If I want to improve my English, that friend can tell me what to do.

We need to check and fill in the gaps. As long as we keep learning and working hard, we can succeed.

Recite this 1 in English. noun

Nouns can be divided into proper nouns and common nouns. Proper nouns are the proper names of a person, a place or an institution, such as Beijing and China. Common nouns are nouns of a class of people or things or an abstract concept, such as books and sadness. Common nouns can be divided into the following four categories:

1) individual noun: it means an individual in a certain kind of person or thing, such as a gun.

2) Collective noun: refers to a collection of several individuals, such as family.

3) Material nouns: physical objects that cannot be divided into individuals, such as air.

4) Abstract nouns: abstract concepts such as action, state, quality and feeling, such as work.

Individual nouns and collective noun can be counted by numbers, which are called countable nouns, while material nouns and abstract nouns cannot be counted by numbers, which are called uncountable nouns. To sum up, the classification of nouns can be shown in the following figure:

noun

proper noun

uncountable noun

common noun

mass noun

abstract noun

collective noun

Countable noun

Individual nouns

Regular changes of noun plural 1. 1

situation

Constructive method

pronounce

Explanatory words

general run of things

Jia -s

Clear consonants /s/ after reading

Map-map

After voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced /z/

A schoolbag/car

End with s, sh, ch, x, etc.

Jia-ace

Read /iz/

A bus/watch-watch

End with ce, se, ze, etc.

Jia -s

Read /iz/

License-license

End with a consonant +y

Change y to I and add es

Read /z/

Babies.-Babies

1.2 Regular changes of plural numbers of other nouns

1) When proper nouns ending in y or nouns ending in vowel +y become plural, directly add s to become plural. For example:

The two Marys of Henry's family

Monkey-Monkey Holiday-Holiday

2) nouns ending in o, when plural:

A. add s, for example: photo-photo piano-piano.

Radio Zoo Zoo;

B. add es, for example: potato-potato-tomato.

C both methods mentioned above can be used, such as zero-zero/zero.

3) When nouns ending in f or fe become plural:

A. add s, such as: believe-believe roof-roof.

Safe-safe bay-bay;

B. go to f, fe, ves, for example: half-half.

Knife-knife-leaf-leaf wolf-wolf

Wife-wife life-life thief-thief;

C. Both methods A and B can be used, such as handerchief: handerchiefs/handerchieves.

1.3 Irregular changes of noun plural

1) children-children's feet-feet-teeth-teeth

Mouse, mouse, man, man, woman, woman

Note: Compound words consisting of one word plus man or woman have plural forms of -men and -women, such as an Englishman and two Englishmen. But German is not a compound word, so the plural form is German; Bowman is a surname, and its plural is the Bowman family.

2) Monomorphs, such as deer, sheep, fish, Han, Japan, Li, Jin, Yuan, Er Li, San Mu, Si Jin, etc. However, in addition to yuan, jiao and extra RMB, dollars, pounds and francs all have plural forms. Such as: one dollar, two dollars; One meter, two meters.

3) collective noun appears in singular form, but it is actually plural. For example:

People police cow itself is plural, so we can't say a person, a policeman and a cow, but we can say a person, a policeman, a cow, an Englishman, an Englishman, a Frenchman and a China. Nouns such as Japanese and Swiss. People in China are hardworking and brave. The people of China are hardworking and brave.

4) nouns ending in s are still singular, such as:

A. Mathematics, politics, physics and other disciplines are generally uncountable nouns, which are singular.

B. News is an uncountable noun.

C. The United States and the United Nations should be considered unique.

Organized by the United Nations on 1945. The United Nations was founded in 1945.

D titles of books, plays, newspapers and magazines in plural form can also be regarded as singular. For example:

Arabian Nights is a very interesting story book. Arabian Nights is a very interesting story book.

5) refers to things that consist of two parts, such as glasses and clothes. If you represent specific numbers, you should use word pairs (right and double); Suit (set); A pair of glasses; Two pairs of trousers, etc.

6) There are also some nouns whose plural can sometimes express special meanings, such as goods, water and fish (all kinds).

1.4 Representation of uncountable nouns

1) material nouns

A. Material nouns are countable when they are transformed into individual nouns.

Cake is a kind of food. Cake is a kind of food. (uncountable)

These cakes are sweet. These cakes are delicious. (countable)

B. When a substance noun indicates the kind of substance, it can be counted. For example:

This factory produces steel. (uncountable)

We need all kinds of steel. (countable)

C. when the material noun indicates the number of copies, it can be counted. For example:

Our country is famous for its tea. Our country is famous for its tea.

