The bark is dark reddish brown and rough and scaly when it is old;

Branches spreading, sometimes drooping; The twigs are hairless, shiny and green, turn red in the sun and have many lenticels.

Winter buds are obtuse-conical, pubescent outside, with 2-3 clusters, leaf buds in the middle and flower buds on both sides.

Leaf blade oblong-lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate, 2-3.5 cm long and 1-2 cm wide, with a tapering tip and a wide wedge-shaped base, with dark green hairless upper surface and a small amount of pubescence or hairlessness on the subaxillary surface of vein;

The leaf margin has fine serrations, coarse serrations or obtuse serrations, and the ends of serrations have glands or glands;

Petiole is 1-2 cm long, with 1-8 glands or without glands.

Flowers first, then leaves, flowers per bud 1 flower, short stalk or near stalk;

Flower diameter 2.5-3.5 cm; Calyx tube bell-pubescent, green with reddish-brown spots, sepals ovoid or rectangular triangle;

Petals obovate or oblong, pink, rarely white;

Style as long as stamens or slightly shorter.

Fruit shapes vary in size, ranging from oval, oblate or wide oval, with a diameter of 3- 12 cm, obvious abdominal seam, and the fruit stalk goes deep into the fruit depression;

Pericarp densely pubescent, very sparse and glabrous;

The pulp is white, greenish white, yellow, orange yellow or red, and the juice is fragrant, sweet or sour;

Eccentric or mucinous, large nucleus, oval or round, flat on both sides, tapering at the top,

There are deep grooves or honeycombs outside. [ 1]

Peach bud [2]

The buds of peach trees are different from apples and pears, which are divided into flower buds and leaf buds with different properties. The flower bud is inserted between the leaf axils of the branches, and the leaf bud is inserted between the top of the branches or the leaf axils of the branches, and it revives with the flower bud. According to the number of buds on each branch, it can be divided into single bud and compound bud; According to its characteristics, it can also be divided into premature buds, dormant buds and adventitious buds. The branches of peach trees can not only blossom and bear fruit, but also sprout branches from leaf buds.

The flower buds of peach trees are pure flower buds and planted in the axils of leaves. Buds are full and full, and they can only blossom and bear fruit, but not sprout branches. Most of the leaf buds of peach trees are born on the branches, and the buds are thin and sharp. They can continue to grow if they are not cut down. Leaf buds are also born in the axils of branches on the same side as flower buds, forming compound buds. Therefore, when pruning peach trees, leaf buds must be left at the cutting ends of elongated branches so that new shoots can continue to grow. If you cut it off at the compound bud, the flower bud must be wiped off, otherwise the new bud can't continue to extend.

On the 1 node of a peach branch, only 1 flower bud or 1 leaf bud is planted, which is called a single bud; Planting more than two plants is called multi-bud. Among multiple buds, when two buds coexist, most of them are 1 flower bud and 1 leaf bud; When three buds coexist, the middle bud is a leaf bud, the buds on both sides are flower buds, and occasionally the three buds are leaf buds; When there are four buds, it is also the leaf bud in the middle and the flower buds on both sides. If you suffer from malnutrition or mechanical injury; Nodes that may have buds are called blind nodes, and cannot be cut on blind nodes when pruning.

The arrangement order of single thorn and multiple buds on branches, as well as the combination of leaves and flower buds, vary with varieties and fruit branches.

The buds of peach trees are precocious, so in areas with long growth period and suitable environmental conditions, 1 year can sprout 3-4 or even more secondary branches, forming multi-branches and more growth. This provides favorable conditions for accelerating forming and producing early results, and we should pay attention to this feature when shaping and trimming.

The life span of peach trees is not long, so the life span of latent buds is also short, and the ability of germination and renewal is also weak. Generally, its germination ability can only be maintained for 1 ~ 2 years, and the latent buds over 10 years can germinate under the stimulation of heavy shearing. Therefore, peach trees are prone to aging and difficult to renew, which is why the pruning of peach trees is different from that of apples and pears.

Although the germination rate and branching ability of peach trees are related to varieties and growth, they are stronger than apples and pears. Generally, the germination rate of northern peach varieties is weaker than that of southern varieties. The germination rate of early honey is low, but the branching formation is strong; Tianjin peach has high germination rate, but weak branching ability.

Under normal cultivation and management conditions, peach varieties with high germination rate and strong branching ability form quickly, bear fruit early and have high yield. On the main branch of this variety, it is easy to germinate many secondary branches. The secondary branches that germinate earlier may also form flower buds in the same year, and the branches inside and outside the crown are also dense, thus forming acetylene.

Tree shape of peach tree [3]

The tree structure of peach trees is relatively simple, and the modeling is relatively easy. According to its strong photophilicity, most of the commonly used trees in production at present are open, cup-shaped without central leadership, improved cup-shaped, natural open with two main branches, natural open with three main branches and Y-shaped.

