The geological images, maps, structures and schematic diagrams of mineral deposits listed in this book, including budding crust, craton, shield, block, crystalline basement block, metamorphic complex core, ancient magma dome and many other examples, can be used for reference. The following is the key analysis and introduction.
Figure 2-8 Formation of the primitive crust in the early earth.
First of all, three huge circular structures in Eurasia
1-2 and 2-2 plates reveal an intercontinental long fault, which starts from southeast New Guinea in the east and passes through Fuzhou, Xi 'an and Turpan to northwest Moscow, with a total length of 12500km. It strung together three super-giant ring structures, namely the Philippine ring structure with a diameter of 5462km and the center in Manila. Strictly speaking, its northeast semicircle sinks in the Pacific Ocean. South China Block, Shan State Block and Mariana Block in China belong to the secondary ring structure. The direction of the Manila-New Guinea fault is about 20 degrees south. The second great circle, with a diameter of 4200km, is called the Great Circle of West Asia with Turpan as the center, and the southwest semicircle is clearly visible. The boundary starts from Xi 'an, passes through Wanyuan, Chayu and Pamir, and reaches Gazganzigan, including Qinghai-Tibet Block, Tarim, Qaidam, Junggar Block, Himalayan, Kunlun, Tianshan, Qinling and Altai Mountain System. The northeast semicircle of this great circle is actually the Siberian block. The fold belt on the northeast edge is hundreds of kilometers wide, and the circular fold belt centered on Lake Baikal is not exactly the same as the southwest semicircle of the Great Circle of West Asia. It may be that the structure centered on Lake Baikal formed its own ring system in the later period. The third largest circle is the European circle, with its center in Moscow and a diameter of 3600km. There is a 3000-km-diameter secondary circle in western Siberia on the eastern edge, and there are three secondary circles in it: Surgut, Baikal and Altai. These macroscopic structures are strikingly consistent with the new regional geological data in recent years. Huge mineral resources, such as gold, tungsten and tin, porphyry copper and molybdenum, have been found in some parts of these ring structures. At the same time, there have been many earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes and freezing disasters, such as the devastating earthquake and tsunami in Indonesia and the Wenchuan earthquake, which shocked the world. On this occasion, I call for a new understanding of the earth and don't ignore the origin of these ancient frameworks.
Other macroscopic circular structures, such as America, Africa, Oceania, Antarctica and Antarctic continent, and global land, are listed in this book with related maps. As for the ring structure in the ocean, we will not speculate for the time being because of the lack of necessary information and limited knowledge. However, a few data show that the overall structure of the vast ocean should be similar to that of neighboring continents, and it is also composed of large and small circular blocks. Judging from the distribution of the global ocean floor plateau cited in Figure 2-9, the macro-geological structure of the ocean part and the vertical column relationship of the lithosphere and mantle are not obviously different from those of the mainland, such as arc trenches and volcanic belts. As for the magnetic stripe and dive, it can only be regarded as historical and technological data, which is not enough to continue as evidence. Only when more and better geophysical exploration data appear, especially the collection of high-precision aerospace gravity and magnetic survey data, will the geological structure of marine areas be greatly improved, and the difference between land and sea cannot be exaggerated.
Figure 2-9 Global Distribution of Modern Ocean Plateau
Second, there are several types of ancient crustal blocks in China.
China's regional crustal tectonic blocks, giant to large-scale ancient circular clusters, have been shown in the schematic diagram of Yuan Yong geological structure in disk 1 ~ 3. In order to facilitate analysis and comparison, copies of geological maps and space remote sensing images with the same scale are also cited for reference and understanding.
1. North China Block
The tectonic composition of North China Platform and its surrounding orogenic belt is complex, but considering the deep geological research and overall evolution, it can be understood as a craton block that was generally activated in Yanshan period. Its borders, especially those between the south and the north, have not been clearly defined. When I recently analyzed the western boundary, I found that it also overlapped with the eastern edge of Ordos, and the geological history changed in different years. Finally, I adopted more generalized space remote sensing data and made possible more objective provisions. As shown in Figure 2- 10, the center of this giant ring structure is in Yinan, Shandong Province, and its main edge is Hangzhou-Huanggang-Tongguan-Suide-Datong-Jinxi. Diameter 1960km, which can be divided into 8 areas:
1)R=200km west Shandong craton;
2) Linqing girdle with 2)r = 320km;
3)R=370km Nangong-Hengshui belt;
4) Levin-Xingtai belt, r = 450km.