Two teas, please. Two teas, please.

2) abstract nouns can also be counted when they represent concrete cases. For example:

Four Freedoms, Four Freedoms, Four Modernizations, Four Modernizations

Material nouns and abstract nouns can use a certain number of unit words, such as a glass of water/a suggestion.

1.5 plural of attributive nouns

Nouns are usually used as attributes in the singular form, but there are the following exceptions.

1) Use the plural as an attribute. For example:

Sports meeting student reading room sports meeting

Negotiating table, negotiating table, foreign languages department

2) Be a man, a woman, a gentleman, etc. When used as attributes, their singular and plural numbers depend on the singular and plural numbers of the nouns they modify. For example:

Male workers, female teachers, gentleman officials

3) Some nouns ending in S are used as attributes, and S is reserved. For example:

Goods, trains and weapons production.

Customs documents customs documents clothes brush

4) When numerals+nouns are used as attributes, nouns generally remain in singular form. For example:

Two dozen eggs, two dozen eggs, ten miles.

Two hundred trees, two hundred trees, five-year plan.

1.6 singular and plural numbers of people of different nationalities

nationality

General terms (plural predicates)

odd number

plural

Chinese

a Chinese

Two people from China

Swiss

A Swiss

Two Swiss.

Australian

An Australian

Two Australians

Russian

A Russian

Two Russians

Italian

An Italian

Two Italians

The Greeks

A Greek

Two Greeks

French

A Frenchman

Two Frenchmen

Japanese

A Japanese

Two Japanese

Americans

An American

Two Americans

Indian

An Indian

Two Indians

Canadian

A Canadian

Two Canadians

German

A german

Two Germans

British people

An Englishman

Two Englishmen

Swedish

swedish

Two Swedes

1.7 case of nouns

In English, some nouns can be added with "'s" to express all relationships. Nouns with this suffix are called possessive cases of nouns, such as teachers' books. The rules of the possessive case of nouns are as follows:

1) Add "'s" to singular nouns and "'s" to plural nouns without S, such as schoolbags for boys and schoolbags for boys and men's toilets.

2) If a noun has a plural suffix -s, add "'",such as the struggle of workers.

3) Any noun without "s" can be represented by the structure of "noun +of+ noun", such as the name of a song title.

4) When expressing the name of a shop or church or someone, the noun it modifies often does not appear after the possessive case, such as the barber's barber's.

5) If two nouns are juxtaposed and have S respectively, it means "respectively"; Only one' s' means' * * * yes'. For example:

John and Mary's room (two rooms)

6) compound nouns or phrases, add, s at the end of the last word. Be absent for a month or two

2. Articles and figures

2. 1 Usage of indefinite articles

The article itself cannot be used alone, and it is meaningless. Used before nouns to help express the meaning of nouns. There are three kinds of articles in English, one is definite, the other is indefinite and the other is zero.

The indefinite article a (an) is homologous to the numeral one, which means "one". A is generally pronounced as [e] before consonant phonemes, and an is generally pronounced as [en] before vowel phonemes.

1) means "one", meaning one; Refers to a person or thing, indicating a certain kind. For example:

A gentleman named Ling is waiting for you. A gentleman named Ling is waiting for you.

2) Represents a class of people or things. For example:

Knives are tools for cutting. A knife is a cutting tool.

Mr Smith is an engineer. Smith is an engineer.

3) Form phrases or idioms, such as a little/a few/a lot/a kind/a bunch/a lot/a lot/usually/in a hurry/a minute/a sentence/later/a cold/try/pay attention/suddenly, etc.

2.2 Use of definite articles

The definite article the is homologous to the demonstrative pronoun this and that, which means "that (this) one", but its meaning is weak. Can be used with nouns to indicate someone or something.

1) refers to people or things that both parties know. For example:

Take the medicine. Take the medicine.

2) The person or thing mentioned above. For example:

He bought a house. I have been to that house. He bought a house. I have been to that house.

3) refers to the only thing in the world, such as the sun, the sky, the moon, the earth, etc.

4) Used with singular nouns to indicate a class of things, such as dollars; Fox fox; Or used with adjectives or participles to indicate a class of people: the rich; The living.

5) Used in ordinal numbers and superlative adjectives, only before adjectives, very, same, etc. For example:

Where do you live? I live on the second floor. Where do you live? I live on the second floor.

