At the end of the Five Dynasties, when the Song Dynasty was established, Zhao Kuangyin and Song Taizu dispatched troops to change the dynasty, seized the throne of the later Zhou Dynasty and became independent. After the unification of the provinces in the Song Dynasty, Emperor Taizong Zhao Kuangyin and Emperor Taizong Zhao Guangyi only launched several rounds of Northern Expedition in the Song Dynasty, and the territory in the early and middle period of the Song Dynasty was roughly formed. Since then, the Song Dynasty has always adopted the strategies and tactics of extermination, extremism, defense, defense, and attaching importance to the interior and neglecting the exterior, and rarely went to war with the North. At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, in order to avoid repeating the mistakes of princes, towns, separatist regimes, officials, frequent, complicated, dry, political, collar, hair, sadness, drama, generals, military, power, return, Henan, China and Yang in the late Tang Dynasty, the command system of worshiping the country and restraining the military was adopted. This national policy has far-reaching influence: on the one hand, there were fewer courtiers and more ministers in the Song Dynasty, which was magnificent, powerful and chaotic, developed politically, economically and technologically, and extremely prosperous in culture; On the other hand, it also led to the frequent defeat of the Northern Song Dynasty in North, South, Foreign Countries and Japan, and the repeated defeat of Xixia and Qidan. In Song Dynasty, the difficulty of Jingkang occurred in1126-1127. Huidi and Emperor Qin were captured by the Jin people, and the Song Dynasty was forced to move south to Lin 'an, known as the Southern Song Dynasty in history, and bordered by the invading Jin State of Huaishui and Dasanguan. Before that, the Song Dynasty was called the Northern Song Dynasty. 1276, the capital Lin 'an fell, and the Southern Song Dynasty died in the meta-empire established by Kublai Khan of Mongolia.
Relatively speaking, the Song Dynasty was the most prosperous era of economy, culture and education in the ancient history of China. According to research, the total GDP of China in the Northern Song Dynasty was 26.55 billion US dollars, accounting for 22.7% of the world economy, while that of China before the Opium War in Qing Dynasty was 228.6 billion US dollars, accounting for 32.9% of the world economy. During the Northern Song Dynasty, the per capita GDP of China was 450 US dollars, while that of western, Asian and Asian countries was 62 1 US dollars. Both of them exceeded the per capita GDP of Western European countries at that time, which was $427, while the per capita GDP of China in the Qing Dynasty was1600 in 820, and the per capita GDP of Britain and the United States, which experienced the first industry, industry, revolution and life, was 1250.
With the revival of Confucianism, the society is permeated with the wind of respecting teachers and attaching importance to Taoism, the development of science and technology is also advancing by leaps and bounds, and politics and governance are more open and clean. In the last Song Dynasty, there were no serious officials, officials, chaos, politics, land, cutting, occupation, military, change and people. The number and scale of chaos were relatively small in the history of China, and the population increased from 32.5 million in the five years of Taiping and Xingguo to 654.38 billion in the four years of Daguan. Chen, a famous historian, said: "The culture of the Chinese nation has developed for thousands of years and reached its peak in the Zhao and Song Dynasties." Many westerners, many orientals, many Japanese, many Japanese, many Japanese, many Japanese, many Japanese, many Japanese, many Japanese, many Japanese, many Japanese, many Japanese, many Japanese, many Japanese, many China.
In the Song Dynasty, the system of separation of official, post and difference was implemented. The imperial court has enacted laws such as grinding (performance appraisal), relocation and compensation for employees at all levels. For middle and upper levels, officials and clerks, the treatment is relatively generous, including salary, professional field, memorial service and reward. Later, some officials who have left office or will leave office, some were also granted or invited to serve as palace officials, officials who supervised the Temple of Yue and officials who took the "Temple of Lu". In addition, various temporary rewards from the imperial court have also become another important economic income for officials. The separation of officials, posts and factions has led to the emergence of a large number of redundant staff.
When the People's Republic of China was founded, Song Taizu established the private property right system of land, which can be bought and sold freely, and the policy of not restraining merger and tenancy became an important form of land management. After the lease contract expires, the lessee is free to decide to terminate or renew it. Population mobility increases and urban commodity economy develops. Some scholars believe that capital, foundation, subjectivity, righteousness, germination and germination have appeared in the Song Dynasty.
