1. "On the Other Side of the Mountain" is selected from "Yangtze River Literature and Art" by Wang Jiaxin. This poem expresses a belief and contains a philosophy. The poet uses mountains and seas as images, uses the sea as a metaphor for ideals, uses mountains as a metaphor for difficulties, and uses mountain climbing as a metaphor for hard work, thus telling people that the life journey towards the ideal is long, but as long as you persevere and persevere in the struggle, the ideal will be achieved. The state will eventually be achieved. Works: "Memorial" and "Swimming on the Cliff"

2. "Take One Step, Another Step" is selected from "Contemporary Youth". Author: Morton Hunt, American writer. Through a mountain climbing experience in "my" childhood, the author realized a life philosophy of universal significance: on the road of life, no matter what dangers and difficulties you encounter, just break it down into small difficulties and overcome them step by step. By overcoming the small difficulties (one by one), you can finally overcome the biggest difficulties. Of course, the important thing is to take every step well and keep going step by step.

3. "Two Short Essays"

① "Cicada" is selected from "Notes on the Inheritance of Teaching" Author: Xiaosi, original name: Lu Weiluan (luán) uses the way of praising one's ambitions. The preciousness of life. Purpose: Human life is not about length, but about living well.

② "Shell" is selected from "Fantasy Thoughts - Appreciation of Xi Murong's Prose" by Xi Murong. Theme: Although life is limited, we should face it well, create it, and make it as beautiful, cherishable and amazing as a shell.

4. "Wisteria Waterfall" is selected from "The Iron Flute Man". Author: Zong Pu. Zong Pu, female, was originally named Feng Zhongpu, and her pen names include Ren Xiaozhe, Feng Fei, etc. The daughter of the famous philosopher Feng Youlan. Main content: This is a lyrical scene-writing prose. The author describes the wisteria flowers in full bloom today, recalling that more than ten years ago (during the "Cultural Revolution" period) wisteria was sent away by a woman with extremely "leftist" ideas. The experience of cutting reveals its symbolic meaning: "Flowers and people will encounter all kinds of misfortunes, but the long river of life is endless." It is one of thousands of flowers, and it is also the reason why each flower has its own meaning. The flowers form a flowing waterfall of brilliant flowers. Writing about flowers in the article is actually about writing about people and the society composed of people. A lush field of flowers symbolizes the prosperity and vitality of the current society. At the same time, flowers are used to praise the beauty and tenacity of life. His major works include the short stories "Red Bean", "The Daughter of Taoyuan Marries Wogu", "The Unsinkable Lake", "Back Door", "Zhiyin", etc.

5. "Childlike Fun" is selected from "Six Notes of a Floating Life? Leisurely Love Notes". Shen Fu, courtesy name Sanbai, was a native of Changzhou and a writer of the Qing Dynasty. Main content: This is an article full of childlike interest. The author fully demonstrates association and imagination in a vivid style, recalls his childhood life, expresses the "interest in things outside of things", and reflects children's rich imagination and innocence. interest. "Six Chapters of a Floating Life" has six volumes. The titles of each volume are: "Records of Joy in the Boudoir", "Records of Leisure and Interests", "Records of Sorrows in Ups and Downs", "Records of Wandering Travels", "Records of Zhongshan Calendar" and "Records of Health Preservation".

6. "Ideal" is selected from "Liushahe Poetry Collection" by Liushahe, a contemporary poet. His original name was Yu Xuntan. Purpose of the article: This poem metaphorizes the connotation of ideals from different angles, praises the profound significance of ideals to life, and thus calls on people to set ambitious goals in life and work hard for them. His major works include "Send to the Yellow River", "Window" poetry collection, "Rural Nocturne", "Farewell to Mars", "Grass and Trees", "Six Odes of My Hometown", etc.

7. "Two Short Essays"

① "Street on the Road" is selected from "Zhang Xiaofeng's Selected Works". Author Zhang Xiaofeng. The walking tree is used as a metaphor for a selfless devotee, and the confession of the walking tree is used to describe the devotee's ambition and praise the devotee's lofty spirit.

