Core tip: 1. Tree species introduction alias rattan flower, bamboo rattan, twisted rattan, rattan, kudzu vine, rattan and so on. Wisteria of Leguminosae (Papilionidae). The fallen leaves are entangled with rattan, and the branches are thick and twisted, and they are left-handed and long.
1. Tree species introduction
Also known as rattan flower, rattan, rattan, rattan, kudzu vine, rattan and so on. , Wisteria of Leguminosae (Papilionidae). The fallen leaves are wrapped around the rattan wood, and the branches are thick and twisted, left-handed, more than 40 meters long, and the surface lenticels are obvious; Branchlets light brown to reddish brown, pilose; Odd pinnate compound leaves alternate. Leaflets 7- 13, elliptic, 4. 5-8 cm long. The tip is tapered, the grave is wedge-shaped, the young leaves are hairy and the mature leaves are smooth. Racemes droop, long 15-20 cm, butterfly flowers, dark purple, fragrant, open before or at the same time in April-May; The pod is long, 10-20 cm, densely covered with yellow fluff, and the fruit ripens 10 months. Subtropical and temperate plants, like light, are cold-resistant and can withstand the low temperature of 25℃; Suitable for wet, fertile and well-drained soil, with certain drought resistance, scab resistance and waterproof and moisture-proof properties; The main roots are deep and the lateral roots are few, which grow well in the soil with deep soil layer and loose soil, and are not resistant to transplantation; It is resistant to toxic gases such as sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and chlorine gas, and can kill other plants. Produced in central China and Japan, it is now widely cultivated all over the country. This kind of plant is thick and simple, with thick branches and vines, dense flowers, drooping pods, strong shading effect and large and fragrant flowers. It is a good material for scaffolding, porches and mountain greening, and can also be used for shrub planting in water, lawn and rocks.
2. Breeding method
It can be propagated by sowing, dividing plants, layering, cutting, grafting and other methods, but generally sowing is the main method.
(1) Sowing, propagation and sowing plants have developed roots and strong resistance, but seedlings need a long childhood to blossom. Harvest the seeds after the fruits are ripe in autumn, and dry them for storage. Before sowing in the next spring, soak the seeds in 80℃ hot water for 24 hours, take out the seeds, pile them into 1d and sow them on the soil towel. Or soak the seeds in warm water one month before sowing, then mix the sand and put them in the leeward and sunny place to accelerate germination. Before soil preparation, apply sufficient base fertilizer and 5% phoxim granules to eliminate underground pests and water the soles of feet. Bed sowing or field sowing can be used. The row spacing is 50 ^- 60cm, the hole spacing is 10- 12cm, 2-3 seeds are sown in each hole, the sowing depth is 3 ^-4cm, and the seeds germinate about 20 days after sowing. The dosage of seeds is 20-25 kg, and 7000-8000 plants emerge.
(2) Adventitious buds are easily produced in the roots of cuttage propagation wisteria, so cuttings and root cutting can be used for cuttage propagation. Cutting can be carried out in spring and autumn. Select 1-2-year-old robust branches, cut them into 15-20cm long and 1.2cm thick branches with full buds as cuttings, soak them in clear water for about 4 days, the row spacing is 20cm×30cm, the cutting depth is about 2/3, and 1 month gradually takes root. You can also use root cutting. After digging the seedlings before germination in autumn or spring, the thick lateral roots cut off or left in the soil are cut into 10- 12 cm long root segments and inserted into the soil for 7-9cm. After survival, stems and vines can be extracted from adventitious buds at the top of root segments. The first branch of root cutting Miao grows weakly and often lies on the ground for ten days. Plant saplings after the branches grow straight.
(3) The layering reproduction is more than that in spring and summer. It is advisable to choose the woody or robust long branches of 1 year-old, carve and girdle them when layering, treat them with auxin, cover them with fine soil, water and moisturize them (layering on the ground), or wrap them with water moss and fresh moss for moisturizing (layering at high altitude); Rooting takes about 40 days. After it is completely rooted, it can be separated from the mother plant in autumn or next spring and planted separately.
(4) Grafting propagation: select seedlings from the rootstock for grafting, and select excellent varieties as scions. Abdominal grafting in autumn, cutting grafting before germination in spring or summer and autumn (from mid-July to early August), and root grafting in spring.
(5) Root-burying and reproduction in March. Dig 0. Roots with a thickness of 5-2 cm are taken out from the nursery or around the mother tree, cut into 8- 10cm root segments, and buried in the seedbed according to the row spacing of 35cm×75cm. Be careful not to bury it upside down, and the soil on it should be flush with the nursery.
(6) After raising seedlings in wisteria nursery, some roots are often left, which can be used to raise seedlings in situ. The specific methods are as follows: after emergence, level the nursery slightly, hoe once, apply base fertilizer and irrigate. A large number of germinated seedlings can be produced in spring, and the height of seedlings in that year can reach 50^-SOcm.
Step 3: plastic trimming
Wisteria stems are strongly twined, and they are usually used for hedges and winding shapes in gardens.