The Song Dynasty witnessed unprecedented economic prosperity, with great progress in agriculture, printing, paper making, silk weaving and porcelain making. The maritime industry and shipbuilding industry have made outstanding achievements, with developed overseas trade, and trade with 58 countries in Southeast Asia, South Asia, West Asia, Africa and Europe. The large-scale, comprehensive and in-depth development of the South in the early Southern Song Dynasty made the South become the economic and cultural center of the country and completely replaced the economic and cultural center of the North.
In the Song Dynasty, agriculture gradually became specialized and commercialized. In the early Northern Song Dynasty, land was reclaimed on a large scale, and the scale of farmland was expanded without annexation. In order to improve farming efficiency, pay attention to building water conservancy projects and improve farm tools and varieties, agriculture has developed rapidly. For example, agriculture in the Yangtze River basin and the Pearl River basin has developed rapidly, and some northern crops such as millet, wheat, millet and beans have come to the south. The planting area of agricultural cash crops was expanded in Song Dynasty. In the mid-Southern Song Dynasty, cotton was widely planted in Sichuan, Shaanxi, Jianghuai, Zhejiang, Jinghu, Fujian and Guangxi, and the area planted with mulberry, silkworm and hemp was also increasing. Tea had spread all over Huainan, Jinghu, Fujian and Sichuan in the Northern Song Dynasty. Every year, 14000 to 5 million Jin of tea leaves are handed over to government monopoly agencies in these areas. These teas are not only supplied to the domestic market, but also exported abroad. At that time, it was the most famous tea produced in Fujian. Other famous teas were Nikkei tea in Zhejiang, Shuangjing white tea in Jiangxi and bamboo tea in Rongzhou, Guangxi. During the Southern Song Dynasty, there were more tea injection sites in the south than in the Northern Song Dynasty. Purple bamboo shoots in Xing Wu, Yangxian in Changzhou, Rizhu in Shaoxing and Huanglong in Longxing are all called "peerless products". Sugarcane is planted in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong and other provinces, and sugar has also become a widely used food, and the world's first monograph on sugar production has appeared: Wang Zhuo's Sugar Frost Spectrum.
In Song Dynasty, the political and economic center moved eastward and southward, and the southeast region was a natural transportation network with developed rivers and dense water networks. The Song Dynasty also paid attention to dredging rivers, building bridges and creating good traffic conditions. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the development of maritime traffic was particularly prosperous.
As Xixia blocked the Silk Road in the northwest and the economic center moved south, the ports along the southeast coast became new trade centers since the Song Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, only in the first year of Longshuo, Tang Gaozong, a city shipping company was established in Guangzhou, which was responsible for foreign trade affairs. In the Song Dynasty, they were successively in Guangzhou, Lin 'an Prefecture (Hangzhou), qingyuan prefecture (Mingzhou, now Ningbo), Quanzhou, Banqiao (now Yinghai Town of Jiaozhou), Huating County (now Songjiang), Zhenjiang Prefecture, Pingjiang Prefecture (Suzhou), Wenzhou, Jiangyin Army (now Jiangyin) and Jiaxing Prefecture (Xiuzhou). Among them, Guangzhou, Quanzhou and Mingzhou are the largest. Quanzhou became the largest port in the world and the starting point of the Maritime Silk Road in the late Southern Song Dynasty. There were two ways of sea, foreign affairs and trade in Song Dynasty, namely, government operation and private operation, in which private foreign trade accounted for a large amount. In the third year of Yuanfeng, Song Shenzong, the court in the Northern Song Dynasty promulgated the first trade law in the history of China, the Guangzhou Maritime Law. The foreign trade ports also set up "Fan Shi" in the city to monopolize foreign goods; "Fanfang" is for foreigners to live in; "Xue Fan" is for foreign children to receive, receive, teach and educate, and the imperial court has also specially formulated the crimes, crimes, judgments, punishments and articles of Fan Shang. There are still many tombs of princes in Guangzhou and Quanzhou, which proves the prosperity of maritime, foreign trade and trade at that time.
