(1) planted separately

Single planting refers to the isolated planting type of trees. This kind of tree is also called an isolated tree. Sometimes, under certain conditions, it can also be two or three plants, which are closely planted to form a unit. But it must be the same tree species, and the spacing between plants should not exceed 1.5 meters, which is the same as that of single plant planting from a distance. Shrubs should not be placed under isolated trees. The main function of isolated trees is the need of composition art, as the main scene of local open areas, of course, it can also shade the sun. Take isolated trees as the main scene, reflecting the full growth and development of individual plants in nature, and the appearance should be tall and lush with shrubs. The main function of isolated trees is the need of composition art, as the main scene of local open areas, of course, it can also shade the sun. Isolated trees, as the main scene, are used to reflect the full growth and development of individual plants in nature, and their appearance should be tall and straight and magnificent.

Isolated trees should meet the following basic conditions.

Tree fragments:

1, with beautiful and tall plants, dense branches and leaves, open crown, or other trees with special ornamental value;

2. Strong growth, long life and resistance to major natural disasters, it is advisable to choose tall and tried native tree species;

3. Trees do not contain toxins, flowers and fruits that are polluted and easy to fall off, so as not to hurt tourists or hinder their activities.

Although the proportion of isolated trees planted in gardens is very small, they play a very important role. The planting place of single tree should be relatively open, with enough growth space and suitable viewing distance and viewing point. It is best to have the simple and varied scenery environment such as sky, water and grassland as the background to highlight the characteristics of solitary trees in shape, posture and color. The location of solitary tree planting mainly depends on the overall unity with the surrounding environment. Can be planted in cheerful grasslands, rivers and lakes, highlands and hills, the edge of the square in front of the park, and the courtyard composed of garden buildings. In natural gardens, solitary trees can be planted at the corner of garden roads or rivers, rockeries and the entrance of gardens as crossing trees and inducing trees to induce tourists to enter another scenic spot. As a part of the landscape, this isolated tree is not isolated, it must match the surrounding environment. The isolated trees in the landscape garden must be reconciled with the strange rocks, and the tree posture should be ancient.

(2) Intercropping

Intercropping refers to the symmetrical or balanced planting of two kinds of trees according to a certain axis relationship, which is mainly used to emphasize the entrance of parks, buildings, roads and squares, and at the same time, combined with shading and rest, as a configuration in spatial composition.

In conventional planting, the trees of the same species and specifications are symmetrically arranged according to the central axis of the main scene, and the connecting line between the two trees is perpendicular to the axis and is equally divided by the axis. Conventional planting generally adopts tree species with neat crown. In natural planting, the opposite planting is asymmetric, but the left and right are balanced. Both sides of the natural garden entrance, both sides of the bridge head, both sides of the stone steps of the trail, both sides of the river entrance, the entrance of the closed space and the entrance of the building need natural introduction and induced planting. Natural planting is to achieve a balanced relationship with the central axis of the main scene as the fulcrum, distributed on both sides of the central axis of the composition, and must be the same tree species, but the size and posture must be different. The dynamic potential should be concentrated on the central axis, the vertical distance from the central axis should be close to the big tree, and the small trees should be far away. The planting points of the two trees should be connected in a straight line and cannot intersect the central axis at right angles.

General trees should be more than 5 meters away from the building wall, and small trees and shrubs can be appropriately reduced (at least 2 meters).

(3) row planting

Row-by-row planting refers to planting trees and shrubs in rows according to a certain row spacing, or the row spacing has changed. The landscape formed by planting is neat, simple and magnificent. Row planting is the most widely used basic planting form in conventional garden green space. In natural green space, plastic parts can also be arranged. Row planting has the advantages of convenient construction and management. Planting is mostly used in areas with many buildings, roads and underground pipelines. Row-by-row planting combined with roads can play a role in landscape tailoring.

Trees with regular crowns, such as round, oval, inverted oval, tower, cylinder, etc. You should choose to plant in rows instead of trees with sparse branches and irregular crowns. The row spacing depends on the characteristics of tree species, the size of seedlings and the main uses of gardens, such as landscapes and activity places.

Generally, trees are 3-8m long and shrubs are 1-5m long.

Row planting has two forms: equidistant and equidistant.