② "The First Time Was So Good" is selected from "Song of Silence" by Zhou Sushan. The author's first sight of a grapefruit tree triggered his memory of the first time he saw the chicks of the Ten Sister Birds. He summarized his own feelings and believed that the "first feeling" is a rare and precious experience in life. It not only brings We are fresh and exciting, and it brings us new areas of life and life experiences.

8. "Fables of Life" is selected from "The Collected Works of Zhou Guoping". Author: Zhou Guoping, main content: How to face wealth and misfortune are the themes of the two fables.

① The fable of "The White Rabbit and the Moon" tells the story of the white rabbit gaining and abandoning the moon. It tells the truth that having huge interests will cause endless troubles of gain and loss, and thus warns us to have the correct attitude when facing wealth. understanding.

②The fable "The Prince in Distress" draws the conclusion from the life experience of a prince that misfortune can make fragile people stronger, and by extension, it shows that there is nothing unbearable in the world. suffering. Tell us: Misfortune can make people with fragile personalities strong.

9. "My Faith" is selected from "The Wisdom of Modern Man" by Marie Curie, a French-Polish physicist and chemist. The famous scientist has won the Nobel Prize twice. The purpose of the article: "My Beliefs" is Marie Curie's summary and review of her own character, person, ideals, and beliefs. The article first summarizes that as a person, you must have perseverance and confidence, and this will guide the whole article.

Starting from this point, her tenacious will and spirit of not giving up until she reaches her goal; her character of being indifferent to fame and fortune, willing to be quiet and simple, and not being tempted by the world; her determination to carry out free academic research as a free scholar in a free country. Her desire for research; her extreme interest and enthusiasm for scientific research are the key to her great achievements that have attracted worldwide attention. It is not difficult to see the author's ideals and beliefs from her memories. He is the author of "Isotopes and Their Compositions", "On Radioactivity", etc.

10. Ten articles from "The Analects of Confucius". Selected from "The Analects of Confucius", one of the classic works of Confucianism. Confucius, whose surname was Qiu and courtesy name Zhongni, was born in Zouyi (now southeast of Qufu City, Shandong Province) of the State of Lu during the Spring and Autumn Period. A great thinker and educator in ancient my country, the founder of Confucianism, he was revered as a "sage" in feudal society. The Analects of Confucius, the Great Learning, the Doctrine of the Mean, and Mencius are collectively known as the "Four Books" and are must-read books for scholars in feudal society.

11. "Spring" is selected from "The Complete Works of Zhu Ziqing". Author: Zhu Ziqing, courtesy name Peixian, is a famous modern essayist, poet, scholar, and democracy fighter. Purpose of the article: "Spring" is a beautiful lyrical prose describing the scenery. Mr. Zhu Ziqing used a child-like mind and children's eyes to make a comprehensive and detailed observation of spring, grasped the characteristics of spring, accurately and vividly depicted the unique spring scenes in Jiangnan, and expressed his praise for spring. It expresses the author's thoughts and feelings of loving life, being proactive and striving for progress. The full text is divided into spring sketches, spring flowers, spring breeze, spring rain, and spring greetings. The main works include the collection of poems and essays "Traces", the collection of essays "Back", "Miscellaneous Notes on Travels in Europe", "You and Me", "Miscellaneous Notes on London", and literary and artistic treatises "Poems and Words", "On the Appreciation of Elegance and Popularity", etc. Representative prose works include "Moonlight over the Lotus Pond", "Back View", "Green", etc.

12. "Winter in Jinan" is selected from "The Collected Works of Lao She". Author: Lao She (1899-1966), formerly known as Shu Qingchun, courtesy name Sheyu, Manchu, native of Beijing, famous writer. Main content: The author grasps the "warm and clear" characteristics of Jinan's winter, takes mountains and water as the main description objects, uses accurate and beautiful literature to describe the unique beauty of Jinan's winter from different angles, and expresses the value of loving the motherland's rivers and mountains. emotion. The main novels include "Lao Zhang's Philosophy", "Camel Xiangzi", "Four Generations Under One Roof", "The Nameless Highlands Became Famous", "Longxugou" and "Teahouse".

13. Author of "Xia Sen": Liang Heng. It writes about the tense, warm and urgent characteristics of summer, expressing the love for summer and the praise of workers.

