Around the 15th year of Kaiyuan (727), it was a crucial period for the formation of poetic style in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Scholars who pay attention to literary words rose in Wuhou, and then further evolved into "selecting scholars by poetry and fu". The proportion of rural tribute and fu participants greatly exceeded that of imperial academy students, which opened the door of hope for talented Korean scholars from all over the world to enter the official position. In addition, Zhang Shuo and Zhang Jiuling, which are keen on recruiting talents and talents, have also become the gathering places of tribute literati in Sifang Township. In the past, the situation that the court attendants literati group presided over the poetry circle was replaced by various loose talented groups. Poetry creation "not only stimulates the image, but also prepares the character", forming different style groups and creating the beauty of various poems.
Section 1 Wang Weihe and Ming Xiu, a poet who created the beauty of tranquility
Wang Wei and Meng Haoran's hermit complex and other poets' landscape feelings —— Centering on Wang and Meng: the influence of Zongshen's thought on the emotional style of poetry
Wang Wei is a representative writer of pastoral poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Originally from Taiyuan Qi (now Qixian County, Shanxi Province), he later lived in Pu (now Yongji, Shanxi Province). Born in the first year of Chang 'an after Wu (70 1). From the age of 15, he studied in Chang 'an for several years, and in the ninth year of Kaiyuan (72 1), he was promoted to the first place, released Tan Cheng, was convicted of something, and was demoted as the treasurer of Jeju to join the army. From then on, he began his career as an official and a recluse. He lived in seclusion in Shang Qi, Songshan and Zhong Nanshan, and established a seclusion career in Zhong Nanshan. He also presented the poem to Zhang Jiuling, the prime minister, for reference, and the officials were on the right. He once went to Hexi to be our festival envoy, the producer and judge of our festival envoy, and learned about the South Election by remonstrating with history. In the 14th year of Tianbao (755), during the Anshi Rebellion, in the first year of Germany (756), the rebels captured Chang 'an, and he was forced to accept a fake post. The following year, the two cities were recovered, and he was convicted and imprisoned; But he was pardoned at once, and not only was he reinstated, but he was gradually promoted to the position of right minister. However, in his later years, Wang Wei had no intention of honor or disgrace. After retiring from the DPRK, I often burn incense and sit alone and concentrate on meditation. In the second year of Shangyuan (76 1), he died in Wangchuan at the age of 6 1.
At that time, Wang Wei, like many talented people who wanted to make contributions to fame, was full of enthusiasm and yearning for fame in his early years and had a positive attitude towards life. He said in "A Journey to Youth": "Who knows that if you don't suffer from the imperial court, you will die fragrant." His poem "Send Judge Zhang to Hexi" says: "Shaping even snows, Peng is involved. Generously lean on the sword and sing a song to send you away. " High profile, ambitious. Wang Wei had already been to the Great Wall when he went to Hexi to celebrate our times. His poems before and after his departure, such as joining the army, hunting, going out of the Great Wall, and making two envoys to Anxi, are full of strong and clear feelings and momentum. Its "to the fortress" cloud:
Riding a bike to visit the border and passing through Juyan County. Pengpeng also floated out of Korea, and the geese heading north also flew into the sky. The vast desert is lonely, and the Yellow River sets the yen. When I arrived at the small pass, I met a spy waiting for the knight and told me that Dou Hu was in Yan.
With the spirit of luxury and leisure, it is integrated into the wonderful scenery description, forming a magnificent poetic meaning. The endless river, the sunset on the vast horizon and the beacon smoke on the lonely castle in the desert reveal the heroic spirit of the poet when he went west to the end of the day.
However, what established Wang Wei's position as a master in the history of Tang poetry was his pastoral poems expressing his feelings of seclusion. He is proficient in music and good at painting. In his poems describing natural landscapes, he created a quiet Ming Xiu poetic scene with "paintings in poems and poems in paintings", which is exquisite and difficult to interpret. For example, an autumn night in the mountains:
The empty mountains are bathed in a new rain, and feel the early autumn at night. The bright moon shed clear light from the cracks and cleared the fountain on the rocks. The bamboo forest is sonorous, the washerwoman returns, and the lotus leaves are swaying to get on the canoe. Spring spring might as well give it a rest, and the autumn sun can stay on the hills for a long time.
In the fresh, quiet and vibrant landscape, I feel the endless fun of life, and my spirit has sublimated to an ethereal and clear realm. The beauty of nature and the beauty of the soul are completely integrated, creating a pure and beautiful poetic realm that is inseparable like a hidden mirror.