Song Taizu once asked his son and grandson never to kill the literati, and the status of the literati in the Song Dynasty was improved unprecedentedly. The ethos of valuing literature over martial arts reached its acme in the Song Dynasty. "Good iron doesn't nail, good people don't serve as soldiers" and "Zhu Zigui was a scholar in those days." Such proverbs are all from the Song Dynasty. In Song Zhenzong, the top scholar Chen Yaozi refused to be an official, knighted or knighted. Under a series of backgrounds, such as the rise of Neo-Confucianism, the ebb of religious forces, the decline of speech control, the rise of civic culture, the prosperity of commodity economy, the invention of printing, etc., outstanding literati emerged in large numbers in the Song Dynasty, and the awareness of intellectuals was unprecedentedly awakened. Shi Yaobi thinks in "Ce Wen": "Only in the 200-odd years of my Song Dynasty, cultural relics flourished over hundreds of generations." Lu You also thinks in the preface to Lu Ji: "Song Xing, facing Confucianism, is above Han and Tang Dynasties." Later, due to the invasion and occupation of the Mongols and the ancients, China adopted the methods of friend or foe, vision, politics and tactics against the literati, which severely suppressed the free play of the literati's thoughts in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Except in the late Ming Dynasty, China has never seen such a prosperous cultural scene as the Song Dynasty.
The unprecedented revival of Confucianism in the Song Dynasty, under the influence of Buddhism and Taoism, produced a new Confucian thought-Neo-Confucianism. Neo-Confucianism has made great progress in constructing the metaphysics and ontology of Confucianism, focusing on interpretation and talking about life. Its representatives are Wuzi (Zhou Dunyi, Shao Yong, Zhang Zai, Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi), Zhu and Lu Jiuyuan.
There were many officials, officials, officials, officials, historians, officials and organizations in the Song Dynasty, such as living quarters, calendars, archives, national history museums, and parliamentary halls. The most famous historical work is Zi Tongzhi Jian edited by Sima Guang. The compilation process of Zijian lasted for 19 years (plus more than 20 years of Tongzhi), from 23 years' narration to 6 years' presentation, with a total of 294 volumes. Writing in chronological style provides a systematic and extensive history book for future generations. Later, another historian, Yuan Shu, comprehensively sorted out Zi Tongzhi Jian, which was the first chronicle of China. Zhu also wrote a 59-volume Compendium of Mirror Mirror, which can be described as a simplified version of Learning from Mutual Aid. Zheng Qiao, a historian, wrote Tongzhi, which is also called "three links" with Tongdian and Literature General Examination of Tang Dynasty.
In addition, important historical works include The History of the Old Five Dynasties edited by Xue et al. and The History of the New Five Dynasties written privately by Ouyang Xiu. There are also five generations of meetings written privately by Don Yao Hui and wang pu. Famous local chronicles include Taiping Universe, Fan Chengda's Wu Junzhi, Meng Yuanlao's Dream of China in Tokyo, and Zhou Mi's Old Stories in Wulin. Due to the rapid rise of epigraphy and archaeology, some related historical books have been born, such as Ouyang Xiu's Collection of Historical Records, Lu Dalin's Archaeological Map and Zhao Mingcheng's Records of the Stone.
In addition, many books related to history were compiled in Song Dynasty, including Four Great Classical Novels's Taiping Guangji, Yuangui, Wenyuan Huaying and Taiping Guangji in Song Dynasty.
