Zanthoxylum bungeanum trees bloom and are carefully cultivated to blossom and bear seeds every summer. Why not? Pepper, pepper, pepper, Qin pepper, Feng pepper, Dan pepper, Li pepper. Originated in China, it has a long history of cultivation and is a way of economic development for farmers to get rich. Over the years, people have had such a reputation for pepper: "Pepper is a treasure, and getting rich is indispensable. If rural people want to get rich, they will quickly plant pepper trees. " It has the characteristics of rich nutrition, unique taste, high medicinal value and strong adaptability. 1. Morphological and biological characteristics of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Bunge is a small deciduous tree or shrub with a height of 3-7 meters. From the root to the top, it can be divided into four parts: rhizome, trunk, main branch and lateral branch. The whole process of Zanthoxylum bungeanum from seed germination and growth to new individual formation until aging and death is called individual development process, also known as life history. In general, the life span of pepper is about 40 years, at most 50~80 years. In the life of Zanthoxylum bungeanum, according to its growth and development, it can be divided into four stages: young fruit stage, early fruit stage, full fruit stage and aging stage. (1) Juvenile stage is from seed germination to emergence, from cultivation to flowering and fruiting, also called vegetative growth stage. The young age of Zanthoxylum bungeanum is generally 2~3 years, which is the period of constructing crown skeleton. The main cultivation tasks in this period are: strengthening management, rapidly expanding crown, rationally arranging tree skeleton, cultivating tree shape, ensuring normal development of trees, promoting early fruiting, and laying a foundation for high yield in the future. (2) The early fruiting stage is the early fruiting stage, also called the growth fruiting stage. A small amount of Zanthoxylum bungeanum can blossom and bear fruit after 3 years, and increase gradually after 4-5 years. This period is a period when trees grow vigorously, the number of branches increases, the backbone branches continue to extend around, and the crown expands rapidly, which is the fastest growing period of Zanthoxylum bungeanum in its life. The main cultivation tasks in this period are: completing the preparation of backbone branches as soon as possible, cultivating the main branches and lateral branches, ensuring the robust growth of trees and striving for early high yield. (3) Full-fruiting period The full-fruiting period is before the Zanthoxylum bungeanum tree begins to bear a large number of fruits, until it becomes senile. During this period, the number of fruiting branches increased greatly, the yield reached the peak, and the root system and crown expanded to the maximum. Generally, it entered a large number of fruiting periods from the 10 year, and its outstanding feature was that the fruit yield increased significantly, with 5- 10kg for each fresh pepper and 0-2 kg for dried peel. The general fruiting period is 10~ 15 years, up to 20 years at the longest. This period is a critical period of management. If the management is improper, and the relationship between yield demand and tree potential cannot be handled well, there will be big and small years, which will lead to the decline of yield and accelerate the emergence of aging period. (4) The senescence period is from the beginning of plant senescence to the death of trees. Under normal circumstances, after the age of the tree reaches 20~35 months, the roots and branches enter the aging period, and the dead branches increase, and they begin to enter the aging period. The main task of cultivation management in this period is to strengthen the management and protection of trees and slow down the aging of trees. Meanwhile. It is necessary to cultivate regeneration branches in a timely and planned way and carry out local regeneration, so that they can re-form COVID-19, restore tree vigor and ensure a certain yield. Second, the growth and development of Zanthoxylum bungeanum and environmental conditions have great influence on the growth and development of Zanthoxylum bungeanum, including temperature, rainfall, light, soil and topography. (1) temperature is one of the main survival conditions of Zanthoxylum bungeanum, which determines its natural distribution and has obvious influence on its growth and development. Zanthoxylum bungeanum is a temperate tree species, and a mild climate is a necessary condition for its growth and development. It can be cultivated in the place where the annual average temperature is 8~ 16℃, but it is more cultivated in the place where the annual average temperature is 10~ 14℃. The change of temperature with seasons directly affects the change of phenology. After successfully surviving the winter dormancy period, when the average temperature in spring is stable above 6℃, the buds begin to germinate and grow at around 10℃. The suitable temperature for flowering is 16~ 18℃. The flowering period is closely related to the average temperature and the average maximum temperature 30~40 days before flowering. It blooms early when the temperature is high and late when the temperature is low. The suitable temperature for the growth and development of Zanthoxylum bungeanum fruit is 20~25℃. The temperature in spring has a great influence on the yield of pepper in that year. The low temperature in spring, especially the "cold in late spring", often