5)R=500km Mancheng-Jixian belt;
6)R=600km Taiyuan-Luoyang belt;
7)R=640km Jingle-Linfen belt;
8)R=680km Datong-Tongguan belt.
The φ-shaped fault in the Great Ring of North China is Yishu fault zone, which extends northward to the Xihaote fault zone in Baikal arc system, and flows southward out of Lujiang River to connect with the φ-shaped fault Huanggang-Shaoyang-Binyang fault zone in the Great Ring of South China, forming a strike-slip interface between the South China semicircle and the East China semicircle. Since Mesozoic, due to the northward strike-slip of the east side of the fault, the semicircles in eastern Shandong and western Shandong have been dislocated by 150km. Similarly, the middle and lower reaches of Jiangnan were transformed into South China in Paleozoic geology.
There is a great difference between the old and new Proterozoic topography in the Great Circle of North China, and the magmatic activity metamorphism is strong. Although the sedimentary conditions are relatively stable, the regional sedimentary thickness and lithofacies are quite different, the Paleozoic crust is relatively stable, and the general sedimentary sequence is stable platform-type marine and continental strata. During Yanshan movement, craton was activated and cracked, magmatism and volcanism were generally enhanced, vertical crustal movement was intensified, block faults were obviously different, and lithosphere was uplifted and heated, resulting in strong orogenic fold deformation. Since Cenozoic, the Jurassic-Cretaceous vertical thermal activation trend has continued, the mantle heat flow surges strongly, the mineralization is intense, earthquakes and concealed volcanoes are frequent, and the frequency and intensity of ground bursts are high. It is an active geodynamic area on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. Baiyangdian once had earth-shaking scientific myths and mysteries, such as the sky were to fall, workers crashed into mountains, the goddess made up the sky and saved the water, and the Yin ruins sank, which also involved the rise and fall of hundreds of millions of people. There are indeed many mysteries in geological structures that are difficult to solve. It is a geological sleeve Rubik's cube that hides the mystery of the earth and needs careful analysis and thinking (Figure 2- 10a, b).
Figure 2- 10 North China Circulation Structure Map
The northeast of the Great North China Circle is covered with a two-stage surge structure, which is a yellow (sea)-north Korea (fresh) circle with a diameter of 900km, and the center is in the Yellow Sea 124 00' E, 3530' N. It spans eastern Shandong and the Yellow Sea, and the craton block has been in a stable uplift state since Phanerozoic. Since Cenozoic, strong basalt volcanic eruption has occurred in Changbai area and Jeju Island around it, and giant copper mines have been found in Huishan area, giant lead-zinc mines have been found in Jiande area, a large number of deposits have been found in Liaodong, giant gold mines have been found in Jiaodong, and a large number of oil and gas resources have been found along the Yellow Sea and Bohai Bay, which indicates that this block has entered a period of intense mantle thermodynamic activity since Mesozoic and Cenozoic. This block occupies an important leading position in deep thermal power in the field of geodynamics on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. The north is controlled by Schott, Sakhalin Island and Japan, and the south is controlled by South China and East North China. It is indeed a geological key area in East Asia. The study of its geological structure may achieve unexpected results. Like the Kolema structural ring east of the Yansk arc fold belt in Wilcott, it has become a deep window of geological structures in East Asia. The significance of deep earth dynamics and the economic value of East Asia Belt are by no means lower than the contribution of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to global geodynamics. It deserves serious discussion.
