stomach and stimulate appetite. Brucine has antitussive and expectorant effects on respiratory system. It also has antibacterial effect. Bitter taste, cold nature and great toxicity. Has the effects of dredging collaterals, relieving pain and swelling. Treat limb paralysis, poliomyelitis sequelae, rheumatoid joint pain, and traumatic injury.
I. Morphological characteristics
Rattan length is greater than10-20m-20m. The bark is gray, the twigs are cylindrical, and the tendrils are axillary and stout. Leaves opposite, oval, 7-12cm long and 3-4.5cm wide, leathery, with three veins at the base. Panicle terminal, pedicel pubescent, calyx 5-lobed, ciliate; Corolla tubular, yellowish white, 5-lobed at apex, pubescent at base of inner surface; 5 stamens, inserted in the throat of corolla tube, with extremely short filaments and anthers slightly exposed from corolla tube; Ovary narrowly ovate. Berries are spherical and orange-red when ripe. 2-25 seeds, oval turtle with back shape, densely covered with light gray silk hairs (Figure 15- 13).
Figure15 ——13 Morphological diagram of Semen Strychni
1 .flowers 2. Flowers 3. Fruit. seed
Second, biological characteristics.
Biological characteristics of (1) seeds
When the pulp is dark yellow and soft, the seeds reach maturity and the germination rate is 86.0-94.7%.
Seeds have mature characteristics in fruits. When the light yellow fruit is harvested, the germination rate of the seeds is 80% after one month of maturity in the fruit, but only 15% when the seeds are immature in the fruit. The germination rate of fresh seeds is the highest. For fresh seeds with original germination rate of 94.7%, the germination rate decreased to 74.7% after the drying water loss rate was 38.9%. For fresh seeds with original germination rate of 86.7%, the germination rate decreased to 8.3% after the drying water loss rate was 48.9%. The seeds stored in ventilation are easy to dry and shrink, and the original germination rate is 80%. After one month's storage in ventilation, the germination rate dropped to 5%. Seeds with the original germination rate of 86% were stored in bottles for one month, but the germination rate was still 80%, and it dropped to 70% after two months. It fell to 18% in three months.
Poor quality seeds will produce a large number of gray-green molds in endosperm after sowing. Even if they germinate, they will endanger the young embryos and die. The average temperature is about 25℃, and the seeds begin to germinate 15-20 days after sowing. When the seeds germinate, the young roots first grow downward; After 9- 15 days, when the young roots grow to 2.3-3.0 cm, the hypocotyl will stretch upward and come out with seeds. After 1 1-24 days, the seed coat splits and cotyledons develop. During this period, endosperm mildew will endanger seedlings.
(2) Growth and development and its requirements for environmental conditions
The root system of seedlings is weak and there are few fibrous roots. When planted on a dry platform, the growth stagnates, resulting in stiff seedlings. Planting for more than ten years, the plant height is less than 1m, and it can't blossom and bear fruit. In the same plot, the grafted seedlings with well-developed root system of nux vomica grow rapidly, and the trees grow, blossom and bear fruit after bud grafting for 3 years. Seedlings are planted in moist and fertile soil, and blossom and bear fruit after 7 years of planting. There are great differences in seed setting traits among seedlings.
Semen Strychni is wild in the southeast of Yunnan Province, with latitude of 22-23, and altitude of100-550m-550m. The annual average temperature is 20-23℃, the monthly average minimum temperature is above 14℃, the extreme minimum temperature is not lower than 3℃, and there is no frost all year round. It can also survive the winter if it is introduced into areas with light frost. The annual average rainfall is about 1068- 1600 mm, and the annual average relative humidity is over 80%. The steep limestone slopes in the south, southeast or southwest are distributed in the valley monsoon forest. The soil is slightly acidic to slightly alkaline, with loose surface texture, sandy loam or clay loam, granular or granular structure and high humus content. Generally speaking, the soil surface is covered with rocks to keep water. Proper shading is needed at seedling stage, and more fruits should be produced at sunny places in adult stage.