That's what I've been looking for. This is exactly what I want.

6) Used with plural nouns, it refers to the whole group. For example:

They are teachers in this school.

7) It means all, which is equivalent to the pronoun of the owner, and is used before the noun indicating the body part. For example:

She grabbed my arm. She grabbed my arm.

8) Used before some proper nouns such as country name, institution, group, class, etc. , composed of common nouns. For example:

People's Republic of China (PRC), People's Republic of China (PRC)

America America

9) Before the noun used to represent musical instruments. For example:

She plays the piano. She can play the piano.

10) is used before the plural nouns of surnames to indicate a family. For example:

The Greens. The Greens.

1 1) is used in idioms. For example:

During the day, in the morning (afternoon, evening) and the day after tomorrow.

The day before yesterday, the next morning,

In the sky (water, fields, countryside)

In the dark, in the rain, in the distance,

In the middle, finally,

Generally speaking, go to the theatre by the way.

2.3 the use of zero articles

1) country name, there is generally no definite article before the name: England, Mary.

2) General plural nouns, when indicating a class of people or things, do not need definite articles. For example:

They are teachers. They are teachers.

3) When abstract nouns represent general concepts, generally no articles are added. For example:

Failure is the mother of success. Failure is the mother of success.

4) When material nouns express general concepts, generally no articles are added; When they express a specific meaning, they need to add definite articles. For example:

Without water, human beings can't live. Without water, people can't live.

5) Don't put an article before nouns indicating time, such as season, month, festival, holiday, day and week. For example:

We go to school from Monday to Friday. We have classes from Monday to Friday.

6) Don't put articles before nouns that address or represent official titles and positions. For example:

The guards brought the American to General Lee. The soldiers sent the American to General Lee.

7) Don't add articles before the names of three meals, ball games and recreational sports, such as eating breakfast and playing chess.

8) When two or more nouns are used together, articles are often omitted. For example:

I can't write without a pen or pencil. I can't write without a pen and pencil.

9) When by is used with trains and other means of transportation to indicate a way, there is no article in the middle, such as by bus and by train.

10) Some individual nouns, such as school, college, prison, market, hospital, bed, desk, class, town, church, court, etc. , placed directly after prepositions, expresses the deep meaning of nouns. For example:

Go to the hospital.

Go to the hospital (not to see a doctor, but for other purposes)

1 1) ordinal number without article;

A. when there is a possessive pronoun before the ordinal number.

B. ordinal number as adverb. He won the first place in the race. He won the first place in the race.

In fixed phrases, such as at (the) first, first, from first to last, etc.

2.4 Articles and Adjectives+Noun Structure

1) Both adjectives have articles, indicating two different people or things. For example:

He keeps a black cat and a white cat. He has a black cat and a white cat.

The black cat and the white cat are hers. Both the black cat and the white cat are his.

2) If the last adjective has no article, it refers to people or things. For example:

He keeps a black and white cat. He has a flower cat.

2.5 article location

1) indefinite article position

Indefinite articles usually precede nouns or noun modifiers. note:

A. After adjectives such as this, what, many, half, etc. For example:

I have never seen such an animal. I have never seen such an animal.

Many people are suitable for this job. Many people are suitable for this position.

B. When the adjective before the noun is modified by adverbs, such as, so, too, how, however, it is enough that the indefinite article should be placed after the adjective. For example:

This is the most enjoyable day I have ever spent. I have never been so happy.

Such a short time is such a short time.

Too long, too far away.

C. Used with singular nouns, followed by articles. But there are still adjectives before quite and quite, and indefinite articles can be put before and after, such as: quite cold day/quite cold day.

In as-guided adverbial clauses, when the predicative is a noun modified by an adjective, the indefinite article is placed after the adjective. For example:

Brave as he is, he trembles at the sight of snakes. Brave as he is, he shivers at the sight of a snake.

2) Positioning the article

The definite article usually comes before a noun or noun modifier, but it comes before both, double, half, two, three times and nouns after all. For example:

All the students in the class went out. All the students in the class went out.

2.6 figures

Words that indicate quantity or order are called numerals, which are divided into cardinal numbers and ordinal numbers. Numerals representing numbers are called cardinal words; The number indicating the order is called ordinal number.

First of all, cardinality

1) Primitive words can generally be written as 345 or 345.

2) The original word is generally singular, but in the following cases, the plural is often used:

A. Used with the phrase of, it means an approximate number, but not a specific number, such as scores of people means many people;

B in some phrases that mean "a row" or "a group". For example:

They arrived in twos and threes. They arrived in twos and threes.