The literature in Song Dynasty was developed, and great achievements were made in grasping poetry and prose. Ouyang Xiu was a master who prospered the prose in Song Dynasty and initiated the ancient prose movement. Ouyang Xiu's prose is clear in theme, rich in content and natural, which laid the style of prose in Song Dynasty. During the three dynasties of the Soviet Union, Su Xun's articles were good at discussing, and his style was magnificent and simple. Su Shi's articles are free and easy, fresh and bold, with a little melancholy. His unshakable position in the literary world is confirmed by articles such as Fu on the Red Wall. His disciples are also quite promising. Together with Huang Tingjian, Qin Guan, Chao, they are called "Six Gentlemen of Su Men". During the Southern Song Dynasty, Su Shi's prose even became a model essay for the imperial examination. At that time, people said: "Su Wen is ripe and eats mutton; Su Wensheng, eat vegetable soup. " Su Zhe's article, on the other hand, was ignored in narration and was discussed for a longer time. Ceng Gong faithfully followed Ouyang Xiu's style, focusing on narrative and argumentative writing. The style of writing is natural and simple, with little rhetoric. Wang Anshi is also good at argumentative writing, and his style is vigorous and natural. However, after Du Nan, the prose in Song Dynasty began to decline, and the subsequent literati could not be compared with the Northern Song Dynasty and the Six Dynasties. "
Although Song poetry is not as good as Tang poetry, it is far superior to Ming and Qing dynasties. The Complete Works of Song Poetry, which is currently being compiled, contains more than160,000 Song poetry works. Like prose, Ouyang Xiu initiated the poetic style of the Song Dynasty, and he wrote the first poem in the history of China's poetry. Wang Anshi pays more attention to rhetorical skills and allusions than Ouyang Xiu. Su Shi's poems are varied and uninhibited. It absorbs the techniques of all poets in the past dynasties and is good at all kinds of poetic styles, especially the ancient style and the seven-character style. It can be said that it is unique, bold and smart, and has become a masterpiece of the Song Dynasty. Although Huang Tingjian was born in the Soviet Dynasty, he created Jiangxi Poetry School. His poems imitate Du Fu, pay attention to wording and sentence making, and are thought-provoking. After that, there were the "Four Masters of the Southern Song Dynasty", Yang Wanli, Fan Chengda, Lu You and You Bao, which were comparable to the Northern Song Dynasty. Yang Wanli's poems are fresh and lively, focusing on natural scenery; Fan Chengda's poetry pays attention to people's livelihood, and its style is beautiful and graceful. Lu You's poems are famous for patriotism. His poems are neat and tidy, and later generations say "good confrontation is exhausted."
Ci is the abbreviation of Qu Zi Ci, also known as long and short sentences. According to the records of Song Ci, there were 1330 poets in Song Dynasty, and the total number of works and fragments reached more than 20,400. Ci is a symbolic genre of literature in Song Dynasty. Yan Shu is known as the ancestor of poets in Song Dynasty, and his poems are graceful and graceful. Ouyang Xiu's ci is also full of Huajian style. Liu Yong has a turning point in the history of the development of Song Ci. His slow words are refreshing, which confirms the position of long tune, enriches the form of words and enriches the expression of words. His works were so popular that people said that "there is a well to drink and a willow poem to sing". Later, Su Shi thoroughly reformed the Song Ci, founded the bold school, expanded the choice of Ci, and laid the foundation for the emergence of patriotic Ci in the Southern Song Dynasty. Zhou Bangyan is the originator of metrical school, followed by Li Qingzhao, a poetess. Later, calm, healthy, difficult and difficult, and the sense of hardship made the bold school occupy the dominant position of ci. Among them, Xin Qiji made the greatest achievement.
In addition, "talking" (storytelling) was very popular in the Song Dynasty, and the content of talking was the script. The most famous are Pinghua of the Three Kingdoms, Pinghua of the History of the New Five Dynasties, Buddhist Scriptures of Tang Poetry, and Xuanhe Legacy of the Great Song Dynasty. Some vernacular novels in Ming and Qing Dynasties were also adapted from scripts in Song Dynasty.
In the Song Dynasty, the degree to which the government treated the literati was the highest in the history of China. Because the Song Dynasty attached great importance to examination, health, quality, education, education, career and occupation, it was also supported by the imperial court and government. When he was in Song Renzong, he sent letters to all counties to run schools, which further improved the discipline, promotion, system and degree. The official school in Song Dynasty was unprecedented in scale, with the official school as the center, and the He Wenguang Museum of imperial academy, imperial academy, Martial Arts, Law and Four Schools was established in the center. Calligraphy, mathematics, painting and medicine are also established in China, with the central government and ministries and commissions. County schools are set up in local areas, and academic officials are set up in the roads. Teaching, teachers are first selected by local governments, and then hired by Jinshi or graduates from imperial academy and imperial academy. Teaching, material, foundation, country, family, unification, unity, teaching and cloth are mainly based on the Five Classics.
In the Song Dynasty, in order to manage private affairs, people and learning, the official party recognized private schools as "giving plaques", "giving books" and "giving learning fields", so the academy formed a variety of ways, such as private schools, semi-official schools and official schools. In addition, scholars with knowledge and prestige at that time, such as Zhu and Lu Jiuyuan, liked to give lectures in the academy, which enhanced the prestige of private schools in the academy to some extent. Famous academies include Shigu Academy, Bailudong Academy, Songyang Academy, Yuelu Academy, Yingtianfu Academy and Maoshan Academy. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the scale of academies expanded and the number of students increased, which gradually formed another ethos of running schools and studying in society.