Third, cultivation techniques.
(1) land selection and preparation
Choose sloping fields in the southeast, south or southwest direction of the valley, or choose flat ditches, ponds and rivers with warm environment and loose and fertile soil. Cut down big trees and leave suitable shade and sparse crown for short trees for young trees to shade and climb around. The shade degree is about 0. Until the soil is fine, dig a pit with a row spacing of 4×4m, with a width of 50cm and a depth of 40cm. After the cave soil is weathered, sufficient base fertilizer is applied, and a proper amount of lime is applied to the strongly acidic soil to mix with the topsoil, and the cave is filled for planting.
(2) Breeding methods
1. Seed propagation
It blooms in April-May, and the fruit matures in June-March of the following year. Harvest when the pulp is dark yellow. The seeds are ripened in the fruit 15-30 days until the pulp is softened or the peel is orange-red. Take out the seeds, wash them and dry them in the shade. The 1000-grain weight is about 2360.7 grams.
Sow within 0/5 day after peeling, or within two months after bottled storage. First, accelerate germination on the sand bed. After 40-60 days, when the cotyledons of the seedlings are unfolded, the survival of the seedlings has been guaranteed, and they can be transplanted from the sand bed to the seedbed or nutrition bag. Long-seed nux vomica seedlings have long straight roots and few fibrous roots. It is advisable to lay bricks at the bottom of the seedbed for seedling raising, and add soil mixed with base fertilizer on it for transplanting, so that the roots can be coiled at the bottom of the seedbed, which is convenient for taking seedlings with soil when planting. The row spacing of seedbed planting is 20 × 20cm. Seedlings need 60% shade, which is gradually reduced. Sow in February, and plant in the nursery in June-July of that year when the seedlings are 30-50 cm high.
2. Bud grafting propagation
It is suitable to use nux vomica with strong adaptability as rootstock. Rootstock culture and homozygous seed propagation. When the rootstock is thicker than 2 cm at a height of 20-30 cm from the ground, it can be germinated in the field when the bark is easy to peel off in rainy season, or planted with budding seedlings after germination in nursery. Selecting high-yield mother plants, cutting off bud strips with full buds, cutting off bud pieces with a bud grafting knife, opening a duck tongue-shaped bud grafting position slightly larger than the bud piece at the position 20-30cm from the ground of the rootstock, peeling off xylem of the bud piece and the bud grafting position, quickly sticking the bud piece, and binding by pressing a circle from bottom to top with a plastic tape with a width of about 1.5cm. After surviving for 20-30 days, untie the rootstock, and after another week, cut the rootstock 3cm above the budding position and seal the incision with wax. After being cut dry, the buds can germinate. Always wipe off the buds on the rootstock. The survival rate of bud grafting is over 90%.
(3) Planting
Seedlings should be planted with soil on cloudy or rainy days. If the seedlings are planted with buds, the seedlings should be planted when the bud germination length is less than 1cm. When planting seedlings or budding seedlings, they should be planted when the growth of new leaves is stable in spring or before germination, and the lower leaves should be cut off appropriately. After planting, water the roots and cover the grass to keep moisture.
(4) Site management
Pay attention to the protection of grafted buds, and often remove the buds on the rootstock to ensure the healthy growth of grafted seedlings. Strengthen weeding and loosening soil, apply organic fertilizer or green manure in rainy season and human excrement and urine in dry season. Keep proper shade when young, the height of the tree is above 1m, gradually remove the shade, leaving only a small amount of climbing around the tree. Carry out shaping and prune to form multi-differentiated fruiting branches.
Fourth, harvesting and processing.
Seedlings blossom and bear fruit 6-7 years after planting, and budding trees can bear fruit ahead of schedule. Harvest the ripe fruit, wash the pulp and dry it in the sun. Store in a dry place. It is easy to get wet and moldy, and it is very toxic. Take good care of it.