C. it means "dozens of years old"

D mark "year" and use+to represent the plural.

E in a representation of multiplication, for example, three to five is (yes) fifty.

Second, ordinal number

The abbreviations of ordinal numbers are first-1st second-second 31 -3 1st and so on.

Third, the usage of numerals.

1) multiple representation

A. subject+predicate+multiple (or fraction) +as+ adjective +as. take for example

Mine is three times as big as yours. I have three times as much money as you.

B subject+predicate+multiple (fraction)+size (quantity, length …). For example:

The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. The earth is 49 times as big as the moon.

C. Subject+predicate+multiple (score)+adjective (adverb) comparative+ratio ... For example:

The grain output this year is 8% higher than last year. This year's grain output has increased by 8% compared with last year.

D. you can also use by+ multiple to express how many times to increase. For example:

Grain output has increased fourfold this year.

2) Composition of fractional representation: the base number represents the numerator and the ordinal number represents the denominator. When the numerator is greater than 1, the ordinal number of the numerator is singular and the ordinal number of the denominator is plural. For example:

1/3 one third; 3/37 Three and three-sevenths.

3. Pronouns

Pronouns are parts of speech that replace nouns. Most pronouns have the functions of nouns and adjectives. Pronouns in English can be divided into personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, self pronouns, reciprocal pronoun, interrogative pronouns, relative pronouns and indefinite pronouns according to their meanings, characteristics and functions in sentences.

1. Personal pronouns are words that express "I", "You", "He", "She", "It", "We", "You" and "They". The changes of personal pronouns in name, number and case are shown in the following table:

count

odd number

plural

style

nominative case

objective case

nominative case

objective case

first person

second person

you

third person

they

she

they

He is my friend. He is my friend.

It's me. It's me.

Second, the possessive pronoun is a pronoun that expresses all relations, and can also be called the pronoun possessive case. Possessive pronouns can be divided into descriptive possessive pronouns and nominal possessive pronouns. The changes of characters and numbers are shown in the table below.

count

odd number

plural

human

first person

second person

third person

first person

second person

third person

adjectival possessive pronoun

your

His/her/its

our/ours

your

their

Noun possessive pronoun

your

His/her/its

our/ours

your

their

I like his car. I like his car.

Our school is here and they are there. Our school is here and theirs is there.

Thirdly, demonstrative pronouns are pronouns that express concepts such as "that", "this", "these" and "those". Demonstrative pronouns include this, that, those and so on. For example:

That's a good idea. That's a good idea.

4. Pronouns expressing "self", "self", "self", "self", "self", "self" and "self" are called self pronouns, also called reflexive pronouns. For example:

She is talking to herself. She said to herself.

5. Pronouns expressing relationships are inverted pronouns, and there are two types: mutual appellation and mutual appellation, but there is not much difference between the two types in application. For example:

They love each other. They love each other.

6. A pronoun that does not specify to replace any specific noun is called indefinite pronouns. Common indefinite pronouns are a 1 1, both, each, every and so on. And compound pronouns containing some-, any- and no-, such as any one, something and no one. Most of these indefinite pronouns can replace nouns and adjectives as subject, object, predicative and attributive in sentences, while none and compound indefinite pronouns composed of some, any and no can only be used as subject, object or predicative; Every and no can only be attributes. For example:

-Do you have a car? Do you have a car?

-Yes, I have one. -Yes, I have one.

I don't know any of them. I don't know any of them.

Seven, who are the interrogative pronouns, who, who, what and which. Used in sentences to form special questions. Interrogative pronouns can be used as connecting pronouns to guide nominal clauses (subject clauses, object clauses and predicative clauses) such as:

Tell me who he is. Tell me who he is.

8. Relative pronouns include who, who, who, that, which, as, etc. , can be used as a relative word to guide clauses. They can be used as subject, predicative, object and attribute in attributive clauses. On the other hand, they represent nouns or pronouns (antecedents) modified by attributive clauses in the main clause. For example:

He is the man you have been looking for. He is the man you are looking for.

3. 1 usage of personal pronouns

1) The nominative case of personal pronouns is used as the subject or subject complement in the sentence. For example:

John waited for a while, but finally he went home. John waited for a while, and finally he went home.

John hoped that the passenger was Mary, but it wasn't. John hoped that the passenger was Mary, but it was actually her.