(1) Hedgerow frame Because wisteria has thick branches and lush leaves, it is very heavy. Before planting, you must choose a sturdy and durable bracket. There are many kinds and forms of brackets, and the most commonly used one is the flower stand. After planting, select strong branches as the main vine to cultivate, and cut off the immature part of the winding tip. If there are branches near the cut, it is advisable to cut off 2-3 branches to reduce competition and ensure the advantages of the main vine. Then the main vine is wound around the post, so that its white line is wound counterclockwise. For the branches that come up from the roots, except those that are too thick, they can be chopped first and then gradually thinned, and other roots will be thinned at the base, so that the stored nutrients can be supplied to the main vines for growth. In the second year, the main vine is cut short to strong buds, so that strong branches can be extracted as main branches, and then a large number of side branches can be extracted from them. Usually, if it is used in the form of a flower stand, the backbone branches should be tied to the flower stand. Then, two branches are selected as the second and third main branches at a certain distance and cut short. Other branches on the main vine can be used as auxiliary branches or thinned according to the space of the shelf surface. At this point, the auxiliary branches left before the lower part of the trunk can be gradually cut off. In the third year, the surface of the frame was basically covered. After the skeleton of wisteria is shaped, dead branches, diseased branches and excessively twisted overlapping branches should be cut off every winter. Generally, 2-3 buds are left on the small side branches, so that the branches on the frame are evenly distributed. Wisteria grows faster, and the vines will become denser and heavier, so thinning in winter can keep the vines on the scaffolding at a reasonable density. After flowering in June 5438+ 10, the flower bud has already formed, so it is necessary to prune again, and the cutting mouth should be above the round flower bud, so be careful not to cut the flower bud by mistake; At the same time, cut off dead branches, plant diseases and insect pests, sparse the branches that are too dense, and maintain a good ventilated and light-transmitting growth environment, so as to reduce the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests and the increase of dead branches and make plants grow healthily. Cut off some flower heads to avoid excessive consumption of nutrition. For branchlets, 2-3 buds can be cut short to make the branches on the trellis as evenly distributed as possible. Pruning can be weak in summer, cutting off the tip of branches by 3 -4cm and cutting off twigs to promote the formation of flower buds; Leave some flowers and let them bear fruit,
Used to watch fruits. Cut off the sprouted branches from the roots in batches to make the trunk smooth and thick.
(2) After the injured seedlings come out of the nursery, they are planted next to the dead trees, and the main vines are led to the trunk of the dead trees, and other branches are drained. Wisteria can grow counterclockwise around the tree, leaving main branches and side branches on the main vine of wisteria until the dead tree is separated, and the dead tree will soon be covered with green again. Pruning after molding is mainly in winter. Due to the large annual growth, it is usually pruned more than twice a year. The growth potential of annual branches is not only to remove miscellaneous branches such as dense branches and thin branches, but also to lightly cut strong branches and re-cut weak branches, so that the branches can be distributed as evenly as possible on the shelf surface and more short branches can be obtained. When the tree is too big, it can be thinned and partially retracted. Pruning in growth period mainly focuses on changing heads to control overgrowth.
(3) Hanging wisteria can also be potted or made into a stump bonsai. In addition to selecting shorter species and varieties, pruning and coring should be strengthened to control plant growth. When the new branch grows to 14- 17 cm every year, coring 1 time; You can cut it again 1 time after flowering.
(4) In the hedge-style classical gardens, wisteria is often placed next to rockeries. When you are young, you should strengthen traction to make vines cling to rocks. After becoming a plant, it is necessary to strengthen pruning, so that the vines are tangled and entangled, like a dragon rolling, and a string of vines drooping, which makes people fondle it and have a unique view.
(5) Shrub-like main vines are cut down for many times, and the main vines are cultivated into upright trunks to form upright multi-stem shrubs. Wisteria plants need to grow in a limited range if they want to form an upright shrub. If the branches come into contact with a climbable object, they will get entangled immediately. After climbing other objects, nutrients will be used for growth, reducing flowering, and sometimes not flowering for several years. Therefore, the wisteria planted in isolation must not touch other things, and should be pruned frequently to cut off dead branches, too dense branches, diseased branches and residual branches; Branches that are too long are cut short, making shrubs grow round and full. After flowering, the residual flowers should be cut off to prevent their fruiting, and flower bud differentiation and branch growth should be carried out with concentrated nutrition.
(6) The vertical small tree wisteria has a high degree of lignification and thick stems and vines. First, choose an upright branch as the trunk, and the height of the trunk is 1- 1.5m or higher. In the future, we can cultivate and prune the graded branches year by year, and finally plant a small tree with complete crown width, such as cone, whose crown shape can be determined according to environmental needs.
Wisteria can also be used as bonsai, and the common shapes are bent stem, inclined stem, hanging branch, cliff, water-facing and attached stone.
4. Conventional cultivation management
Wisteria root has strong straightness, is not resistant to transplantation, and carries soil balls when transplanting. Generally, the survival rate of transplantation is high in spring and autumn. When young trees are planted, the branches can't form flower buds, and then they will bear flower buds. If it doesn't bloom after several years of planting, first, the trees are too strong and there are too many branches and leaves; Secondly, the tree is weak and it is difficult to accumulate nutrients; The former uses partial root cutting and thinning branches and leaves, while the latter can blossom by applying more potassium fertilizer. There is a great demand for fertilizer. When planting, besides using base fertilizer as base fertilizer, there are also organic nitrogen fertilizer, calcium superphosphate, plant ash and so on. It can be applied before germination in early spring and topdressing for 2-3 times in the vigorous growth period of summer and autumn. If an appropriate amount of organic fertilizer is applied every year in winter or before flowering, plants will grow more vigorously. Pay attention to prevent birds from hurting buds and flowers. The pests that harm the growth of branches and leaves are mainly aphids and red spiders.