The crown structure of peach trees is generally divided into trunk, main branch, lateral branch and various branch groups. The main branches and lateral branches are the skeleton of the crown, with fruit branches on it. According to the different volume of fruit branches, they can be divided into large, medium and small fruit branches. When pruning, large, medium and small fruit branches can be arranged according to the characteristics of varieties and the size of space, so as to give full play to the production potential of varieties and make full use of space.

Growth habit

[4] Peach trees are small deciduous trees with weak dryness and short curing period of the central trunk, and most of them are cultivated with modesty. The crown height is 4-5 meters, and the crown diameter is about 6 meters according to the degree of close planting.

Peach trees grow faster and can blossom and bear fruit in the second year after planting. The shoots grow vigorously, and new shoots can be born three times a year, and secondary shoots can also form flower buds, blossom and bear fruit. You can enter the full fruit stage in 4-5 years. Because of the early fruiting, the full fruit period can last 10- 15 years, and the life span of trees is short, mostly in 20-25 years.

The fruiting branches of peach trees are formed by the differentiation of axillary buds on new shoots into flower buds, which are one bud and one flower. The number of fruits is closely related to the quality of fruits and cultivation conditions. Early-maturing and early-maturing peaches cultivated in southern China often affect the improvement of yield and quality because of the high humidity of groundwater and air during the rainy season.

Peach trees like to grow on land with abundant sunshine, loose soil and low groundwater level. It is suitable to choose sandy soil or gravel soil with high dryness for farming, and it can also be cultivated for cohesive soil with low groundwater level, high organic matter content and good drainage.

Peach trees like sunshine. Under natural conditions, centers have no central leadership, but they are still open trees. Therefore, they are formed under cultivation conditions.

At the same time, it should not violate its natural characteristics, and adopt single-layer trees with low crown and good light reception, such as cup-shaped trees and open-heart trees. Naturally growing peach trees have dense branches, poor illumination, small fruiting area and low yield. It can be seen from the production that peach trees that are not pruned before 5 years old may have good results because of their small crown, few branches and good ventilation and light transmission. However, after 6 years, the crown gradually increases, the number of branches increases, the ventilation and light transmission are poor, and the output will decrease year by year. However, the yield of peach trees with reasonable pruning and good tree structure is increasing year by year, and the quality is high and stable.

Peach root contains amygdalin, which produces hydrocyanic acid when it decays and decomposes, which can have toxic effects on the roots of young trees, making them grow poorly and even die. Therefore, peach trees should not be cultivated continuously, and new land should be chosen for new peach trees. However, if continuous cropping is needed, leisure farming should be carried out for 2-3 years after the old trees are eliminated, or the method of digging large planting pits to change soil should be adopted to ensure the normal growth of young trees.

In a word, peach trees grow fast, bear fruit early and are easy to cultivate. Trees like sunshine and are resistant to dryness, but avoid humidity and poor drainage conditions. Peach has high yield and early fruit. Therefore, it is very important for peach planting to strengthen cultivation management and improve fertilization level.

Distribution area

Peach has a long history of cultivation and is widely distributed in China, especially in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shandong, Hebei, Beijing, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Gansu and Henan. Peach has the advantages of early fruiting, early high yield and early income in cultivation. Peach has strong drought tolerance, can be cultivated in flat, mountainous and sandy land, is easy to manage and has high yield. Therefore, peach cultivation is more common. China is rich in peach resources and rich in cultivation experience. In terms of cultivation techniques, many high and stable yield fields have been created, and some well-managed peach orchards can keep the yield per mu at about 2500 kg.

phenophase

Germination, early to mid-March;

Flowering, mid-April;

Leaf exhibition period, mid-April;

The fruit ripens in July-10;

Fallen leaves,165438+1early and middle October.

diversification

There are three kinds of common peaches:

Nectarine: the skin is smooth and hairless, also known as Li Guangtao;

Flat peach: the fruit is flat, the core is small, round and deep;

Shouxing Peach: The tree is extremely short and can be used as a dwarf rootstock for ordinary peaches. [5]

Carmine is a kind of peach tree, which is planted in many parts of the country.

Especially in Hubei province, it is widely planted, with strong tree potential, upright branches, weak branching ability and good fruit bearing in short and medium branches. The peel is red and reddish.

The colored stripes are interlaced into a painted face. The flesh is purplish red, the meat is crisp, the juice is sweet and the quality is excellent. According to conventional cultivation techniques, the minimum fruit yield per tree is 30 kg. In 2008, Guangshui (now under the jurisdiction of Suizhou City) applied for the project of "Standardized Planting of Green Carmine Fruit Trees" and applied for the registration of the origin of Carmine Fruit Trees [6].