14. "Autumn" is selected from "Prophecy" Author: He Qifang, modern essayist, poet, and literary critic. Original name: He Shuifang. Purpose of the article: In "Autumn", the poet uses the most essential language to describe farm life, and depicts three pictures in order from far to near. Each stanza of the poem is a picture - a picture of a farmer's harvest, a picture of fish returning in the frosty morning, a picture of a girl's longing for love. His works include the prose collection "Painting Dreams"

15. "Four Ancient Poems"

① "Viewing the Sea" is selected from "Yuefu Poetry Collection", which is the Yuefu poem "Step Out" The first chapter in Xia Men Xing. Author: Cao Cao, whose courtesy name is Mengde, was born in Qiaojun, Peiguo (now Anweihao County). A statesman, military strategist and poet in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. The poet integrated his high-spirited spirit into the poem: writing about the vitality of the mountain island expressed his high fighting spirit; writing about the majestic waves of the sea, expressing his heroic and enterprising spirit; writing about the scenery of the sea swallowing up the sun and the moon, showing his He has a broad mind and the spirit to conquer mountains and rivers.

② "Under the Cibeigu Mountain" is selected from "Complete Poems of the Tang Dynasty" by Wang Wan. The third couplet points out the time when the poet traveled. This is the end of winter and the beginning of new spring, and the end of night and dawn. "The sun is rising over the sea and the night is lingering", what a magnificent picture of sunrise on the river! It is obviously the sunrise on the river, but the poet calls it "the sun on the sea". This is not meant to be an exaggeration, but a true feeling. Due to the vastness of the river and the thin line between water and sky, when the sun rises, it really makes people feel like they are in the vast ocean. The brilliance of the morning sun has driven away the remaining night, but no one will forget that this bright scene happened to be conceived in the cold night that has disappeared. The next sentence "Jiang Chun enters the old year" describes the change of time sequence. This transformation occurs unconsciously. The boundary between the New Year and the Old Year is so blurred that the poet felt it. It was "Jiang Chun" who broke into the "old year". The sea and sun come up immediately after the remaining night, and Jiang Chun enters without waiting for the end of the old year. Time passes and fate is ruthless, but the poet "still has his music and books stuck in his hometown". How can he not arouse a strong feeling of nostalgia for his hometown?

③ "Spring Tour at Qiantang Lake" is selected from "Bai's" "Changqing Collection" author: Bai Juyi. "A few early orioles are vying for warmth in the trees, and the new swallows are pecking at the new mud. The wild flowers are gradually charming the eyes, and the shallow grass can have no horse hooves." These four sentences are the core part of Bai Juyi's poem, which is the most eye-catching sentence and also the most eye-catching sentence. The white poem describes the spring scenery, especially the spring scenery of the West Lake. After vividly anthropomorphizing the birds in the sky, Bai Juyi turned his attention to the vegetation at his feet. It is rendered with anthropomorphic techniques in the first place and set off by human feelings in the second. It is because Bai Juyi has such a rare esthetician's eye for appreciation and has a unique eye for discovering its moving parts that he can truly enjoy this gift that nature has given to human beings. A paradise on earth.

④ "Autumn Thoughts on the Clear Sands" is selected from "Quan Yuan Sanqu". The author: Ma Zhiyuan, an outstanding dramatist and sanquist in the Yuan Dynasty.

The first two sentences of dead vines, old trees, dim crows, small bridges and flowing water, people create a cold and gloomy atmosphere, and also show a fresh and quiet realm. The dead vines and old trees here give people a desolate feeling. It's dusk, and it's already evening. The small bridges and flowing water make people feel elegant and leisurely. The 12 words paint a picture of a quiet village in late autumn. The poet describes a desolate and desolate artistic conception with a bleak autumn wind, adding a layer of desolation to the secluded village picture. The setting sun gave this dim picture some bleak light, deepening the sad atmosphere. The poet cleverly connects ten kinds of ordinary objective scenery, and uses the six words "withered, old, faint, ancient, western and thin" to naturally embody the poet's infinite sorrow in the picture. The last sentence, "Heartbroken Man in the End of the World" is the finishing touch. At this time, in the picture of the village in late autumn, a wanderer in the end of the world appeared, holding a thin horse on the desolate ancient road under the setting sun, facing the misery The autumn wind, full of wandering, heartbroken, but not knowing where to end up, reveals the poet's sad feelings of unrecognized talent, and appropriately expresses the theme. This little poem uses the method of embodying emotions in the scene to exaggerate the atmosphere and show The theme perfectly expresses the sorrow of the wandering traveler.