Note: In complex sentences, if the subject of the main clause and the subject of the clause are the same, then the pronoun subject should be used in the clause and the noun subject should be used in the main clause. For example:

When he arrived, John went straight to the bank. John went straight to the bank as soon as he arrived.

2) The objective case of personal pronouns can be used as an object or a preposition object in a sentence, but it can also be used as a subject complement in spoken English, and the first person can also be used as a subject in an ellipsis sentence. For example:

I saw her with them. At least, I thought it was her. I saw her with them, at least I thought it was her. (her as the object, them as the preposition object, and her as the subject complement)

A.who broke the vase? Who broke the vase?

B.- me. -Me. I am the subject complement = it's me. )

Note: in the above two examples, her and me are subject complements respectively. Accusative is often used in modern English, and she and I should be used in formal style.

3.2 Substitution of personal pronoun subject and objective case

1) The objective case replaces the nominative case.

A. In short conversations, when personal pronouns are used alone or not, more objects are used.

-I like English. -I like English.

-Me, too. -I like it, too.

-More wine? Would you like some more wine?

-Not me. -I don't want it.

In informal comparison, the objective case is usually used instead of the nominative case. However, if the predicate of comparative adverbial is retained, the subject can only use the nominative case.

He is taller than me.

2) nominative case replaces accusative case

A, except and nominative after preposition but can sometimes be used instead of objective case.

B. the nominative case is often used in telephone language.

-I want to talk to Mary. -I want to talk to Mary.

-This is her. -I'm Mary.

Note: the personal pronoun after the verb be or to be depends on the noun or pronoun before it.

I thought it was her. I thought it was her. (nominative-nominative)

I thought it was her. (accusative-accusative)

I was mistaken for her. I was mistaken for her. (nominative-nominative)

They took me for her. They took me for her. (accusative-accusative)

3.3 pronoun reference problem

1) indefinite pronouns any one, everyone, nobody, anyone, someone, everyone, who and person can be replaced by He, His and He in formal occasions. For example:

Nobody came, did they? Nobody came, did they?

2) The reference of animal nouns is generally replaced by it or them, and sometimes he, he and she are also used, which is emotional. For example:

Give the cat some food. She is hungry. Give the cat some food. She is hungry.

3) A term that refers to a car, a country or a ship. It is often used when it is emotional.

3.4 The order of parallel personal pronouns

1) When singular personal pronouns are juxtaposed as subjects, the order is: second person-> third person-> first person, that is, you-> he/she; It-> Me. For example:

You, he and I should come back on time.

2) When plural personal pronouns are used as subjects, the order is: first person->; The second person address-> the third person, that is, we->; You-> They.

Note: In the following cases, the first person comes first.

A. When admitting mistakes and taking responsibility,

It was John and I who made her angry.

B. When an elder speaks to a younger generation, when an officer speaks to a subordinate, if the officer is the first person, such as:

I work hard with you to finish it. I will work it out with you.

C. when the tied subject has only the first person and the third person.

D. When other personal pronouns or nouns are modified by attributive clauses.

3.5 Possessive pronouns

1) Possessive pronouns have both the function of indicating ownership and reference. For example:

John cut his finger; It is obvious that there is a broken glass on his desk.

John cut his finger. Obviously, there is a broken glass on his desk.

There are two kinds of possessive pronouns: adjectives (my, your, etc. ) and nouns (mine, yours, etc. ). Adjective possessive pronouns belong to determiners. Nominal possessive pronouns are equivalent to omitting the possessive structure of-'of the central noun in usage. For example:

Jack's hat means that this hat belongs to Jack.

His hat means that this hat is his.

2) The syntactic function of nominal possessive pronouns.

A. make a theme. For example:

May I use your pen? Your effect is better. May I use your pen? Yours works better than mine.

B. be the object. For example:

I love my mother as much as you love you. I love my motherland as much as you love your motherland.

C. as a prepositional object. For example:

You should interpret what I said with my meaning, not yours.

You should interpret what I said according to my meaning, not your own.

D. as a subject complement. For example:

My life is yours. It's all yours. It's all yours. My life belongs to you, to you, to you.

3.6 dual possessive case

Possessive pronouns cannot be prefixed with a, an, this, that, The, the, some, any, severe, no, each, every, for example, to modify nouns, and double possessive cases must be used. The formula is: a, an, this, that+ noun +of+ noun subject pronoun. For example, a friend of mine, each of his brothers.

7. Reflexive pronouns

1) list

count

odd number

plural

human

first person

second person

third person

first person

second person

third person