(4) Cluster planting

Cluster planting is usually a planting type consisting of two to ten trees or trees and shrubs. The ground with trees can be natural vegetation, grassland, grass flowers, rocks or terraces. Shrub is one of the most important planting types in garden green space. It mainly reflects the comprehensive image of tree group beauty, but this group beauty image is reflected by the combination of individuals, who are unified, but also have their own changes, contrast and set off each other. The selection of a single tree as a shrub is similar to that of a single tree, so it is necessary to choose a tree with special value in shading, tree posture, color and fragrance.

Trees can be divided into simple trees and mixed trees. Shade trees are preferably in the form of simple trees. Generally, shrubs are not used or used less, and trees with tall crowns are usually suitable. However, as the main scene, induced scene and collocation scene in composition art, mixed trees and shrubs are often used.

When trees are the main scenery, it is advisable to choose trees with mixed needles and broad leaves, which has a particularly good ornamental effect. They can be arranged in the center of the lawn, beside the water, by the river, on the island or on the mountain as the focus of the main scenery. In the classical landscape gardens in China, the composition of trees and stones is often set in front of the powder wall, and corridors can be used in the corner to form a small landscape of trees and stones with certain painting. Trees used as guidance are mostly arranged at the entrance, fork in the road and bend, which fixes the scenic tour road into a curve and induces tourists to enjoy the colorful garden scenery according to the designed route. In addition, it can also be used as a sign of path divergence or cover the foreground of the path, thus achieving the effect of transferring another scene between peaks. Shrub design must be based on the local natural conditions and overall design intent, select the right tree species, fully grasp the biological characteristics of individual plants and their interaction, so that plants can get suitable conditions in growth space, light, ventilation, temperature, humidity, root growth and development, so as to maintain the stability of trees and achieve ideal results.

The planting forms of cluster planting are: two trees, three trees, four trees and five trees.

(5) Group planting

Generally speaking, the number of individual trees planted in a group is more than 20-30. Trees mainly show the beauty of the group. Like isolated trees and bushes, trees are one of the main scenes in composition. Therefore, trees should be arranged in cheerful places with enough distance, such as large lawns near the forest edge, wide open spaces in the forest, small islands in the water, wide waterfront, hills and slopes, mounds and so on. In front of the main stand of the trees, at least four times the height of the trees and one and a half times the width of the trees should be reserved for tourists to enjoy.

The planting scale should not be too large, and the composition is empty all around. The composition of the tree group and each tree should play a certain role in the appearance of the group. The combination of tree groups is preferably closed and layered. Visitors are not allowed to enter the trees at ordinary times, so it is inconvenient for tourists to enter, which is not conducive to enjoying the cool and rest.

Trees can be divided into simple trees and mixed trees. A simple tree consists of one tree, and perennial flowers can be used as ground cover plants. The main form of tree species group is mixed tree species. The mixed tree species group is divided into five parts: tree layer, sub-tree layer, big shrub layer, small shrub layer and perennial herb vegetation. Each layer should be exposed, and the exposed part should be a prominent part of the ornamental characteristics of plants. Tree species selected for tree layer and crown

The posture should be particularly rich, so that the skyline of the whole tree group is full of changes. The tree species selected in the subtree layer should be lush flowers or beautiful leaves. Shrubbery should be dominated by flowers and trees, herbaceous cover plants should be dominated by perennial wildflowers, and the soil surface under the trees should not be exposed. The basic principle of arbor combination is that the arbor layer with high light should be distributed in the center, the secondary trees around, and the big shrubs and small shrubs at the outer edge.

The planting distance of plants in the tree group should be varied, and it should form an equilateral triangle. It is forbidden to plant in rows, rows and belts. Evergreen, deciduous, foliage and flowering trees should be mixed in layers, small pieces and spots.

The appearance of trees should have ups and downs, and attention should be paid to the seasonal changes and aesthetic feeling of the four seasons.

(6) Forest belt

Forest belts are widely used in gardens, which can block the sight and separate the garden space. Can be used as background, shelter, wind, dust, noise, etc. Natural forest belt is a banded arbor group, with short axis 1 and long axis greater than 4.