16. "Fossil Song" author: Zhang Feng. Purpose of the article: This article is a narrative poem in which scientists reveal hundreds of millions of years ago and magical scenes through the study of fossils, thereby praising the magic of science and the greatness of mankind.

17. "Looking at the Clouds to Know the Weather" Author: Zhu Yongyi This is an explanatory article introducing the method of identifying the weather. The author uses vivid images and language to outline the clouds in various shapes, so that the readers can learn a lot about how to identify the weather. Rain and snow weather knowledge. Monograph "Ye Shengtao's Art of Language Modification".

18. "The Green Grasshopper" is selected from "The Story of Insects" by Fabre, a French writer and famous entomologist. The purpose of this article: This is an interesting essay. The author uses lively writing style to write the grasshopper vividly and highly readable. The words are full of his respect and love for life.

19. "Footprints on the Moon" author: Zhu Changchao. Purpose of the article: This article truly records the entire process of American astronauts Armstrong, Collins, and Aldrin landing on the moon, and points out the great significance of the moon landing activities.

20. "Mountain City" is selected from Volume 6 of "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio". Author: Pu Songling. Liuxian, a writer of the Qing Dynasty. This article not only describes the unpredictable scene of the mountain city, but also expresses the emotions of the witnesses. It has a beautiful artistic conception and is worth appreciating.

21. "Kite" is selected from "Weeds". Author: Lu Xun. His original name was Zhou Shuren. The courtesy name is Hencai, a native of Shaoxing, Zhejiang. Famous writer, thinker and revolutionary. The main purpose of the article: "Kite" recalls a childhood past event of "my", and thereby expresses my thoughts and feelings of repentance and self-blame. "I" have never liked flying kites, and I didn't allow my little brother to fly. Once, I violently destroyed the kite he had worked so hard to make. But later, after "I" came into contact with foreign education books, I found that I had made a mistake, so I felt very remorseful and longed for redress. But when "I" mentioned this to my middle-aged brother, he had already forgotten it. Not only was "I" not relieved about this, but I felt even heavier. It reveals the scientific truth that "games are the most legitimate behavior for children, and toys are children's angels." Criticized the feudal education system's strangulation of children's free and lively nature. He is the author of "Diary of a Madman", the first vernacular novel in the history of modern Chinese literature. Special collections such as "The Scream", "Grave", "Hot Wind", "Wandering" and "The Continuation of the Huagai Collection", the novella "The True Story of Ah Q", the essays "The Collection of Just One", "The Collection of Three Idles", "The Collection of Two Hearts", "The Collection of Nanqianbei Diao" "Pseudo Free Letters", "Quasi Feng Yue Tan", "Lace Literature" and "Qiejieting Essays".

22. "Antelope Wood Carving" is selected from "Oriental Boy". Author: Zhang Zhizhi. Purpose of the article: This article uses the antelope wood carving as a clue to describe a conflict between "me" and my parents, praises the sincere and selfless friendship of the children, implicitly criticizes the parents' behavior of neglecting justice and favoring wealth, and warns parents to Understand children's hearts and respect their innocent feelings.

23. "Walking" author: Mo Huaiqi. Purpose of the article: The article "Walking" describes the ordinary things of three generations walking together, showing the sincere feelings of mutual respect and love between the family, and embodying the traditional virtues of the Chinese nation of respecting the elderly and loving the young.