leads to the reduction of pepper production. Zanthoxylum bungeanum has strong cold resistance. According to data analysis, young trees can withstand the temperature of-18~-20℃. Trees over 10 years old can withstand the low temperature of -20~-23℃. (2) Rainfall Zanthoxylum bungeanum doesn't need much water, and the soil is too wet, which is not conducive to the growth of Zanthoxylum bungeanum trees. Short-term water accumulation or siltation will cause soil hardening and kill pepper trees. In severe drought, pepper leaves will wither. Therefore, the rainfall is concentrated in July and August, and attention should be paid to drainage when the light is insufficient, and attention should be paid to early resistance and early warmth in winter and spring dry seasons. From April to May, when Zanthoxylum bungeanum enters the flowering and fruiting period, it is necessary not only to spread its leaves and branches by itself, but also to provide water for flowering and fruiting, that is, the process from vegetative growth to reproductive growth, which is very sensitive to water demand and requires a lot of water. Generally, the precipitation from April to May is between 80~ 150 mm, which is suitable for the water demand of Zanthoxylum bungeanum in the critical period from flowering to fruiting. (3) Zanthoxylum bungeanum is a light-loving tree species, and the annual average sunshine hours should be above 1800~2000 hours. Especially in July and August, Zanthoxylum bungeanum enters the mature stage of coloring, which is the key period to improve the yield and quality. Sufficient light and strong assimilation are beneficial to the accumulation of photosynthetic products, which will promote the thickening of pericarp, increase yield, improve coloring and improve quality. Insufficient light often shows that branches are not open, branches are few, branches are thin, fruit ears are small, yield is low, color is dim, quality is poor, and even mildew. Therefore, the planted Zanthoxylum bungeanum must be cultivated according to the standard, so as to achieve reasonable and close planting. (4) Soil is the basis for Zanthoxylum bungeanum to survive and the source of water and nutrients, so the good condition of soil is directly related to the growth and fruit of Zanthoxylum bungeanum. 1. Soil thickness. Generally, the soil thickness is 80 cm, which can basically meet the growth of pepper. 2. Soil structure. The requirements of pepper for soil are loose texture, strong water and fertilizer retention ability and good air permeability. Generally, sandy loam and medium loam are suitable for the growth and development of pepper, while sandy soil and clay are not suitable for the growth of pepper. 3. Soil fertility. Zanthoxylum bungeanum has strong adaptability and can grow and bear fruit in mountainous areas with shallow soil layer. At the same time, Zanthoxylum bungeanum is a fertilizer-loving tree species. Only when all kinds of nutrients are satisfied can we ensure the growth and fruit of pepper and high yield every year. Therefore, soil fertility can be continuously improved by pressing green manure and increasing the application of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer. 4. soil pH value. Zanthoxylum bungeanum can grow in soil with PH6.5~8, but it grows best in soil with PH7~7.5, even in soil with PH 8.43. In addition, peppers like calcium and grow particularly well in limestone mountains. 5. Soil moisture. Zanthoxylum bungeanum is sensitive to water demand because of its shallow root system, so it is difficult to tolerate severe drought and its water resistance is poor. Too high soil water content or poor drainage will affect the growth and fruit of Zanthoxylum bungeanum. (5) Topography Zanthoxylum bungeanum is mainly planted in mountainous areas, and it is suitable for growing in places with open terrain and sunny lee. Zanthoxylum bungeanum planting area is mainly between 25 ~40 degrees north latitude and 1500~2600 meters above sea level. Third, the planting of pepper (1) Before the seedlings are ready for planting, preparing the seedlings is the first important process. The quality of seedlings is directly related to the growth and economic benefits of pepper. Strong seedlings are the basis to ensure survival and early fruiting. Zanthoxylum bungeanum planting 1~2-year-old seedlings requires excellent varieties, complete main lateral roots, many fibrous roots, more than 60 cm high seedlings, more than 0.5 cm thick roots and full buds. In addition, attention should be paid to protecting and treating pepper seedlings before planting to ensure the survival rate of pepper trees. (2) The planting method is generally to plant a row on terraces or terraces. When the terrace is more than 4 meters, two rows can be planted with a row spacing of 4-5 meters, depending on the width of the ground. When planting, dig planting holes according to the planned planting points. Plant a big round pit with a depth of 60~ 100 cm. When digging a hole, first put aside the fertile soil above and the raw soil below. When planting, chemical fertilizer (calcium superphosphate), manure or compost are mixed with soil, first put into the planting hole to form a slightly higher mound in the middle, then put into the hole, one person plants and one person fills in the soil, step on it with their feet when it is halfway filled, so that the roots are close to the soil, and then gently lift the seedlings upward to make the roots stretch naturally. If planted on a large flat land, it should be aligned