Joseph Needham, a scholar in the history of science and technology, believes that the significance of the Tang Dynasty in the history of science and technology is not as good as that of the Song Dynasty. The Song Dynasty was also the era with the fastest scientific and technological progress in the ancient history of China. The so-called cement movable type printing, one of the four great inventions, was born in the Song Dynasty. However, it was not until 1440 that Gutenberg movable type printing appeared in Germany and printing began to spread in Europe (1833 was introduced to China) that the literacy rate of residents around the world began to climb. In Song Dynasty, the government attached great importance to medicine, and established the Imperial Medical Bureau and Hanlin Medical College. Official medical prescriptions include Taiping Sheng Huifang, and official herbs include Kaibao herbs. The subjects of Chinese medicine increased from four to nine in the Tang Dynasty, and gynecology and pediatrics were formally formed in the Song Dynasty. Great progress has been made in acupuncture, anatomy and forensic medicine. The most famous forensic work is The Collection of Injustice in Song Ci. The most important scientific and technological work in Song Dynasty is Shen Kuo's Meng Qian Bi Tan. Meng Xi's written talks reached 30 volumes and 609 articles, which comprehensively summarized the scientific and technological achievements of the Song Dynasty at that time.
With the development of economy, handicraft industry and science and technology in the Song Dynasty, the architects, carpenters, technicians, engineers, bucket systems, architectural structures and modeling techniques in the Song Dynasty reached a high level. The architectural style is becoming more and more systematic and modular, and the architecture gradually appears free and changeable combination, which blooms a mature style and a more professional appearance. In order to enhance the indoor space and lighting, the column lowering method and the column moving method were adopted, which increased the number of bucket arches on the beams and columns, resulting in irregular beam-column layout, which jumped out of the neat pattern of beam-column layout in Tang Dynasty. The buildings in Song Dynasty are obviously slender, with curved roofs and unique minarets in Song Dynasty.
Although there were many different types of buildings in Song Dynasty, the outstanding buildings were pagodas, stone bridges, wooden bridges, gardens, royal tombs and palaces. Because of the artistic conception-oriented garden design deliberately pursuing the artistic conception of combining natural beauty with artificial beauty, the architecture of this period changed the vigorous characteristics of the Tang Dynasty, and became slim and beautiful, delicate and delicate, with soft curves, emphasis on decoration, gorgeous and complicated. The roof and corner of the building tend to tilt, unlike the rich style of the Tang Dynasty, which gives people a gentle feeling.
Historians understand the harmony of architecture in Song Dynasty through the architecture depicted in ink painting. In addition, Architectural Style written by Li Jie is an important document of architecture in Song Dynasty, which describes architecture and measurement in depth, is more organized than previous documents, and has a far-reaching impact on the architectural design of China in later generations. On the other hand, the imperial court set up officials, posts, machines and directors in charge of building construction and related affairs to take charge of palace construction, so that architectural wisdom can be systematically circulated.
Song Dynasty was the pinnacle of China's calligraphy and painting. The Emperor of Song Dynasty paid special attention to calligraphy and painting, and set up Hanlin Painting Bureau, Hanlin Painting Academy and Painting Science in the court. Painting in Song Dynasty can be divided into three categories: landscape painting, figure painting and flower-and-bird painting. From China landscape painting to Song Dynasty, there are many different schools and painters. In the early Song Dynasty, China's landscape painting inherited Hao Jing, Guan Tong, Dong Yuan and Ju Ran in the Five Dynasties, and pushed China's landscape painting to a peak. Mi Fei and Mi Youren were the most outstanding sons in the Northern Song Dynasty. They successfully combined literati painting with landscape painting style, which is beyond the reach of future generations. Famous landscape painters in the Northern Song Dynasty include Fan Kuan and Guo. The composition of the mountain peaks in The Journey to the West, Fan Kuan shows the majestic momentum of the mountain. A huge stone in the foreground is in balance with the main peak, and there is a waterfall on the mountainside, keeping the momentum up and down. After the Southern Crossing in Song Dynasty, the landscape painting style changed greatly, and ink painting was advocated. Li Tang, Liu Songnian, Ma Yuan and Xia Gui are famous, and they are known as the "Four Great Masters of Southern Song Dynasty". Li Tang, Liu Songnian and other painters are famous for their meticulous painting and exquisite neatness. Later, Ma Yuan and Xia Gui learned the painting methods of the Tang Dynasty and participated in the ink painting methods of the Southern Song Dynasty.