24. "Two Prose Poems"

① "Golden Flower" is selected from "Selected Poems of Rabindranath Tagore". Author: Rabindranath Tagore. Indian writer, poet, and social activist. Purpose of the article: At first glance, this is a poem about children playing with their mothers. It expresses children's love for their mothers, and there is nothing strange about it. But the reason why Tagore is a great writer is that his poems can continue to move forward where ordinary poets' feelings and thoughts stop, move deeper, and enter the state of "trance". His early works include poetry collections "Evening Song", "Morning Song" and "King and Queen", novels "Little Sand", "Shipwreck" and "Gola", plays "Mojidotara", "Post Office" and "Red Oleander", Poetry collections include "Gitanjali", "New Moon Collection", "Gardener Collection", "Bird Collection", etc.

② "Lotus Leaf Mother" author: Bing Xin. This is a prose that uses scenery to write about people and praise mother.

The article starts from the lotus in his yard, focusing on the lotus in the rain. In the rain, the author found that the lotus was covered with lotus leaves, which touched him, so he had an association, thinking of his mother, and the scene of a mother loving and protecting her children, so he used this Jing expresses his feelings about mothers protecting their children as they grow up. Writing lotus like this is to write "I". The purpose of writing about lotus leaves is to write about my mother, to reach the point where "I" is the lotus that is swayed by the rain and wind, and my mother is the lotus leaf that protects the lotus from the wind and rain. Yes, even lotus leaves will consciously protect lotus flowers, not to mention mothers who love their children. So he wrote at the end: "Mother! You are the lotus leaf, and I am the red lotus. When the raindrops in my heart come, except you, who is my shade under the unobstructed sky?" A few simple strokes clarify the theme and deepen the meaning. center. "The rain in the heart" alludes to the ups and downs, ups and downs on the road of life, and only the mother is the one who protects one through the ups and downs and tribulations on the road of life.

25. Two pieces from "New Words of the World" are selected from "New Words of the World" by Yu Jiaxi, author: Liu Yiqing.

26. "The Emperor's New Clothes" is selected from "Andersen's Fairy Tales and Selected Stories". Author: Andersen. Famous Danish fairy tale writer. Purpose of the article: This article humorously and bitterly satirizes the extravagance, fatuousness, and stupidity of the feudal ruling class through the humorous story of an incompetent and extravagant emperor who was deceived by two swindlers pretending to be weavers and paraded naked. Hypocrisy, stupidity and self-deception. The text specifically describes the invisible and non-existent "beautiful new clothes", which profoundly exposes the ugly souls of the emperor and his ministers. He is the author of "Thumbelina", "The Little Match Girl" and "The Ugly Duckling".

27. "Two Poems by Guo Moruo" is selected from "The Complete Works of Guo Moruo". His original name was Guo Kaizhen, a native of Leshan, Sichuan, a poet and scholar. Main content:

①The poem "Street Market in the Sky" is based on the ancient Chinese legend about the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl. It uses rich and unique imagination to depict the wonderful scene of Tianjie, and expresses the poet's thoughts and feelings of getting rid of feudal shackles, pursuing ideals, and yearning for freedom and happiness.

②The short poem "Quiet Night" was written when the poet was studying in Japan. By describing the moonlight, pine trees, sparse stars, the Milky Way, and white clouds, the author painted an extremely peaceful and beautiful moonlit night scene, expressing his disappointment with the times and also faintly revealing his feelings for his motherland, hometown, and relatives. Feelings of longing. Representative poetry collections include "Goddess" and "Starry Sky".

28. "Nuwa Creates Man" Author: Yuan Ke. Mythologist. Xinfan people from Sichuan Province. Main content: The text describes in detail the process of Nuwa's creation of human beings, showing the primitive people's curiosity and pursuit of the origin of human beings, as well as their highly imaginative explanations under the social living conditions at that time. His treatises include "Ancient Chinese Myths", "Selected Interpretations of Ancient Myths", "Annotations on the Classics of Mountains and Seas", "Collected Essays on Mythology", etc.

29. "The Blind Child and His Shadow" is selected from "Selected Works of Jin Bo" (Hebei Children's Publishing House, 1997 edition). Author: Jin Bo. Purpose of the article: From the care and help of "Shadow" and "Firefly" to blind children, the article summarizes the theme that everyone should care for the weak. Only "love" can make them feel the light and beauty of life.

