A: Due to various reasons, the eyeball moves forward and the corneal apex exceeds the orbital margin, which is called exophthalmos. The exophthalmos of normal people is generally 12- 14 mm, and the difference between eyes is less than 2 mm. If the exophthalmos exceeds 16 mm and the difference between eyes is 1000 mm, it can be considered as exophthalmos. There are many reasons for exophthalmos. If exophthalmos is found, we should actively look for the cause in order to get effective treatment. Common reasons are as follows:

(1) Inflammatory exophthalmos is mostly caused by local, adjacent tissues and systemic inflammation, such as eyeball fasciitis, orbital cellulitis, cavernous sinus thrombosis and panophthalmia. In addition to exophthalmos, there are local inflammatory manifestations, such as redness, swelling, heat and pain.

(2) Intraorbital tumor is one of the common causes of exophthalmos; Most of them are benign, mostly hemangioma, with slow onset, mainly manifested as exophthalmos, normal or decreased vision, and barrier-free eye movement. There are hemangioma, meningioma, lacrimal gland tumor, neurilemmoma and so on. Is there smooth muscle horseshoe crab in malignant tumor?

(3) Vascular exophthalmos is common in carotid cavernous fistula; Orbital varicose veins. The former is more common after trauma. When one eye or both eyes protrude, the eye has a pulsating feeling, and the internal carotid artery can be pressed by auscultation, so the exophthalmos and pulsation can disappear, so it can be called pulsating exophthalmos, and the latter can be congenital or acquired. When you lower your head or hold your breath, the eyeball can recover, so it is called intermittent exophthalmos. It is mainly caused by the filling and congestion of the internal orbital vein.

(4) Abnormal exophthalmos of orbital bone due to various reasons leads to orbital bone deformity, which makes orbital contents pile up into small and exophthalmos. It is more common in congenital pointed deformity, congenital butterfly wing heterotopia, hydrocephalus and so on.

(5) Traumatic exophthalmos is caused by intraorbital hemorrhage, tissue edema and emphysema after local eye and orbital trauma.

(6) Thyroid exophthalmos mostly occurs in women, with moderate exophthalmos, which may be accompanied by increased ptosis and decreased blinking. At the same time, there is hyperthyroidism all over the body.

(7) Pituitary exophthalmos is more common in middle-aged men, with both eyes, which can occur successively and show progressive exophthalmos, so it is also called malignant exophthalmos, eyelid edema, bulbar conjunctival edema exposure, eye movement disorder, eyelid failure and corneal injury.

(8) Other exophthalmos, orbital parasitic exophthalmos, local retrobulbar paralysis accident, exophthalmos, Hodgkin's disease, etc.

(9) Pseudoexophthalmos is more common in high myopia, corneal staphyloma, bovine eyes, etc. Because the shaft length is too long, it looks like a protruding eye. After exophthalmos occurs, systemic examination should be carried out to eliminate exophthalmos caused by the whole body, and further imaging examinations such as B-ultrasound, CT and magnetic resonance should be done to make a clear diagnosis. In the treatment of inflammatory exophthalmos, local and systemic antibiotics should be given to make inflammation subside. When the exophthalmos of local tumor is obvious and affects vision, surgery can be considered. Vascular exophthalmos can be treated with vascular embolization, which can achieve good results. Endocrine exophthalmos can be treated by oral drugs. In short, the treatment of exophthalmos should be targeted, and the cause should be removed fundamentally, so as to alleviate the symptoms of exophthalmos.