The beauty of empty mirror and tranquility is the crystallization of Wang Wei's pastoral poems. Because of his emptiness, he observes nature very carefully and feels very keen. Like a painter, he is good at capturing the light and color of natural things in the dynamic, and shows a very rich sense of color hierarchy in his poems, such as:
As the sun sets, the rivers and lakes are white and the tide rises all over the sky. ("Xing Guizhou")
The spring water in the mountains hits the dangerous rocks, and the sun in the pine forest is cold. (Ji Xiang Temple)
The stream of the river has been flowing for less than a day, and white stones are exposed on the riverbed. The weather is getting colder and the red leaves on the branches are becoming scarce. There is no rain on the winding mountain road, the smoke is misty in the dense pine trees, and the water vapor is heavy, as if to flow, and then the clothes of passers-by. ("In the Mountains")
The white clouds merged behind, and the blue mist melted into the mountains and disappeared. The central mountain peaks separate the southwest, and the valleys are different. (Zhong Nanshan)
As the sun sets, the rivers and lakes become whiter; The tide came to the sky, as if the sky and the earth were full of the blue of the tide. One is the contrast of colors, and the other is the mutual development of colors. The color of the sun is warm, and it feels cold because of the cool color of the pine forest, which is the function of conditional color. Red leaves wither and evergreen trees are greener. This emerald is full of space, ethereal and dripping, and there is a feeling of wet clothes without rain, which is also the role of conditional color. As for "clouds, when I look back, they are behind me, and fog, when I enter them, they are gone", it is faint and fuzzy, and the smoke disappears, like a fuzzy ink painting. With the painter's eyes and the poet's feelings, what Wang Wei wrote was interesting, quiet, beautiful and ethereal.
At that time, Meng Haoran was a poet as famous as Wang Wei, and he was also good at writing natural landscapes. He was born and died earlier than Wang Wei, but he became famous after Wang Wei.
Meng Haoran (689 ~ 740), a native of Xiangyang, was a poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty and lived in seclusion all his life. Before the age of 40, he lived in seclusion in the south of Hanshui River, not far from Lumen Mountain. He traveled south to Jiang and Xiang, and north to Youzhou. He once stayed in Luoyang and traveled in Vietnam. In the 16th year of Kaiyuan (728), he entered Chang 'an, made friends with Wang Wei, Zhang Jiuling and others, and began to make friends with many poets. The following year, he dedicated poems to the secret province and moved the capital in the name of "Wei Yundan, Hehan, Shu, Wu Tong"; But unfortunately, it came last. Later, he went south to wuyue to show his attachment to mountains and rivers. In the 25th year of Kaiyuan (737), he entered Jingzhou and Zhang Jiuling, where there were many songs. Three years later, he died before he achieved his goal.
In others' eyes, Meng Haoran is a real recluse poet. Li Bai said, "Master, I cheer you from my heart, and your reputation has risen to the sky. In the rosy youth, you gave up the importance of hats and chariots and chose pine trees and clouds; Now, whitehead. " ("A Word to Meng Haoran") In fact, Meng Haoran did not intend to be an official. Like other poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, he had a strong desire to help the world. His poem "To Prime Minister Zhang of Dongting Lake" said:
The autumn water rises and almost blends with the shore, mixing water and sky with the sky. Ozawa's water vapor transpiration on the cloud soil is white, and the waves seem to shake the whole Yueyang. I'm going to cross the water to find a boat and paddle. It's a shame to return home in the sacred age. Sitting around watching other people's hard river fishing can only envy the fish caught in the fish.
This poem is a gift for Zhang (Zhang Jiuling). While "fishing in the forest", he sits and watches fishing. Through Zhang's quotations, he shows the urgency of hoping to get a career and the luxury of being unwilling to be lonely. Therefore, this poem is written with a broad realm and great momentum, especially the couplet "Clouds dream and fog around Yueyang City", which is the extraordinary voice of the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
Meng Haoran is aloof and pure. Although he always has the ambition to help the world, he is unwilling to bend down and follow. Zhang Jiuling can recommend Wang Wei, but he can't. When he had to come second, he shouted, "I was expelled because of my mistake and was ruled by a wise ruler. I have been ill for so long that I can't see my friends." He gave up being an official and went to the mountains and rivers to show the sublimity of different customs. He said in "Thinking of Xin in the South Summer Pavilion":
The shadow of the mountain rises suddenly, and the moon in the pond rises slowly from the east. Hang your hair in the shade at night, open the window and lie down in a quiet and spacious place. The evening breeze sent waves of lotus fragrance, and the dew on the bamboo leaves made a crisp sound. I thought I would want to make a song, make a song, I just hate my friends in front of me. Feeling for a night, I miss my old friends all night, and it is hard to miss them in my dreams.
He expressed his feelings when enjoying the cool alone, saying, "But, alas, who here will understand?" It shows the poet's lofty and complacent loneliness. With the feelings of mountains and rivers, it blends with the clear light of the pool moon, the fragrance of the lotus wind and the clear sound of bamboo dew, and it feels clear and bright. Purified feelings, expressed by purified scenery, have a pure and clear beauty.
Because of the different living environment and temperament, Meng Haoran and Wang Wei are different in poetry creation and artistic style. His pastoral poems are closer to his own life, and the words "Yu" and "I" often appear in his poems. Such as "Passing through the Old Village": "Prepare chicken rice for me, old friend, you entertain me on your farm. We look at the green trees around your village and the pale blue of the distant mountains. " For example, climbing the Wild Goose Mountain with friends: "The world is reincarnation, and the past and the present are reincarnation. The glory of rivers and mountains remains unchanged, and this trace can be proved. " The description of scenery in Meng Haoran's poems is often a part of his living environment, with the characteristics of improvisation and true carving. Such as "Spring Dawn":
Sleeping sickness in spring unconsciously broke the morning, and the chirping of birds disturbed my sleep. How many flowers fall after a stormy night.
