First, the suitable environmental conditions of loquat
Temperature: Loquat likes to grow in warm and humid climate and natural environment. In the growth and development stage, a higher temperature is stipulated, and the average annual temperature is generally above 65438 02℃, and 65438 05℃ is more suitable. However, the growth period of loquat is different from the main stem, and the ability of human organs to adjust and adapt to temperature is also different. Its trunk has strong cold resistance, and adult trees have no freezing injury in winter at-18℃. Years of practical experience has proved that the flowers and bones of loquat are easy to freeze to death at -3℃, and more than 95% of young fruits are cold at -4.6℃. The longer the duration of ultra-low temperature, the worse the cold. Because loquat generally blooms in autumn and winter and is a fruit and vegetable in early summer, the ultra-low temperature in winter immediately harms the original yield. When the annual average temperature is above 65438 05℃, the lowest temperature in winter is not lower than -6℃, and the young fruit period is not lower than -3℃, planting loquat can bring good omen.
Precipitation: Loquat likes moist air, with abundant rainfall, and the annual precipitation is above 100 mm, but too much precipitation in spring tends to make the branches steep and long, which is harmful to the results. When the sunshine is not enough, the beverage becomes shallow, the coloring is not good, the delay time is increased, and the rotten fruit is promoted. Spring is dry and cold, which often makes the fruit dry, wrinkle and fall off.
Illumination: Loquat has sufficient illumination, which is beneficial to flower bud differentiation and fruit growth and development, increasing sugar content, excellent coloring and improving fruit quality. But the obvious sunlight can't shine on the trunk to avoid burning, and it will also cause serious sunburn to the fruit that is about to be harvested. Excessive shading and many branches in the inner chamber are easy to breed pests.
Soil: Sandy soil or red soil layer with loose soil, excellent drainage pipes, guaranteed water resources and rich soil organic matter and minerals. The deep soil layer is more than 80cm, and the PH value is 5.5-6.5.
Wind: Loquat has large trunk, gathered leaves, poor ventilation, narrow and shallow roots and is vulnerable to wind. Therefore, when opening the garden, we should choose a relative rain shed or plant shelter forest to reduce wind damage.
Second, the current main fine varieties
Big five-star loquat; It was cultivated in Longquan, Chengdu. After decades of planting, the main performance of each planting is outstanding and the economic benefits are very rich. In Taiping Town and Baisha Town, Shuangliu County, Chengdu, the maximum profit per acre of typical growers' equipment can reach more than 30,000 yuan, and the maximum profit in the open field can reach 1.5 million yuan. This variety won the gold medal of loquat in Kunming World Expo.
Fruit characteristics: oval, navel is mostly a huge and deep five-star shape, and a few are annular. The exocarp is orange yellow, the flesh is orange yellow, the meat is fresh and tender, and the edible rate is 78%. The average fruit weight is 8 1g, that is, 194g. Urumqi area improved in the first half of May.
Cultivation habits: grafted seedlings grow fast, have medium plant type, open tree shape, slightly thicker branches, early fruit bearing, good harvest, strong adaptability and strong disease resistance.
Third, the planting time and method of loquat
Loquat is an evergreen fruit tree. The key transplanting time in Sichuan is from September to the first half of June, 165438+ 10. This season has abundant rainfall and suitable climate, which is beneficial to the growth of new roots and high planting survival rate.
1. Before planting, the grafting film at the grafting interface should be removed, and the damaged main stem and the excessively long main root should be appropriately pruned to a length of 15 cm, and two-thirds of the leaves should be cut off at the same time. Green seedlings should be soaked in cold water 1 ~ 2 hours according to water shortage. When transplanting, the pruned green seedlings are soaked in mortar or solution containing triadimefon and rooting agent, and disinfected to promote the survival of long-rooted green seedlings.
2. When planting, dig out a soil layer with a thickness of 50cm at a pre-specified position, make a hole with a depth of 10 cm, level the roots of loquat around the planting hole, bury the roots with fine soil and step on them tightly to make a tree disc with a thickness of 80cm, which is slightly higher than the road surface by 20-30 cm. The roots should be watered thoroughly, and 20 kg of water per tree is appropriate. Cover the soil until the green seedlings are in the soil trace of the seedling base, and expose the grafting method outside the soil layer. Then cover with a thickness of one meter to obtain a gray-black agricultural plastic film, which is tightly sealed around, and has the functions of warming, moisturizing, replenishing water and promoting the normal growth of green seedlings. 10 ~ check the moisture once every half month. If the water is not enough, uncover half of the agricultural film and immediately inject water to keep alive. At the same time, spraying 1 ~ 2 times of 1.8% sodium bicarbonate or alginate culture solution immediately after planting to promote the production of protoplasts and the growth of rhizomes and improve the survival rate of seedlings.
Fourth, fertilizer and water management.