2. Ordos Cyclone Cluster
Ordos platform is an important part of geological structure in Chinese mainland, and it is also an important supply base of coal and oil and gas resources. In the existing geological literature, it has always been considered as a long-term stable area with simple structure. According to the author's geological remote sensing research in recent years, the situation is far from being as stable and simple as imagined. Especially since Mesozoic and Cenozoic, the deep structure of the earth here is extremely complicated. Although the movement is not so strong, the thermal shock of the structure in the earth is also extensive, which will inevitably affect the geological structure of the shallow crust in many aspects, such as sedimentary thickness and lithofacies changes, oil and gas, coal exploration and development, geology, minerals and geological disasters in surrounding areas, so the concept is changed. It is an urgent task to re-recognize the geological, mineral and environmental disasters in this area (Figure 2- 1 1a, b).
Figure 2- 1 1 Structural Map of Yuan Yong Cluster Area in Erdos
As early as the early 1970s, based on satellite remote sensing images, the author put forward a new viewpoint of the great circle in northern Shaanxi and the circular structure in Ordos. After discussion with relevant geologists, it is deeply felt that this deep structural background is closely related to the formation of shallow minerals, and both oil and natural gas are found and broken through in the unique part of the great circle structure. These tectonic environments also control the number of layers, thickness and coal quality grade of coal, and some endogenous metal minerals have also been found. Unfortunately, this research has not been carried out well, and now it is put forward again, hoping to attract the attention of relevant departments and people.
In addition to oil, natural gas and coal resources, other minerals in the platform, such as liquid gas minerals such as salt minerals, uranium mines and water resources, endogenous deposits and geothermal energy, have not been paid enough attention. At present, gold mines in Xiaoqinling and Taibai areas, Jinduicheng molybdenum mine, Huayangchuan uranium mine and Zhongtiaoshan copper mine have been discovered in the southern margin. Rare earth iron ore in Baiyun Obo and Ouyu Tolgoi porphyry copper mine were discovered in the northern margin. In these marginal active zones, deep thermal power is very active. In addition to the huge potential of conventional minerals, minerals such as oil and natural gas are also promising. Limited by knowledge, there has been no breakthrough in research for a long time, such as oil and gas resources in Weihe graben and Hetao area. More than 30 years ago, the author used aerial photos to find a hidden ring image near Luogu Village in Wugong. Recently, it has been confirmed in satellite remote sensing images that the display is clearer. In addition, more than a dozen clues that may be signs of oil and gas hiding have been found in the Weihe River bed. These clues have not progressed for decades, but I still think that the deep inorganic polymer oil and natural gas in the marginal areas.
From the geodynamic point of view, this area has always been a strong earthquake-prone area, especially in the surrounding areas, such as the Zhou Pu earthquake in Shanxi in the 23rd century BC, the Qishan earthquake in 1 189 BC, the Huxian earthquake in Shaanxi in177 BC, the Huxian earthquake in 780 BC and the Hetao earthquake in 849 AD. 1303 Hong Tong-Zhaoyuan M8 earthquake, 1556 hua county M8 earthquake (830,000 people died, which is the tragedy with the largest number of casualties in the world), 1695 Linfen earthquake, 17 18 Tongwei earthquake, 65433.
In addition, the surrounding areas are rich in geothermal resources and have great development potential. According to the symmetry theory of Yuan Yong's tectonic mineralization, I have speculated that several new prospective areas, such as Baiyun Obo deposit, Occasional Tolgoi copper deposit, Qinling gold, copper and molybdenum deposits, have not yet been implemented.