Writing about my feelings at dawn, casual speculation reveals beautiful and pleasant spring scenery, which seems to have a feeling of regret, but there is no trace to be found. Compared with Wang Wei's poems, the language of poetry is natural and pure, which is reflected in beauty, and seems to be more simple and closer to the realm of Tao Yuanming's extravagant poems.
Meng Haoran has traveled many times in his life, preferring to swim in the water. He wrote many landscape poems in the process of roaming wuyue water town by boat. When he meets the scenery, he often writes from a height, lingers from a lonely place, and inadvertently touches the scene, forming a dull and far-reaching poetic realm of Ming Xiu. For example, the night berth on Jiande River:
Stop the boat in a foggy small state, when new worries come to the guest's heart. The vastness of the wilderness is deeper than trees, and the moon is very close to the moon.
Another example is "boating in the west field":
The scenery is clear, bright and radiant. Clarify what is in the water of love. If you are in the pot, what can you do? Whitehead fisherman, Xinhua makeup artist. Look at each other like acquaintances, but you can't talk.
The last song was about the "guest worries" when the sunset was boating. Because of the boundless low altitude and the approach of the bright moon, my lonely and melancholy mood became more and more boundless. The latter shows the lightness and ease of boating in the evening. The old man and the girl look at each other, natural and graceful, pure and clean, and get rid of the secular. The sentences are so bland that almost no traces of poetry can be seen, but the poetry is very mellow. If Wang Wei's folk songs are good at expressing the quiet beauty of empty mountains, then Meng Haoran's boat songs give people a feeling of washing everything, purifying feelings, being light in language and being integrated with poetic Ming Xiu, and showing the beauty of natural and pure landscapes to the fullest.
Natural plainness is the style feature of Meng Haoran's landscape poems. Although there are neat even sentences in his poems, such as "there are trees like a row of grass on the horizon, and boats on the river like a full moon" ("Autumn Mountain to Zhang"); "The wind blows the leaves on both sides, and the moon crosses me and sails alone" (a berth in Tonglu to a friend in Yangzhou). But I didn't mean to be a model mountain, just improvise. Throughout his poems, most of them are written in a single line, completed in one breath, without a trace of description; Beauty flows away naturally, diluting leisure, and working without looking for a job.
Wang Wei and Meng Haoran enjoyed a high reputation and great influence in the poetic circles of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Cui Xingzong called Wang Wei a "contemporary poet" (preface to rewarding Wang Wei), and Wang Shiyuan said that Meng Haoran's five-character poem was "the best in the world" (preface to Meng Haoran's collection). At that time, with Wang and Meng as the core, a group of poets with similar poetic styles appeared, such as, Chu Guangxi,, and Chang Jian.
Pei Di once lived in seclusion in Zhong Nanshan with Wang Wei, and was deeply influenced by Wang Wei in life interest and creative style. His Twenty Poems of Wangchuan is a duet between them. Such as "Hua Zigang":
The sun goes down, the wind goes fast, and the grass is sparse at home. Cloud light invades shoes, and mountain green clothes brush people's clothes.
This is a better poem he wrote. Although it can't be compared with Wang Wei's works on the same subject, the creative tendency of trying to write poems clearly is still obvious.
Chu Guangxi's life experience is rather tortuous. After he was promoted to Jinshi, he served as county commandant in Anyi and other places, and soon resigned and returned to his hometown. He lived in seclusion with Wang Wei and others in Zhong Nanshan for many years. Xuan returned to his official position, was captured by the rebels in the Anshi rebellion and accepted a fake post. Then he was exiled to the south and died in a relegation place. Many of his poems have been handed down to this day, such as Ten Encounters with Wang Sanwei, Eight Miscellaneous Poems, Family Affairs and so on. , is his masterpiece of writing rural life directly. In these poems, because the author wants to express the thoughts of returning to nature, nourishing nature and pleasing feelings, it is said that Hyunri has many elements and is not successful in art. Chu Guang -xi wrote five miscellaneous poems, four poems in the south of the Yangtze River and other works that show seclusion and interest. Such as "Fish Bay" in Five Miscellaneous Poems:
Fishing in Green Bay comes in spring, and apricot blossoms come in spring. The pool is clear and shallow, and the lotus knows the fish are scattered. Waiting for lovers at dusk, the boat is green and the shore is green.
The small scene of Ming Xiu, which is composed of apricot flowers, spring water and fish swimming in the pond, blends into the poet's keen feeling and quiet state of mind, and indeed has a lasting appeal of "strategically located and far-reaching interest" (comment on Yin Lan's "Jiling River in Yue Ying"). In terms of natural style, it is very close to Meng Haoran's poems.