Writing techniques belong to artistic expression techniques (that is, artistic techniques and expression techniques, including expression techniques (skills)), which are commonly used: exaggeration, contrast, metaphor, personification, suspense, care, association, imagination, combination of suppression, combination of point and surface, combination of static and dynamic, combination of narration and discussion, blending of scenes, comparison and contrast, bedding, expressing meaning with objects and describing details.
Expression is common narration, description, lyricism, discussion and explanation. (In fact, it also belongs to artistic expression).
1, first-person narration
2. Third-person narrative method
3. Successive approximation method
4. Flashback method
5. Interpolation method
6. Supplementary narrative methods
7. Classification method
8. Detailed narrative method
9. Sketch method
10, direct lyric method
1 1, indirect lyric method
12, the method of discussing first
13, discuss the law first, then discuss it.
14, methods of description and discussion
15, taking things as clues
16, taking people as clues
17, with ideological changes as the clue.
18, with the central event as the clue.
19, sketch
20. Rotation method
2 1, bamboo shoot stripping method
22, personification method
23, dynamic method
24.explanation
25, the use of "five senses" method
26, by lyric method
27, the method of expressing ambition
28, the article readme method
29. Vision.
30, internal and external combination method
3 1, stepwise transformation method
Explanation and introduction
33, environmental foil method
34, crayon description method
35, the combination of far and near method
36, time series transformation method
37. Ways to grow and change
38, expand the association method
39, highlighting the key methods
40. Comparative law
4 1, praise method
42, static sketch method
43, total score combination method
44, characteristic example method
45, feature description method
46, focusing method
47, growth and change method
48, experimental proof method
49, group description method
50, on-site witness method
Description method
Common interpretation methods
Common methods of explanation include giving examples, classifying, listing data, comparing, drawing charts, defining, explaining, analogy, imitating appearances, quoting materials, etc. 10. We should choose the best method according to the characteristics of the explanatory object and the purpose of writing. The following are explained separately.
(1) example. Cite practical examples to explain things, make the things to be explained specific and make readers understand. This interpretation method is called example method.
Illustration in expository writing and illustration in argumentative writing can make the content concrete and enhance persuasiveness. But there are differences between them. Examples in argumentative essays are used to prove points, while examples in expository essays are used to introduce knowledge.
To illustrate things or things through examples, we should pay attention to the representativeness and appropriateness of examples.
(2) classification. According to certain standards, the interpreted objects are divided into different categories and explained one by one. This method of explanation is called classification.
Classification is an important way to clarify complex things.
When using classification methods, we should pay attention to the classification standards, and only one standard can be used at a time to avoid overlapping. In this way, only one standard is used for each classification, which is clear at a glance.
The characteristics and essence of some things need to be divided into several points or aspects, which also belongs to classification.
Please note that by using the classification method, there should be no omissions in the listed categories.
(3) Column data. In order to make the things to be explained concrete, you can also use the method of column data to make readers understand. It should be noted that the quoted figures must be accurate, and inaccurate figures must never be used. Even the estimated figures should have reliable basis and try to be approximate.
(4) Make a comparison. Explain that some abstract or unfamiliar things can be compared with concrete or familiar things, so that readers can get a concrete and vivid impression through comparison. The characteristics of things often appear in comparison.
When comparing, you can compare things in the same category, things in different categories, things can be compared horizontally or vertically.
(5) draw a chart. In order to explain complex things clearly, we can also use charts to make up for the lack of simple words and explain some things more directly and concretely.
(6) definition. Defining the essential characteristics of a concept in concise language is called definition. Definition can accurately reveal the essence of things and is a common method in scientific and technological discussion.
When defining, we can consider it from different angles according to the purpose of description. Some emphasize characteristics, such as the definition of "person"; Some emphasize functions, such as the definition of "fertilizer"; Some explain both characteristics and functions, such as the definition of "master planning method" and "applied science".
Man is an advanced animal, who can make tools and use them for labor.
Fertilizer is a substance that can provide nutrients to make plants grow.
③ Overall planning method is a mathematical method to arrange the work process.
Engineering technology, called applied science, is the knowledge of applying the basic theories of natural science to solve problems in production practice.
No matter from what angle, no matter in what way, as long as a definition is made, it is necessary to reveal the essence of things, and only such a definition is scientific. For example, someone said, "Man is an upright animal with two feet." This definition is unscientific because it does not reveal the essence of things. "Man is an advanced animal, who can make tools and use them for labor." This is the definition of science, because it reveals the essence of human beings.
(7) interpretation. Explain some characteristics of things from one side. This method is called hermeneutics.
Definition and explanation often adopt the language form of "what is so-and-so". The form is the same, how to distinguish it? Generally speaking, the words on both sides of the word "yes" are interchangeable, which is the definition; If it is not interchangeable, it is interpretation.
(8) For example. Using the similarity between two different things to compare, highlight the characteristics of things and enhance the vividness and vividness of explanation is called analogy.
The interpretation method of metaphor in explanatory text is consistent with that in rhetoric. The difference is that there are similes, metaphors and metaphors in figurative rhetoric, while similes and metaphors are mostly used for description, while metaphors are inappropriate.
(9) imitation. In order to make the explained object more vivid and concrete, we can imitate the appearance, which is called imitation.
(10) reference. In order to make the content of the explanation more substantial and specific, you can quote materials to explain. The quoted materials range from classic works, famous sayings, formulas and rules, allusions and proverbs.
One explanation method is rarely used in an explanatory text, and many explanations are often used comprehensively. On the one hand, it obeys the needs of the content, on the other hand, the author has the freedom of choice. Whether to adopt one interpretation method or multiple interpretation methods, one interpretation method is another interpretation method, which can be flexible and not static.
Discussion is a comment and a logical expression. A complete argument usually consists of three elements: argument, argument and argument. Arguments can be divided into two categories, namely "arguments" and "refutations". Argumentation is called "proof" article, and refutation is called "refutation" article. In the article about rationality, exposition is a main way of writing, which requires clear arguments, detailed arguments and detailed arguments. In narration, discussion is the feeling, understanding and evaluation of things caused by narration and description, and it is the crowning touch on key points. But it is not suitable for multi-purpose and abuse.
Three elements of argumentative writing: arguments and arguments.