Fertilization during fruit tree pruning period (1 ~ 3 years) should adopt the standard of thin application and diligent application. The first fertilization started from the germination stage to the last 5cm after the survival of the field planting. The main factor of quick-acting base fertilizer was to promote the effectiveness of phosphorus, potassium and cold water fertilizer. Once every half month, each plant uses 5- 10g urea solution, 5g phosphate fertilizer and 3-5kg cold water fertilizer. Fertilize once a month after September, and apply nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium together. 65438 00 grams of urea solution, 65438 00 grams of phosphate fertilizer and 654300 grams of ammonium sulfate were applied to each plant.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) soil management
1, orchard intercropping
Legume crops, vegetables, fruits and strawberry seedlings can be planted in loquat orchards when they are young, but it is best to plant green manure crops. Cut off the tree cover from April to August. Adult plantations can be covered with weeds or crop straws in April-September, and buried together in autumn when fertilizing or expanding holes for soil improvement, which can not only improve the soil layer, but also maintain humidity in summer and reduce soil temperature, which is beneficial to trunk growth. In addition, covering the tree tray with straw or weeds in winter is beneficial to the growth of loquat in winter, and it is suitable to cultivate it once in the whole garden in winter, and the deep layer is 10 ~ 20 cm.
2. Enlarge the hole and make a deep turn
Immediately transplanted plantation with or without improved furrow soil should be combined with nitrogen fertilizer to expand holes and deep soil in autumn, with a depth of 50 ~ 60 cm, and weeds, straws and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should be pressed in layers. Turning over the whole garden in 3 ~ 5 years is conducive to correctly guiding the downward growth of rhizomes and improving the ability of absorbing fertilizer.
3. Drainage and water injection If there is too much precipitation during the fruit perfection period, it is the key reason for the color difference and rotten fruit. Therefore, in rainy areas, attention should be paid to drainage pipes. July and August coincide with the flower bud differentiation period of loquat, and maintaining moderate dryness is beneficial to flower bud differentiation. Therefore, it is necessary to do a good job in the drainage pipeline, inject water as much as possible in the spring drought period, and also inject water in the ear growth and development stage from August to September to prevent drought.
Six, plastic pruning
1, young tree (1 ~ 3 years old)
Pruning of fruit trees coincides with the plastic period. Generally, it is not pruned, so the branches are easy to grow tall. All the branches were twisted and circumcised when the new buds terminated in July, except keeping them growing at a predetermined angle. Pull the non-branches of the management center into a horizontal shape to promote early flowering, and moderately remove too dense branches in the second and third years.
2. Adult trees
The key is to prune twice in spring and summer, and prune in spring in February-March. The key point is to remove decaying branches, dense branches and blind branches, so as to improve the yield of spring shoots and reduce the service life. Summer pruning is carried out after fruit picking. The key is to delete the dense branches and weak branches, so that the pests and diseases can improve the sunshine. High-level main stems shrink from the management center, and some displaced branches shrink, so that the row spacing is 0.8 ~ 1 m, but many trees cross, and the fruit axes of fruit piles or branches are sparse, so as to promote summer shoots and achieve the goal of bumper harvest every year.
Seven, pest control
Loquat is a perennial evergreen plant that blooms in autumn and winter. It began to bear fruit and was picked the next year. It blooms gradually in September, and the flowering period is nearly 2-3 months. A good harvest can be achieved by keeping the flowers and fruits safe through the winter (more than 65,438+00% of flowers and fruits). However, loquat will be attacked by various pests when it is picked (May-June) and the next year.
(1) Occurrence of Main Diseases and Pests of Loquat
Eriobotrya japonica: Eriobotrya japonica is the key pest of Eriobotrya japonica, eating tender leaves and tender leaves. In severe cases, yellow leaves are even fed into petioles, which even leads to the death of loquat trees. This kind of insect is harmful in May-June. But from August to September, the damage is even greater.
Psyllid: Nymphs and larvae concentrate on new buds, leaf stems and leaves to inhale juice. The petiole of dead leaves is twisted, and the leaves are wrinkled, resulting in withered spots, which gradually turn black, causing black spots and withered leaves.
Carposina persicae: Carposina persicae and Carposina persicae are harmful to loquat, among which Carposina persicae is the dominant species. The peach fruit borer is carnivorous, and its larvae feed on loquat twigs, resulting in withering, ear axis and fruit.
(2), loquat pest control measures
Improving the pest resistance of loquat stems is the basis of controlling pests and improving cultivation management methods. After the fruit is picked, it is necessary to cut off branches that are too dense, bare-legged, too thin, too shrinking and too short, especially the branches of diseases and pests, so as to slow down the growth of vigorous branches, promote the emergence of summer shoots and lay the foundation for next year's bumper harvest. Manipulate base fertilizer, topdressing phosphorus and potassium fertilizer to ensure that Wangshu applies base fertilizer; Do a good job in the software of lifting irrigation system, so that the pipeline can be drained in rainy days and filled with water in dry days. Generally, the fruit tree pruning garden is not watered in July and August, and the tree tray is loosened immediately. According to this agricultural countermeasure, the stress resistance of loquat stems can be improved and the harm of pests can be reduced or alleviated.
Once flax spot disease is found, young tree gardens and nurseries should be uprooted. The orchard caused by dry rot should be scraped off immediately and coated with 2% rice, 100 times. When white purple feather harms the neck of loquat, 765,438+0% should be used to kill 800 times or 30% to love seedlings, 3000 times.