The combination of literati painting and flower-and-bird painting makes the flower-and-bird painting in Song Dynasty look particularly beautiful and refined. From the Five Dynasties when Huang Quan and Xu Xi parted ways, to the Song Dynasty, pure aesthetic atmosphere prevailed, so that flower-and-bird painting and landscape painting became more prosperous, almost replacing the central position of figure painting. Huang Jucai and Xu Chongsi were two famous artists in the early Song Dynasty, and their situation was quite prosperous. The landscape developed by the Northern School in the courtyard is similar to that developed by the Southern School outside the courtyard. Besides Huang Xu, Cui Bai and Song Huizong are also good at flower-and-bird painting. Hui Zong's calligraphy and painting play an important role in the art history of China. Hui Zong created "Thin Gold Style", attaching importance to calligraphy and painting. The status of Hanlin Painting and Calligraphy Institute has been greatly improved, and Zhang Zeduan, a famous painter and author of The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival, was promoted by him. His son Zhao Gou was also edified and became an outstanding calligrapher. During the period of Hui Zong, flower-and-bird painting flourished in university painting, and Hui Zong himself was a flower-and-bird painter. Li was a master of figure painting in the Song Dynasty, with a wide range of painting styles and omnipotence. The Song Dynasty was a prosperous period of boundary painting with the proportion of architecture represented by Guo Zhongshu and Zhang Zeduan. After Du Nan, paintings of historical figures began to rise. Su Hanchen's "Autumn Court Baby Play Picture" shows the spirit and eyes of two children pushing jujube mill, which is amazing. Taoist and Buddhist figure paintings were not very popular in Song Dynasty, but some important painters did appear, including Wu Zongyuan, Li, Liang Kai and others. Among them, "Eighty-seven Immortals Volume" is the most famous, and many immortals line up in a row, flowing like clouds and water, which is extremely vivid.
The Song Dynasty was the heyday of ceramic art in China. Its beautiful shape, elegance and dignity not only surpass the achievements of predecessors, but also are unmatched by imitations of later generations. According to scholars' research, the five famous kilns in Song Dynasty were Ding Kiln, Ru Kiln, Guan Kiln, Ge Kiln and Jun Kiln, and Ding Kiln was good at shallow carving of white porcelain. Ruyao, Guanyao and Geyao are mainly celadon, and celadon is made of iron oxide. First, the rotten blank is bas-embossed, then glazed and burned into cyan. Jun Kiln is located in Zhou Jun, and its works are characterized by the use of metal oxides such as iron, copper and titanium, which form various red, green, purple and white effects on the soil surface after firing. Official kilns, as the name implies, are ceramics specially fired for the royal family. In the Southern Song Dynasty, many craftsmen from famous northern kilns took refuge in the south, which brought new technology to the celadon and white porcelain crafts in the Southern Song Dynasty. In addition, the convenience of the Maritime Silk Porcelain Road makes China porcelain sell well all over the world.
Calligraphy in Song Dynasty emphasized the importance of meaning, philosophy, bookishness, stylization and artistic expression, and at the same time advocated individuality and originality. Calligraphy in the Song Dynasty broke away from the style of the Tang Dynasty and created a new bureau. Calligraphy in the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties paid attention to the embodiment of "work", while the lyrical part of calligraphy in the Song Dynasty needed to be "learned" or "bookish". Su Shi put forward the slogan "I write with my heart", and the brushwork is tight inside and loose outside, which is full of dangers and changes. Su (Su Shi), Huang (Huang Tingjian), Mi (Mi Fei) and Cai (Cai Xiang) originally referred to Cai Jing, one of the six traitors in the Northern Song Dynasty. Later generations changed to Cai Xiang because of his "treacherous character". Northern Song Sijia has changed the face of Tang Kai. Direct promotion and calligraphy heritage. No matter Cai Xiang, who is a talented and innovative person, Su Dongpo and Huang Tingjian, who admire the ancients, and Mi Fei, who dares to take risks in No.3 Middle School, they are all trying to show their calligraphy style while highlighting an unconventional posture, which makes the learning atmosphere gloomy and sandy between pen and ink and gives people a new aesthetic mood. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Wu Shuo, Lu You, Fan Chengda, Zhu, Wen Tianxiang and other calligraphers further extended. Among them, Song Huizong's special calligraphy style is called "Handmade Gold Style". However, the Southern Song Dynasty calligraphers' knowledge and pen and ink skills can't be compared with those of northern Song Sijia.