1556 Huashan earthquake, Xi 'an earthquake, the catastrophic landslides and ground fissures are directly related to deep-source thermal dynamic scouring. If we can observe and study according to the thermodynamic theory, it will be of great help to prevent and predict ground fissures and catastrophic geological disasters. Speaking of crustal craton, the traditional craton refers to the long-term stability and the most stable region on the earth, which is the most fair and credible witness in the long geological history. There are many such historical reference points, not only dozens of blocks that appear at present, but also blocks that have been divided and disintegrated and buried in different depths of the lithosphere. This ancient and solid geological cylinder is mainly manifested in the surface geological landscape in the form of magma domes and deep metamorphic complex blocks. Some of them are lifelike, constantly revealing the inside story of geology, but most of them are still alive, recalling the geological heritage of hundreds of millions of years, and the strong realism movement is closely related to them. In other words, finding this structure is the basis of building a circular structure. Some people here may ask, over the past few decades, you have mobilized many geologists, drawn so many ring structures, and indeed delineated many mining areas and disaster points, especially major geological events, but it may not be logical. According to the author's statistics, using the most accurate space remote sensing images and referring to the existing earthquake, geophysics, geochemistry and geological history documents, the most completely marked circular line only accounts for 2.7% of the total area, and the geological facts can reach 98.5%. This figure is very convincing. If we can focus geologists' attention only on 2.7%, how much wisdom it will be, how much manpower, money and time will be saved, and how energetic geology and geological related undertakings will be.
Figures 2-2 and 2-3 show the general geological motion model of circular surge structure. Imagine an ancient craton fragment formed in the event nest of geothermal materials in the early earth 3 billion years ago. When the geothermal energy in the earth continuously accumulated to a critical state, three explosions occurred. Every high-energy geological logistics is in accordance with the strict laws of high-permeability fluid mechanics, impacting and penetrating at specific points, gathering minerals and creating geological troubles. To analyze the subsequent events, we must first study the remains of this original geological event, and then we can analyze the hot spots, logistics channels, trajectories and movements of output energy.
3. Determination of magma dome
Magmatic dome can be large-scale aluminosilicate granite, basic rock and iron-magnesium complex. Taking granite types as an example, the valuable ones are mainly A-type, I-type and M-type deep source high energy states. As for granite and granite gneiss remelted from sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks, although they cover a wide area, they are not high-energy granite with poor geological significance and are not listed as the key objects of rock burst heat. The mafic and ultramafic rocks, one of which is small in scale and the other is complicated and overlapping in rock structure, are not listed as the research focus of magma domes, and will be studied separately as ultramafic rock passages or mantle plumes. The high-energy dome of intermediate-acid magmatic rocks should have the following characteristics: first, it is round, and all high-energy magmatic rocks are round. Although there are complex caprocks and staggered in the later stage, the boundaries are all round after plastic exposure. The closer to the circle, the higher the thermal state and the greater the geological significance. Second, the steeper the contact area, the better. The more dynamic structures and post-transformation, the stronger the better. Third, the more stages of rock mass composition, the better, indicating that the geological history is long and may contain deep magma sources. Fourth, the boundary marks are clear, and the internal and external contrast is strong, which shows the significance of thermokinetics. Granite domes in Nanling area have various shapes, and the geological and mineral significance is obvious. Unfortunately, it is too complicated to be used as a simple example and can only be described separately in combination with mineral geology. Taking several magma domes in Wugongshan area as examples, this paper explains how to study magma domes. This pair of granite domes in Wugongshan area has obvious morphological characteristics. After stripping and shaping, the structural schematic diagram is drawn for explanation (Figure 2- 12a, b), and the evolutionary relationship and deep dynamics between them are also inferred. Some people once thought that these rock masses are complex cores, such as eastern Shandong and western Shandong in the middle of North China block. Because they are too complex, they will be analyzed separately in the part devoted to minerals.
The surface of a group of granite intrusions in Yandun, Xinjiang shows clearly, and it also reflects the arrangement and combination of galaxies from big to small. The Yamansu-soil zone also has symmetrical eddies and satellite-like ring-shaped rock masses, and deep structures such as island reef rings or spiral roots can be formed in the depth (Figure 2- 13).
Figure 2- 12 Geological map of migmatite granite in Wugongshan, Jiangxi Province
Figure 2- 13 Schematic diagram of a group of Yinhe rock masses near Yandun, Xinjiang.