In the natural forest belt, trees cannot be planted in rows, the planting distance between trees is unequal, the skyline is undulating and the outer edge is tortuous. Forest belts are also composed of trees, sub-trees, large shrubs, small shrubs and perennial flowers.

Forest belt belongs to the composition of continuous scenery, and the appreciation of composition evolves with the advancement of tourists. Therefore, the composition of the forest belt should have a theme, a tone, coordination, change and rhythm, and the theme should alternate with the seasons. When forest belts are distributed on both sides of rivers and roads, they should be compound. The left and right forest belts do not require symmetry, but the corresponding effects should be considered.

Forest belts can be simple forests or mixed forests, depending on their functions and functions. Mixed planting of trees, shrubs, deciduous trees and evergreen trees can also play a better role in dust prevention and sound insulation in the function of forest belt. The tree species configuration of shelter forest can be selected and matched according to the needs, and the planting forms are all rows.

(7) Afforestation (forest)

Where a large number of trees and shrubs are planted in pieces to form woodland or forest landscape, it is called planting forest or forest. Afforestation is mostly used for health protection belts in large parks, secluded areas, scenic spots or rest areas. Forests can be divided into dense forests and sparse forests. Dense forest canopy density is 70- 100%, and sparse forest canopy density is 40-70%. There are pure forests and mixed forests in dense forests and sparse forests. Pure forest in dense forest should choose the most ornamental and vigorous tree species in the local area. Dense forest mixed forest has multi-layer structure, such as forest belt structure. Large-scale mixed forests are mostly mixed in sheets or strips, small-scale mixed forests are mostly mixed in sheets or spots, and evergreen trees are mixed with deciduous trees. The planting density in dense forest is 2-3 meters.

Sparse forest and grassland combine to form "sparse forest grassland", which can shade in summer and sunny in winter. Lawn clearing is used for leisure and activities, and the scenery in the forest is colorful, which is very popular with tourists. Sparse tree species should have high ornamental value, vigorous growth, sparse crown and considerable scenery in four seasons.

(8) Hedges and green walls

Any regular planting form, in which shrubs or small trees are densely planted at close intervals and planted in single or double rows, is called a hedge or green wall.

1. Types of hedges and green walls

(1) can be divided into: green wall (160 cm or more), high hedge (120- 160 cm), hedge (50- 120 cm) and short hedge (below 50 cm).

(2) According to the functional requirements and ornamental requirements, it can be divided into evergreen hedges, flower hedges, fruit hedges, thorn hedges, deciduous hedges, vine hedges and hedges.

2. Functions and functions of hedges

(1) Scope and enclosure function Hedges are often used as the boundary of prevention in gardens, and barbed wire can be added to hedges, tall hedges or hedges. Hedges can organize tourists' tour routes and tour according to the marked scope. Those who don't want tourists to pass can be fenced off with hedges.

(2) Separating space and obstacle line of sight In gardens, hedges or green walls are often used to divide areas and obstacle lines of sight to separate spaces with different functions. It is best to use evergreen trees to form a green wall above the line of sight. For example, children's playgrounds, open-air theaters, sports fields and quiet rest areas are separated to reduce mutual interference. In the natural layout, there are local regular spaces, which can also be isolated by green walls, so that the layout forms with strong contrast and different styles can be alleviated.

(3) As a conventional garden, the zoning line takes the middle fence as the dividing line and the short fence as the edge of the pattern of flower border, flower bed and ornamental lawn.

(4) Evergreen trees, as the background of flower borders, fountains and statues, are often trimmed into various forms of green walls in gardens. As the background of fountains and statues, its height should generally be commensurate with the height of fountains and statues, and dark green trees with no reflection should be selected as the color. As hedges in flower borders, they are generally evergreen high hedges and medium hedges.

(5) Beautifying the retaining wall In various green spaces, in order to avoid the boring facade of the retaining wall, hedges are often planted in front of the retaining wall to beautify the facade of the retaining wall.

3. Hedge planting density

The planting density of hedge depends on the purpose of use, different tree species, seedling size and the width of planting belt. Dwarf hedges and common hedges can be planted with a spacing of 30-50 cm and a row spacing of 40-60 cm, and double rows of hedges are arranged in a triangular shape. The spacing between green walls can be 1- 1.5m, and the row spacing can be 1.5-2m.

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