Due to the decline of the gentry in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, science, education, examinations, tests, systems and degrees were indeed widely used in the Song Dynasty, which really had a great impact on society. Science, promotion, control and degree have made a large number of poor scholars in the past become scholars, big shots, husbands, ranks and grades, which are closely related to society and have also opened the way for civilians to be officials. Through learning, knowledge, title, level of science, promotion, official career, in the Song Dynasty, it achieved a comprehensive ruling position in politics, politics, economy, law and culture, and also had many special rights in law. As a result, China, promotion, appointment and official position are the primary goals of reading, and the trend of "everything is inferior, only reading is high" has emerged in society. The Confucian concept of loyalty, filial piety and righteousness has been deeply rooted in people's hearts and spread to the whole society through various means such as society, rural conventions, clans and family gifts. Since the Song Dynasty, China has also been able to form a cultural and social group far more popular than the Tang Dynasty. Grass-roots intellectuals constitute grass-roots squires and become a bridge between villagers, officials and the government. They guide public projects, support schools and colleges, compile local chronicles, participate in local festivals, assemble disaster relief work, recruit local self-defense forces, and provide village behavior norms. During the Song Dynasty, the scholar-bureaucrat class bred through the imperial examination was a new ethnic group with politics, politics, power, strength, economic advantages and academic and cultural qualities. The combination of advantages and conditions makes this era the most common and developed in the history of China. So generally speaking, there was no obvious social hierarchy in the Song Dynasty except for some royalty and wealthy businessmen.
The commodity economy in cities and towns was particularly developed in Song Dynasty. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, there were 46 cities with a population of over100000. Including Kaifeng, Luoyang, Lin 'an (Hangzhou), Daming, Yingtian (now Shangqiu), Zhenjiang, Pingjiang (Suzhou), Jiangling (now Jingzhou), Guangzhou, Chengdu, Fuzhou, Tanzhou (now Changsha) and Quanzhou. Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, has a population of more than one million and more than 6,400 shops. In the Song Dynasty, the division system and degree of Fang city were broken, shops could be opened at will, and night markets and dawn markets also appeared. The population of the Southern Song Dynasty in Lin 'an reached 65,438+0,250,000 in 65,438+0,274, and the city was extremely prosperous. At that time, it was called the first state in southeast China. Even after the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty, Kyle Poirot still called Hangzhou "the city of paradise".
Wafangdian is an important common people's playground, with hooks and bars for public entertainment. Ten tiles in Tokyo were found in "Oriental, Peking, Dream, China, Record". Twenty-three tiles in Lin 'an were found in The Legend of Wulin. The performance content of Washer presents a new trend of commercialization, specialization, popularization and popularization. The performances mainly include rap, drama, acrobatics and martial arts. Its various forms are well received by the public.
In rural areas, clan, clan, system and degree have become the main reasons for maintaining society. Before the 20th century, China's politics and power only extended down to the county government, and were completely managed by the "township guards" and "clan leaders". Under the influence of Neo-Confucianism and scholars, officials, officials, managers, managers, social organizations, social organizations, rescue and help; Through Neo-Confucianism, businessmen rank, rank, pay, invest, operate, manage, cooperate, meet, save and help. In addition to setting up academies and concluding township agreements to stimulate moral character, the contents of assistance generally include applying for a village to help the poor, sympathize with orphans, help them, teach them and educate them; Operation, cooperation and warehousing in case of shortage; Do Jiabao to supplement local armed forces and protect the people. This spontaneous rescue, assistance, and the work and toil of scholars have become a major factor in China's society, society, security and stability since the Southern Song Dynasty. Before the Song Dynasty, the cooperation, meeting, saving, helping, living and moving between the government and the party were mostly temporary. Since the Song Dynasty, various counties have established permanent mechanisms and structures of cooperatives, associations, rescue and assistance. The patriarch established the rank and order of township, Covenant, township, regulation, coming, security, support, society and society. Local gentlemen know, preach, run, learn, save, help, things, careers, repairs, bridges, pavements, roads, etc. , hand, paragraph, construction, happiness, township and village.