Korean pine, Pinaceae, is the largest family of gymnosperms, with more than 230 species of 10 genus, including more than 90 species of Pinus, which is the largest genus of Pinaceae and even the whole gymnosperms. Pine is the most important forest tree species in the northern hemisphere. Except Sumatran pine distributed at 2 degrees south latitude, all other species naturally grow on the Yuan Ye, a mountain and river from the equator to 72 degrees north latitude. Especially in temperate regions, pine trees are not only varied, but also often form vast forests, so pine trees are known as "the mother of forests in the northern hemisphere".
Pine trees are very adaptable to the land environment. They can tolerate the low temperature of -60℃ or the high temperature of 50℃, can grow in bare mineral soil, sandy soil, volcanic ash, calcareous soil, limestone soil and various soils from calcareous soil to red soil, and are drought-tolerant, barren and sunny, so they are famous pioneer trees.
The most obvious feature of pine trees is that their leaves are needle-shaped, usually in bundles of 2, 3 or 5 needles. For example, the leaves of Pinus tabulaeformis, Pinus massoniana and Pinus taiwanensis are in bundles of 2 needles, the leaves of Pinus bungeana are in bundles of 3 needles, and the leaves of Pinus koraiensis, Pinus armandii and Pinus pentaphylla are in bundles of 5 needles.
Pine is a monoecious plant, and its spore leaves are arranged like cones, forming female cones and male cones. Single or 2 14 female cones are attached to the top of new branches, and most male cones gather in the lower part of new branches. Pine cones usually bloom in spring and summer, but after the pollen reaches the female cones, it will not germinate until the early summer of the following year, so that the female flowers will fertilize and develop into cones (commonly known as pinecones or cones, not fruits). The cones mature after autumn, and the seed scales open, and each seed scale has two seeds.
Pinus species are mostly tall and straight trees with good materials and many columns. Korean pine, the "king of wood" in the northeast of China, tall Pinus ponderosa (up to 75 meters) widely distributed in the west of North America, the fastest growing pine radial pine originated in the coastal area of California, slash pine originated in the southeast of the United States, Caribbean pine originated in the Caribbean of America, and Pinus densiflora widely distributed in the west and north of Eurasia. , are famous timber trees.
The ornamental value of pine trees is obvious to all. In China, beautiful images of pine trees can be seen from the royal classical gardens to the homes of modern residents, such as Pinus tabulaeformis and Pinus bungeana in Beihai and Summer Palace, and Pinus pentaphylla widely used in stump bonsai. Some famous mountain resorts are famous for their majestic mountains and pine trees. Huangshan pine in Huangshan, Huashan pine in Huashan and Meiren pine in Changbai Mountain ... all amaze tourists.
China is one of the countries with the richest gymnosperms in the world. From the perspective of Pinaceae, it can be fully explained that China is a veritable "hometown of gymnosperms". In China's vast mountainous Yuan Ye, there are not only lush pine, larch, spruce and fir forests, but also many extremely precious and rare Pinaceae trees hidden in some deep mountains and forests. Among the first batch of rare and endangered plants under special state protection, there are 39 species of Pinaceae, accounting for110 of the total (389 species). Among them, Cryptomeria fortunei is listed as the first-class key protected plants, Abies baishanzu and Pinus yunnanensis 17 species are listed as the second-class key protected plants, and Taxodium mexicana and Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica/0 species are listed as the third-class key protected plants.
Twenty years ago, few people in the world knew that there was a mountain called baishanzu on the southeast coast of China. During the period of 1976, Wu Yiming, a senior engineer of Zhejiang qingyuan county Forestry Institute, made a blockbuster. The Baishanzu Abies discovered and named by him made baishanzu, a "forgotten corner", shine brilliantly in the field of world botany. Among the 50 known fir species in the world, Baishanzu fir is the most precious. Because this kind of tree only grows on the southwest slope of baishanzu Peak in China, Zhejiang Province, and only four trees are alive. For a species, this is only half a step away from extinction. 1987, Abies baishanzu was listed as one of the most rare and endangered 12 plants in the world by the international commission for species protection. Relevant domestic units are also actively taking measures, hoping to turn this endangered plant into safety through artificial propagation.
Compared with Baishanzu Abies, the silver fir became famous 20 years earlier. Although Yang Xianjin, a Chinese botanist, collected the branches and leaves of this plant in Jinfo Mountain, Sichuan Province as early as 1938, this specimen has not been identified because there are no flowers and cones. It was not until 1955 that the scientific investigation team led by Professor Zhong collected cone plant specimens in Huaping forest area of Pisheng County, Guangxi, and Taxodium distichum was named and published by botanists Chen Huanyong and Kuang Keren. Cryptomeria fortunei is a fossil plant, which was once considered extinct on the earth. Its cone fossils and pollen were found in the Tertiary strata in Siberia at 60 degrees north latitude and southwest France, respectively. The discovery of living silver fir shocked botanists, and western scholars were even more impressed by China. There are only a few thousand Cryptomeria fortunei in China, which are distributed in Jinfo Mountain in Sichuan, Huaping Mountain and Dayao Mountain in Guangxi, Fushan Mountain and Bamian Mountain in Hunan, Daozhen Mountain and Tongzi Mountain in Guizhou.
Cryptomeria fortunei can only grow in the deep mountains where there is no cold in winter, no heat in summer, abundant precipitation and very humid air, and the requirements for the environment are very high. Therefore, although it has beautiful appearance and excellent wood, it is difficult to introduce and cultivate, and it is still a rare tree species in the world botany and landscape industry. People love Cryptomeria fortunei and give it many touching names: "Living Fossil of Plants", "Giant Panda in Plants", "Treasure of China Forest" and "Pearl of Seaside" ... They are more eager for it to come out of the mountains and shine. Dense yellowish brown or reddish brown pilose. The cone is 9 ~ 14 cm long, and the seed scales do not open or slightly open after maturity. Seeds do not fall off and have no wings (figure 1 Korean pine). It is the main tree species in Xiaoxing 'anling and Changbai Mountain areas in China. The northwest border of China is Aihui to Bei 'an, and the southwest border is Dandong to Benxi. It extends from China to the northeast to the southern coastal areas of the Far East of the Soviet Union east of Heilongjiang and Wusuli rivers, and southward to the central Honshu and Shikoku mountainous areas of Korea and Japan.
The shape of Siberian Korean pine is similar to that of Korean pine, and its main feature is that there are yellowish hairs on the branchlets; The cone is 5 ~ 8 cm long; The top of the seed scale is round and folded in. In China, the canas River and Qom River basins in the northwest of Altai Mountain in Xinjiang are vertically distributed in the range of 1600 ~ 2350 meters above sea level, and are often mixed with Larix gmelinii in Xinjiang. It is also distributed in the northeast of the European part of the Soviet Union and Siberia.