30. "Hermes and the Statuemaker" and "The Mosquito and the Lion" in "Four Fables" are selected from "Aesop's Fables". Author: Aesop. Ancient Greek fable writer. "Aesop's Fables" are stories handed down from ancient Greece and ancient Rome. They were collected by later generations and put under Aesop's name. "A blessing in disguise" is selected from "Han Feizi? It's difficult to explain". Author: Han Fei, a famous thinker in the late Warring States Period. "Zhizi Suspicious Neighbors" is selected from "Huainanzi? Human Lessons". "Huainanzi" is also known as "Huainan Honglie". Author: Liu An. Main content: "Hermes and the Statue-bearers" satirizes those who are arrogant and vain. "The Mosquito and the Lion" satirizes those who get carried away with their achievements. Because they ignore their own shortcomings, they are bound to be defeated by the little people. "Zhi Zi Suspicious Neighbor" explains that when listening to opinions, you should only listen to the correct ones. Don't look at the person who put forward this opinion, and you can't be biased against others. "A blessing in disguise" is a metaphor that bad things can turn into good things under certain conditions

Introduction to famous works

Ⅰ: "Stars" and "Spring Water"

"Stars" is a collection of poems. It consists of 164 short poems. Bing Xin believed in the "philosophy of love" throughout her life. She believed that "with love, there is everything." In "Stars", she constantly sang hymns of love. What she is most passionate about praising is maternal love. In addition to loving her parents, Bing Xin also values ??brotherhood. She loved her three younger brothers. In an essay she wrote later, "To Little Readers. Newsletter Thirteen," she also compared her three younger brothers to three bright stars. Bing Xin praises maternal love, human love, and childlike innocence. At the same time, she also praises nature, especially the sea that she was familiar with in her childhood. Praising nature, praising childlike innocence, and praising maternal love have become the eternal themes of Bing Xin's life-long creation. "Spring Water" is the companion piece to "Stars" and consists of 182 short poems. It was also published first in the "Morning News", but "Spring Water" came out three months later than "Stars". In "Spring Water", although Bing Xin still sings about maternal love, family affection, childlike innocence, and nature, she uses more space to implicitly express herself and her relationship

The troubles and anguish of the young intellectuals of the generation.

She uses a gentle and slightly sad writing style to describe her inner feelings. At the same time, she is exploring the meaning of life and expressing her desire to understand the true nature of the world.

Ⅱ: "Aesop's Fables"

Aesop, born in the 6th century BC, is an ancient Greek fabler. Legend has it that he was a slave and later became free because of "blasphemy" Eventually he was killed.

Aesop’s fables come from the folk, so the lives, thoughts and feelings of people from different social strata are more prominently reflected. Such as the exposure of the greed and selfishness of the rich; the lashing of the cruel nature of the wicked; the affirmation of wealth created by labor; the attack on social inequality; the satire of cowardice and laziness; the praise of brave struggle. There are also many fables that teach people how to deal with the world, how to behave, how to distinguish right from wrong, and how to become smart and wise. Aesop's fables are an overview, refinement and summary of the lives and struggles of the ancient Greeks. They are a spiritual legacy left by the ancient Greeks to future generations.

Aesop's fables have concise words, vivid stories, rich imagination, full of philosophy, and integrate ideological and artistic qualities. Among them, "The Farmer and the Snake", "The Fox and the Grapes", "The Wolf and the Lamb", "The Tortoise and the Hare", "The Shepherd Boy and the Wolf", "The Farmer and His Children", etc. have become household stories all over the world.

"Aesop's Fables" is the essence of fables and a precious spiritual wealth of mankind. We refer to some of the stories in "Aesop's Fables" compiled by Tianjin Xinlei Publishing House and recommend them to children who love literature in the relevant columns of Tianjin Internet Children's Palace. I hope you like them. and learn from it.

"Aesop's Fables" adopts a serialization method, and the content of the story is changed regularly. We strive to make the translation vivid, lively, natural and simple. Comments are added to each story to help young readers understand its rich connotations; all fables are accompanied by illustrations, and the texts and paintings complement each other to enhance the artistic appeal of the fables.

Highlights of this semester:

① Classical Chinese: "Chen Taiqiu and Youqi", "Ten Analects of Confucius", "The Sophonie Suspects His Neighbor", "A blessing in disguise"