After the Opium War, foreign powers invaded, and the Qing Dynasty made concessions to the outside world, even at the expense of ceding land for compensation. The people of China are constantly fighting in various forms, trying their best to resist foreign forces and seek internal reform. However, the national democratic revolution in a complete sense began with Sun Yat-sen, and his thoughts experienced the development process from reform within the system to revolution outside the system.
Patriots who grew up in foreign countries
Sun Yat-sen was born in a small mud brick house in Cuiheng Village, Xiangshan County, Guangdong Province (now Zhongshan City) on October 6th, the fifth year of Tongzhi. Cuiheng Village is adjacent to Macao, with mountains and seas at its back, and there are only 60 or 70 families. Sun Wenyou has a brother named Sun Mei (1854? 19 15), the word Zhang de, has a younger sister named Qian Miao (1863? 1955). Because Sun Wen was alias Zhongshan Qiao when he was engaged in the Japanese revolution, he was called Sun Yat-sen after the Revolution of 1911.
Sun Yat-sen's ancestors were farmers, and his father Sun Dacheng (18 13? 1888) is a poor farmer, shoemaker and night watchman. When Sun Yat-sen was 6 years old, he took part in labor, collecting firewood, raising pigs and herding cattle. He entered the village school at the age of 9, so he later said: Born in poverty? ,? A farmer, born on an acre of land, knows the difficulty of farming. .
Sun Mei, Sun Yat-sen's brother, once worked as a long-term laborer in the landlord's house, and later came to Honolulu, Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean to reclaim land. In the local area, Sun Mei opened pastures and shops, and gradually developed into an overseas Chinese entrepreneur. 1879 (Guangxu five years), Sun Yat-sen was thirteen years old and left his hometown for Honolulu with his mother. In the local area, Sun Yat-sen first studied English at the Italian Aranyi School sponsored by the Anglican Church. As early as 1850 (30 years of Daoguang), France brought democracy to Hawaii and the kingdom began to have a parliamentary system. So Sun Yat-sen can accept more new ideas at school. At the age of sixteen, Sun Yat-sen graduated and entered Aoahou College, the highest institution on the island. This school is run by the American Church, which is more liberal than the Italian Aranyi School. Sun Yat-sen can systematically accept the education of western politics and natural science, and gradually form a new world view. Sun Yat-sen thinks that the education in Honolulu is very different from that in China. After school, he often confides in his classmates in China, determined? Improve the motherland and save the same group? . Later, when Sun Yat-sen recalled this experience, he claimed to be? At that time, it was assumed that if all people in our country were free from pain, they would all enjoy happiness and then soon. ? 1883, Sun Mei ordered Sun Yat-sen to return to China for trying to be baptized and join Christianity.
Two worlds at home and abroad
On the way back to China, Sun Yat-sen first went to Hong Kong and then went home by boat. Through the China checkpoint, he personally experienced the difficulties and extortion of officials, which made him feel the difference between China and Honolulu. Back in Cuiheng Village, Sun Yat-sen went to the Hong Kong Diocese Library to study because he and his classmate Lu destroyed the statue of the Arctic Temple, which was unacceptable to the world. In the meantime, chatting with classmates about the monuments of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom often takes Hong Xiuquan as the second self-esteem. At the end of the year, join Christianity. In March of the following year, he was transferred to the Central Academy of Fine Arts. 1886 (in the 12th year of Guangxu reign) entered Guangzhou Ji Bo Hospital to study medicine, and made friends with Zheng Shiliang, a member of the underworld. The following year, I transferred to Hong Kong College of Western Medicine to study. I heard that his younger brother destroyed the idol and joined Christianity, and ordered him to return to Tan and was beaten. Sun Yat-sen not only refused, but also threw the statue of Guan Di in Sun Mei's study into the toilet and resolutely returned to Hong Kong. During his stay in Hong Kong, Sun Yat-sen saw the orderly streets, magnificent buildings and progressive society. This situation is quite different from that in his hometown. Since the two places are only more than 50 miles apart, how can they become two worlds?