4. Huangling Rock Dome with Latent Crisis
Huangling anticline in western Hubei is a well-known focus of geological stability debate in China, and there have been many disputes about geological dynamic stability for decades, so it is selected as an example for analysis. Firstly, its special position in regional geodynamic system is studied. Located at the intersection of Chongqing-Hunan-Hubei ring structure and Daba mountain ring dynamic structure. The center of the circular structure of Chongqing, Hunan and Hubei is near Loudi, Hunan, with a radius of about 500km. The mechanical characteristics of NE-SW φ-shaped fault are obvious. When did the original structure start testing? The revival began in the middle of Yanshan period. Since Paleozoic, the ring structure of Daba Mountain has been uplifting. As we all know, Huangling anticline is a long-term stable structure, but there are two rows of annular fold belts within 50 kilometers around the magma dome, especially the closed anticline composed of Jurassic, which shows a state of contraction and compression in the middle Yanshan period. In the late Yanshan period, a Cretaceous extensional fault basin was formed along the southeast and periphery of the eastern margin, which shows that the Huangling dome is obviously active under the complex regional geological structure background, and there are many concealed small rock masses in the rock mass, and the fault structure is also very developed. In recent years, 12 hydrothermal gold deposits and 1 silver deposits have been discovered in the south and north, indicating that the underground magmatic thermal activity is strong. Large-scale collapse and landslide disasters also occur from time to time in the possible Zigui double rock mass on both sides. When two twin rock masses rise and fall, slight distortion and swing will cause serious disasters. Twenty or thirty years ago, the author commented on this, and only a few faults attracted some criticisms, so there are still records for historical research (Figure 2- 14a, b, c).
Figure 2- 14 Schematic Diagram of Huangling Rock Dome Structure
5. The annular surge structure in Bogdo-Turpan area of Xinjiang.
There are a series of deep annular structures in the Bogdo-Turpan area of the eastern Tianshan Mountains, mainly manifested by the uplift of the Bogdo magma dome, and the deep part of Bogdo is an intermediate-acid-basic intrusive complex. The large-scale uplift of Mesozoic magma caused the Carboniferous, Jurassic and Cretaceous strata to uplift the dome. The center of this circular structure is at Bogdo Peak, and its diameter is about 120km. The upwelling speed of Cenozoic accelerated, and that of Paleogene and Neogene accelerated. According to the geological map, there are gabbro and diabase intrusions in the center of the late Paleozoic Yuan Yong structure, and there are also small diabase intrusions in the Cretaceous-Paleogene strata in the northern wing of the dome. According to the uplift time of Yuan Yong structure from late Mesozoic to early Paleogene, it is considered that the age of protodiabase should be from late Yanshan to early Himalayan. As for the intrusion of gabbro and diabase in China, it remains to be studied. According to the age of fold structure, the peak of upwelling of a large number of basic rocks in the deep part should also be from late Yanshan to early Himalayan. The south side of Bogdo magmatic upwelling dome fold became more complicated due to the interference of surrounding structures, and it was deformed and later collapsed. However, the overall structure is typical and complete, with the uplift range of 800-900 m (Figure 2- 14a).
On the east side of Boguo Duoquan, there is an annular upwelling structure in the north of Shanshan, and its scale is also 120km. Shanshan is at the southern edge of the Great Circle, and the center of the Great Circle is 60 kilometers north of Shanshan. The two great circles have a φ-shaped arc fracture with the same * *. The northern semicircle of the great northern ring in Shanshan has been uplifted since Paleozoic, and the northern semicircle has been subsiding, belonging to Turpan basin, where Jurassic, Cretaceous and Paleogene sediments were deposited. From the late Yanshanian to the early Himalayan, the deep magma rose sharply, forming an arc-shaped fold belt of the Flame Mountain on the southern margin of the Great Circle (Figure 2- 15).
Figure 2- 15 Structural Map of Yuan Yong, Bogdo, Xinjiang
According to the deep structure inference, the northern margin of Bodo Yuan Yong structure and the southern margin of Shanshan Yuan Yong structure have good metallogenic conditions. First, oil, natural gas and coal resources have considerable prospects, so we should pay attention to their development. In the center of two Yuan Yong structures, we should focus on finding endogenetic metal minerals related to deep basic magma, such as copper, nickel, cobalt, platinum, gold and uranium.
