First, the cultivation method of Myrica rubra
1. Selection and preparation of forest land
Myrica rubra is moisture-resistant and shade-tolerant, with large crown and widely distributed roots. The height of Yang Meiyuan is suggested to be built in mountainous areas, hills, weak sunlight and deep soil with a slope of less than 45 degrees below 800 meters above sea level, thick humus layer and pH value of 4.5-5.5. Acid yellow soil and red yellow soil should be cool and ventilated, intensively managed and easily transported. The climatic conditions are subtropical humid monsoon climate. Under the conditions of large radiation and small climate, the heat is sufficient, the accumulated temperature in winter and spring is high, and the precipitation in summer and autumn is moderately less, which is more significant for high quality and high yield. Soil preparation should be done according to local conditions, from 1 1 month to March next year before planting. Choose woodland with small slope and gentle slope, and dig holes in terraces or terraces. For woodlands with steep slopes and complex terrain, square fish scale pits or triangular pits of 1m should be dug, and then gradually changed into narrow-band terraces.
The following factors should be taken into consideration when choosing the Myrica rubra tree garden:
(1) Myrica rubra usually grows in mountainous areas with an altitude of 20-500m m. With the increase of altitude, the annual average temperature decreases, the temperature difference between day and night increases, and fruit ripening is delayed. Therefore, when the orchard is built, Myrica rubra can be planted at different altitudes to prolong the supply period of fresh fruit.
(2) Try to choose the north slope or the northeast slope. The south slope, especially the southeast slope, has sufficient sunshine and high temperature. Although the fruit of Myrica rubra may be earlier, its quality is not as good as that of the north slope. In deep valleys or deep mountain basins, Myrica rubra can grow well and have good quality no matter which slope it is on, as long as it is densely shaded.
(3) Vegetation land vegetation is usually a sign of fertile land. For example, soil with dicotyledonous plants is often more fertile. Myrica rubra is most suitable for planting in fern, azalea, Cyclobalanopsis and other advantageous soils.
(4) Sandy soil is the first choice, followed by sandy clay and cohesive soil.
(5) Economic and geographical conditions require convenient traffic and communication conditions, no pollution and no serious air pollution.
(6) Ecological conditions should try to preserve the surrounding vegetation. If the vegetation around the orchard is well protected, the relative humidity in the air in the orchard is usually more balanced, and there are more natural enemies of pests in the orchard, so there are fewer pests and diseases in the orchard and the fruit quality is relatively better. ? cultivate
The sowing period of Myrica rubra is generally from late February to mid-March, when the temperature begins to rise. It is best to cultivate in cloudy or rainy days. At this time, the survival rate of a single plant is very high. Variety selection depends on different regions, and the reasonable collocation of early-maturing, middle-maturing and late-maturing varieties. The plants suitable for planting in Xishan, Suzhou are water chestnut and bayberry. Select high-quality and robust Myrica rubra grafted seedlings without diseases and insect pests in Xishan, Suzhou. Fill the dug pit with 10- 15 kg of decomposed manure and 5- 10 kg of burnt mud ash, and plant it properly. Myrica rubra in Suzhou Xishan is dioecious and needs 1-2% male plants for pollination.
3. Fertilizer and water management
Lettuce, medicinal materials or green manure can be planted in woodland to improve the utilization rate of soil fertilizer. Young trees are mainly quick-acting fertilizers, combined with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and are fertilized 2-3 times a year. Apply it once a year before germination in late winter and early spring, and apply fertilizer twice a year to adult trees, applying 1-2 kg of farm manure or calcium superphosphate each time. Or 1kg potassium sulfate plus 0.2kg urea/plant, or 0.25kg urea plus 15-20kg burnt mud ash. Cover the soil immediately after fertilization. The second time is after harvest, accounting for 50-55% of the annual fertilization. According to the principle of high yield and fertilizer, a ditch of 10-20cm was opened under the drip irrigation line of each greenhouse, and 0.5- 1kg of nitrogen fertilizer, 0.3-0.5kg of phosphorus and 30-50kg of soil miscellaneous fertilizer mixed with potassium fertilizer were applied for covering. The fleshy roots of Myrica rubra in Suzhou Xishan are easy to be damaged, so it is necessary to avoid damaging the roots when digging holes. During fruit development, foliar fertilizer can also be sprayed, and 0.2-0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate or 0.3% potassium sulfate can be sprayed 1-2 times. In addition, soil improvement should be carried out to eliminate waterlogging and ensure the high yield and high quality of Suzhou Myrica rubra.
prune
The shape of Myrica rubra is mainly natural round head. Pruning young trees is mainly to determine the shape of trunk and cultivate trees with early fruit and high yield. Usually, "one trunk and three main branches" naturally form a heart-shaped crown. In other words, for the new shoots that germinate after the stem is fixed, please choose 3-4 branches with vigorous growth, uniform azimuth distribution and a certain distance (about 20-30cm) as the main branches, and choose to leave 2-3 auxiliary main branches on each main branch to make them distribute reasonably and clearly, and basically form a crown skeleton within 3-5 years. Pruning adult trees is mainly to cultivate high-yield population structure, adjust the relationship between growth and fruit, and promote sustained, high-quality and high-yield. Pruning can be divided into summer pruning (opening angle, removing core, twisting tip, wiping bud, pulling branches, taking branches, carving and peeling, etc. ) and winter pruning (thinning, shrinking and short pruning).
Second, the flourishing management of Myrica rubra
1. Reasons for low output:
Because the soil is deep and fertile, or the local soil is biased to apply nitrogen fertilizer, and then naturally grows, resulting in excessive growth. Nutrients of trees are mainly consumed in the growth of branches and leaves, so it is difficult to form buds or few buds, so trees enter the fruiting period late or have low yield.
2. Conversion method:
(1) Control fertilizer and water, especially applying less or no nitrogen fertilizer and increasing phosphorus and potassium fertilizer appropriately.
(2) 10- 1 1 month, applying paclobutrazol in the soil, and the effective component paclobutrazol is 0.2-0.4g；; Canopy projection area per square meter; Or spraying 700 mg/kg paclobutrazol on the crown in March and April.
(3) Digging a ditch with a depth of 30cm near the drip irrigation line of the crown in autumn, properly cutting off the roots, spirally cutting off some large branches or sticking the skin upside down can promote the formation of flower buds and improve the yield and quality.
Third, the transformation method of waxberry senescence
1. Reasons for low output:
The economic life of Myrica rubra is 70-80 years. However, due to improper management, insect pests, natural disasters and other reasons, there are many dead branches, few leaves and bare inner rooms. Trees with only a few fruits are called old trees.
2. Conversion method:
(1) Make some updates according to the specific situation of aging trees. Trunk and main branches are cut short in batches within two to three years, leaving strong branches in the middle and lower parts and removing redundant buds, thus promoting regeneration and rejuvenation.
(2) At the same time of regeneration, combined with increasing the application of organic fertilizer, loosen the topsoil to promote the growth of new buds and roots, and restore the crown and yield.
(3) Pay attention to cut off the wound of the big branch and smear it with wax or asphalt to protect the wound and promote its early healing.
Fourth, bayberry pest control.
Myrica rubra has strong resistance to stress and few diseases and insect pests occur. However, due to the change of ecological environment, it is necessary to observe and comprehensively control pests and diseases according to local conditions. The main pests are white moth, leaf roller moth and bag moth. The main diseases are brown spot disease, red coat disease, cancer and so on. Prevention methods: strengthen planting management, enhance the vitality of trees, cut off diseased branches and dead branches in time, do a good job in clearing gardens in winter, remove fallen leaves and weeds, and then burn them centrally.