From 65438 to 0892, Sun Yat-sen graduated with the first place and practiced medicine in Macau and Guangzhou successively. He is famous for his superb medical skills, and his annual income is as high as 10 thousand yuan. But he always feels that medical skills can save people, and they can save only a limited amount. The greatest power in the world is politics. Dashan? , is it ok? Great evil? What are the causes of the sufferings of the people of China? Bad politics? So, determined to give up medicine and go into politics and seek change? Doctor? For what? Medical country? ,? Reform China's bad politics? ,? Mowing the grass is bad? .
1885 After the defeat of the Sino-French War, Sun Yat-sen sprouted? Overthrow the Qing court? This idea. 1893 (19th year of Guangxu), in the early winter, a meeting was held in the anti-wind pavilion in the south garden of Guangya Bookstore in the south of Guangzhou to discuss the establishment of the company. Drive out the Tatars and restore China? A group for this purpose. However, there were very few participants, only Lu, Zheng Shiliang, You Lie, Cheng Kuiguang, Cheng Biguang and others. No name was determined at that time. Later, some scholars thought that this should be regarded as the beginning of Hui nationality in Zhong Xing.
During this period, Sun Yat-sen was still hesitant about revolution or improvement. At the end of 1893, Sun Yat-sen returned to Cuiheng Village and wrote his long-term thoughts in Li Hongzhang's letter in an attempt to persuade the rulers to take the road of self-reform. Against westernization in the letter? The ship is strong and the gun is profitable? The prosperity plan advocates learning from European countries? The foundation of prosperity? , put forward? Make the best use of people, land, and goods? Reform education and talent selection system, develop agriculture, adopt machine production, protect business and open domestic market.
Sun Yat-sen expressed his willingness to go abroad to inspect agriculture, and particularly emphasized that things in the world do not suffer from those who can't do it, but from those who can't do it; The weakness of China today is that there are few people who can do it, especially those who don't know it? In fact, it raises the question of changing people's ideas. However, Li Hongzhang was busy planning the upcoming Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. He only asked his staff to handle a passport for Sun Yat-sen and went to western Thailand, but he didn't see Sun Yat-sen and Lu, two hopeful young people.
After the petition failed, Sun Helu went straight to Beijing to seek the truth. Sun Yat-sen found that the politics of the Qing Dynasty was filthy, a hundred times dirtier than Guangzhou. In this way, Sun Yat-sen was completely desperate and determined to abandon all reform ideas within the system and engage in revolution outside the system. He went south with him, went deep into Wuhan, Haizhou and other places, investigated the geography of mountains and rivers, and prepared for future military operations. He said to himself:? Our party then sighed and knew that the peaceful method could not be repeated. However, the stronger the desire for governance, the stronger the desire for it, and the more we gradually know that peaceful means cannot be forced. ?
Honolulu Zhong Xing will be born.
1894 At the end of July, the Sino-Japanese War broke out. In September, the Japanese army occupied Pyongyang, the Chinese and Japanese navies fought in the Yellow Sea, and the Japanese navy and army lost one after another. It was about this time that Sun Yat-sen felt that the time was ripe, so he went to Shanghai first and got to know Song Jiashu? His later father-in-law Song actively supported Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary activities.
Starting from Shanghai, Sun Yat-sen went abroad to go to sea, and then went to Honolulu, intending to raise money from old relatives and friends and return to China for revolution. Upon arrival, Sun Mei first agreed, and was willing to allocate some property support, and wrote to introduce it to relatives and friends. However, the local atmosphere was closed, and Sun Yat-sen ran for more than a month and only got dozens of comrades.
165438+1October 2 1 day, the Japanese army captured Lushun and plundered it. The next day, Tian Bei, the American ambassador to China, proposed to Prime Minister Qing * * * measures to compensate Japanese soldiers for their expenses and stop fighting first, which Qing * * * accepted. 165438+1October 23rd? Send the good side? Li Hongzhang was dismissed and retained, and his top hat was removed. The fiasco of the Qing army deepened Sun Yat-sen's sense of crisis. 165438+1On October 24th, Sun Yat-sen and others set up the Zhong Xing Club in the residence of He Kuan, the Chinese manager of the Bank of British Columbia, with more than 20 overseas Chinese including He Kuan and Li Chang attending.