6. Structural map of Yuan Yong in Tori-Karamay area of Xinjiang.
The deep thermal surge structure in the northwest margin of Junggar basin is obviously developed. Many circular blocks on the surface of the earth's crust are formed by swarms of magma upwelling centers, including the typical Kuitun semi-circular block in the south and the wide-band sand dunes distributed along the east-west φ-shaped fault, all of which are good displays of magma domes (Figure 2- 16a, b).
In Toli-Karamay area, the structure of Paleozoic caprock in bedrock is obviously restricted by deep magma dome, attached to the top cover of magma dome, and the form of magma upwelling controls the structural form of caprock. The Mesozoic Jurassic-Cretaceous system is mainly distributed in the annular fault basin where magmatic rocks fell. According to the analysis of regional structure, the granite in this area should be redefined as the middle and late Variscan. The author thinks that the main magma upwelling period should be from late Yanshan to early Himalayan, and the Jurassic-Cretaceous-Paleogene fold in the northwest margin of Junggar Basin also proves that the main tectonic movement in this area should be from late Yanshan to early Himalayan. The neotectonic movement in this area is very strong, and the neofault structure clearly reflects the vertical fluctuation of deep rock mass, which determines the geological structural folds and faults in this area, including the structural movement of oil and gas accumulation. In addition, there is a regular circular dome in the northeast of Karamay city, which is estimated to be a piercing structure formed by deep magma upwelling. In addition to looking for oil and gas minerals, we should also explore other endogenous minerals.
Fig. 2- 16 Structural Map of Yuan Yong in Tuoli Area, Xinjiang
7. High-energy magma dome and circular metamorphic complex core (column)
The total volume of sedimentary rocks, metamorphic rocks and volcanic rocks is limited in the depth range of more than ten kilometers in the upper part of the earth's lithosphere, which is estimated to be only 10% at most, and the remaining 90% are magmatic rocks and deep metamorphic complexes. Through the study of modern geology, the top of the lithosphere has obtained a lot of data, which constitutes a complex geological literature information base under certain historical conditions. However, for the theory of annular surge structure, these information data are far from enough, and some conscious impurities are mixed in these information, which is misleading and disturbing. In order to seek the truth, we should establish the concept of filtering geological knowledge and the strategy of attacking new ones. How to deal with this 90% geological structure research, we should divide magmatic rocks and deep metamorphic complexes in this vast field into three types:
The first category is the low-energy environmental medium interval, that is, the disordered or low-energy layered floating space formed in history. Just like the interstellar space in the universe and the air on the earth, it can neither affect the situation nor do anything about the high-energy and high-speed movement. This interval is estimated to account for 30% of 90%.
The second category is the historical dynamic structure that has lost its real power, that is, the energy scouring structure that has lost its vitality. Although they have also withdrawn from the historical stage, their number, shape and structural roots are deep and hard, and they are inextricably linked with the realistic high-temperature nuclear explosion, and there are structural and dynamic interferences at the same time. In order to analyze the realistic ultra-high energy geological movements, it is necessary to study them.
The geological space disturbed by tectonic dynamics accounts for 90% and 35%, which is why it is necessary to re-understand and study the geological structure of new and old circular water inrush and blasting and its historical dynamic trajectory.
The third category is the core focus of the research, that is, the realistic ultra-high energy explosion space. Although this space only accounts for 2.5% of 90%, it is the core that dominates the movement inside and outside the earth. If we master its dynamics, we can infer the actual situation and historical origin of the earth. This idea accords with the objective reality of geodynamics and will be the idea of a new generation of theoretical geological research.
Now back to this topic, how to analyze the identifiable development history of the earth in the past 4.5 billion years has to start with the analysis of magma domes and core columns of deep metamorphic complexes in the lithosphere. This seems a bit mysterious and vague, but as long as we skillfully use and develop the existing observation and detection technologies and actively use and develop realistic geological knowledge, we should be hopeful.
Why should the analysis of the round surge structure begin with the study of the magma dome and the circular metamorphic complex block column? Because most ring structures are essentially the background environments that control and guide the flow of geological force materials at all levels in various periods, these two types of geological environments can also be summarized as a basic geophysical model.