front, back, left and right. When filling topsoil, pepper seedlings should be vibrated gently to make the soil naturally flow into the root system, and the seedlings should be filled stably. Don't bury the seedlings too deep or too shallow, which will affect the growth and fruit of pepper seedlings. The appropriate depth is to bury the soil at the junction of roots and stems. Water the seedlings immediately after sowing. If there are no irrigation conditions, fill them with water. After water permeates, cover it with some dry soil and seal the hole to prevent evaporation. After planting, the remaining soil will be ridged at the edge of the hole to facilitate irrigation and rainwater collection. (3) Zanthoxylum bungeanum in planting season is usually divided into two kinds: spring planting and autumn planting, and it can also be planted in rainy season in arid mountainous areas. 1. Planting in spring. In early spring, the soil can be planted after thawing and before germination, sooner rather than later, and the survival rate of digging seeds is higher. 2. Planting in autumn. Pay close attention to soil preparation after autumn, sow more than 20 days before soil freezing, cut dry after sowing, and build mounds to prevent cold and winter. The survival rate of trees can reach about 90% when they germinate in the second year. The advantages of planting in autumn are close connection between roots and soil, early wound healing, high survival rate and strong growth. However, it is cold in winter, so it is necessary to do a good job of wintering protection to prevent "pulling" and freezing injury. 3. Planting in rainy season. In arid rocky mountainous areas, when there is no irrigation condition, planting can be carried out in rainy season with sufficient soil moisture. After planting in rainy season, it rains for 2~3 days to ensure survival. Otherwise, the survival rate is very low if planted in sunny days or cleaned after planting. Planting in rainy season should first be done well, listening to the weather forecast in time and seizing the favorable opportunity to obtain better results. Seedlings should be planted in the rainy season. Generally, one-year-old seedlings should be selected. When planting, try to bring as much fetal soil as possible to facilitate survival. At the same time, seedlings must be planted locally and nearby, with seedlings to avoid long-distance transportation. (4) Planting density The planting density of Zanthoxylum bungeanum should be sparse rather than dense, which is conducive to ventilation and light transmission, with large crown, large fruit yield per plant and long tree age; Overcrowding leads to a relatively short fruiting period and mutual shading, which affects the yield and the growth life is relatively short. Generally speaking, in arid and semi-arid areas, the yield density per mu of Zanthoxylum bungeanum after maturity is in the range of 100~200 plants. In areas with deep soil layer, good soil quality and moderate rainfall, the density of pepper after maturity should be controlled within 60 plants. In order to facilitate fast growth, early fruiting and early planting, the planting density in dry land is generally 2m in row spacing, 1.5m in plant spacing and 200-220 plants per mu. Where conditions are good, the row spacing is 4m, the plant spacing is 1.5m, and the plants are planted per mu 100- 120. (5) Post-planting management 1. Trim and fix. After planting, according to the requirements of dry height, cutting off the above redundant parts when the buds are full can promote the buds in the plastic belt to germinate as soon as possible and is conducive to survival. However, the soil should be buried for protection after planting, and the soil should be removed before germination, and then dried. 2. Bury the soil to prevent cold. In order to avoid shelling and sunburn in winter, cover the soil immediately after planting in autumn to prevent cold. Replenish water. In order to ensure survival, irrigated areas should be irrigated again within half a month after spring sowing. Autumn sowing seedlings should also be replenished after they have been dug up. After watering, cover the soil for 3~5 cm to preserve moisture. 4. Check and replant the seedlings. After planting, check the survival situation once in summer, replant in time after death and protect seedlings. 5. Prevent diseases, insects and animals. The newly planted Zanthoxylum bungeanum mainly has the hazards of scarab, aphid, thorn moth and butterfly. Zokor and hare are the main animals. Four. Soil, water and fertilizer management of Zanthoxylum bungeanum (I) Deep tillage is the creation of working people in Zanthoxylum bungeanum area in long-term production practice. For rocks with soil depth less than 50 cm or barren hills with hard soil layer, or floodplains with sand and soil layers with impermeable clay layer less than 30~40 cm, deep tillage has obvious effect. 1. Deep tillage can be carried out in spring, summer and autumn to improve the soil, and spring ploughing should be carried out as soon as possible after the soil is thawed; Xia Geng should be carried out after the first soaking rain in the rainy season; Autumn turning is generally carried out from fruit harvest to late autumn, and can also be carried out in conjunction with the application of base fertilizer in autumn. 2. Depth of soil excavation. Deep tillage is related to site conditions, tree age and soil texture, generally about 50~60 cm, slightly deeper than the main distribution layer of root system. Defendant: yxhxiakucao