The year before Sun Yat-sen went to Honolulu, the US Marines landed in Hawaii, supported the local Americans to launch a coup, forced the Queen to abdicate and established Hawaii as a temporary state. When Sun Yat-sen went to Honolulu again, it was just after the formal establishment of the Republic of Hawaii. Will he? Create a trade union? Zhong Xing's pledge was obviously influenced by American democratic concept and the change of Hawaiian regime. Joint * * * refers to the federal * * * and * * * systems.
The articles of association drafted by Sun Yat-sen showed strong nationalism and patriotism, and called on Chinese at home and abroad to make joint efforts. Revitalize China? . Since then, this slogan has become the strongest voice to unite and inspire hundreds of millions of people in China.
The regulations also clarify the principles of donation, public action, revenue and expenditure, membership and minority obeying the majority (giving less and giving more), indicating that it has completely broken away from the old-style gangs and become a political group with modern democratic colors. After mobilization, the membership of Zhong Xing Association has gradually grown to about 65,438+026, including about 70 people who run small shops or farms and about 35 workers. They are all from Guangdong.
Although the number is small, Sun Yat-sen is actively preparing to launch an armed uprising. He organized some overseas Chinese to set up overseas Chinese soldiers training teams for military training, and hired a Danish as a coach to practice twice a week. There are more than 20 applicants for membership. At the same time, Sun Yat-sen launched a fund-raising campaign to raise funds. 1 12 members pay 228 yuan as foundation silver, and collect 1 100 yuan as stock silver in the name of holding public welfare undertakings. At the end of that year, the Qing soldiers failed in succession in the battle with the Japanese army, and Song Jiashu, a comrade in Shanghai, asked Sun Yat-sen to return home quickly. Sun Yat-sen decided to change his original plan, go to the American development organization and return to China for business. In order to help his younger brother, he sold some cows on the ranch, while Deng sold his own farm and shop to show his determination never to come back.
Hong Kong Zhong Xing Association? Gan hengxing?
In the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-894-1895, the Qing Dynasty was defeated by Japan, a newly rising island country, and people's resentment against the Qing Dynasty was growing day by day. Sun Yat-sen is eager to take this opportunity to announce the existence of revolutionaries to people. /kloc-in the winter of 0/894, he hurried back to China with more than 6,000 dollars funded by Deng and prepared for the uprising. A few workers, technicians and generals from Europe and the United States will accompany them.
10, Sun Yat-sen returned to Hong Kong with firecrackers to celebrate the summer calendar and the New Year. On February 265, 438+0, Sun Yat-sen, Lu, Zheng Shiliang, Yang and Xie Zuantai of Hong Kong Fu Jen Literature Society set up their headquarters at No.3/KLOC-0, Stanton Street, Central Hong Kong. Gan hengxing? . Fu Jen Literature Society was founded in 1892, with 7 sponsors, 16 people attending, and Yang Ren is the president. The participation of the members of Fu Jen Literature Society has strengthened the strength of the Red Bell Association, but it has also increased the factors of contradiction and division.
Xie Zutai thinks that Sun Yat-sen is a? A thoughtless fool? ,? He thinks there is nothing he can't do. Everything all right, cannon? ! ? Never forget? Revolution? Sometimes I concentrate? ,? Everything you say and do seems strange? Therefore, can't you? Entrust him with the responsibility of leading the movement? . It is not difficult to find some advantages in Sun Yat-sen's character from Xie's comments.
The main members of Hong Zhonghui are new intellectuals with modern political ideas represented by Sun Yat-sen, Lu and Yang. Some of them are Communist party member with traditional anti-Manchu spirit, represented by Zheng Shiliang, Deng and Xie Zutai. The way to attend the Zhong Xing meeting is extremely simple. According to records, the way is: make an appointment to have tea in the teahouse. When Sun Yat-sen arrives, everyone who stands up is a member. Members developed in this way naturally have no faith and fighting capacity.
When Sun Yat-sen was in the College of Western Medicine, condoleezza rice, an Englishman, was still in Hongkong. Sun Yat-sen revealed the purpose of his return to Hong Kong, hoping to get help from foreigners with conscience. Condley introduced Sun to Miwu, a wealthy Japanese businessman who opened a photo studio in the local area. Sun Yat-sen visited Maywood soon and said to him: Europeans and Americans call China a sleeping lion. If it's a lion, it's useful to wake up. ? If the present situation continues, China will be carved up by the colonialists of western European powers. Not only China, but all Asian countries will become slaves of Western Europe. Unfortunately, there was a war between China and Japan, but we must unite. The liberation of China from the danger of colonization is the first step to defend Asia. In order to save China, my comrades and I are going to launch a revolution to overthrow the Qing Dynasty. ? He gave a detailed introduction to Meiwu's plan to launch an uprising in Guangzhou and asked for assistance. Appreciating Sun Yat-sen's ideal and full of chivalrous spirit, Maywood immediately promised: If you send troops, I will help you financially. ? This day's conversation formed a lifelong friendship between two people. Meiwu quickly raised a sum of money for Sun Yat-sen and sent people to Macao, Singapore, Xiamen and other places to buy ordnance.
Besides Hong Kong Zhonghui, we have set up branches in Yokohama, northern Taiwan Province, Johannesburg and Fort Peter Manice, Hanoi, Vietnam and San Francisco, USA.
The first attack on the Qing Dynasty? Guangzhou Uprising
After the establishment of Hong Kong Zhong Xing Association, it actively prepared to launch an uprising in Guangzhou. Sun Yat-sen is in Guangzhou, while Yang is in Hong Kong, responsible for logistics supply and financial support. 1In March, 895, Sun Yat-sen visited Tsunejiro Nakagawa, the Japanese consul in Hong Kong, for many times, claiming that he planned to establish a republic in Guangdong and Guangxi under the leadership of Kang Youwei, and asked Japan to provide 25,000 rifles and 5,000 pistols. 16 On June 6th, Yang, Sun Yat-sen, Xie Zuantai and others discussed the plan to capture Guangzhou with 3,000 elite soldiers. Thomas, editor of Hong Kong's Chen Dexi newspaper? Huh? Read, editor of the Smithsonian? Duncan expressed support. Soon, Reid agreed to try to win the sympathy and help of Britain and the British people.
In late March, Sun Yat-sen, Zheng Shiliang, Lu and others arrived in Guangzhou and set up offices in the ancestral hall of the Wangs in Shuangmen. Agricultural society? Nominal activities. Cheng Kuiguang, a student of Ma Jiang Naval Academy, and hundreds of his navy divisions joined the Hui nationality. The basic ranks of the uprising are: Xin 'an and Shensi Socialist Party, some militia organizations in Yingyong, Sanyuanli and Xiangshan, and the green forests in Beijiang and Shunde, all of which were demobilized after the Sino-Japanese War. The specific plan is to take 3,000 unionists, headed by Yang, as the vanguard to attack local government organs in Guangzhou during the period of 65438+1October 26th, and other teams will ambush in Guangzhou separately to deal with it. Sun Yat-sen and others believe that this day is the Double Ninth Festival in the summer calendar, and many people go back to the province to sweep graves, which is conducive to covering the actions of the uprising team. In order to win the recognition of the great powers that the insurgents are warring groups, Li Dehe? Gao Wen drafted the Foreign Declaration, Hong Kong lawyers and legislators He Qi and Xie Zutai revised it, and Lu made a flag with a * * * * pattern.
10 June 16, Dr. Sun Yat-sen published the Book of Creating an Agricultural Society drafted by Feng Yong, a member of the society and a Christian pastor, in Guangzhou, soliciting comrades. In the book, Sun Yat-sen said that he would translate new books on agriculture and mulberry in various countries, set up schools, hold fairs and practice farming to encourage farmers and revitalize agriculture. Many gentry in Guangzhou participated in the initiative. One of them, Sun Yat-sen, a fellow villager in Xiangshan, became very rich and powerful because of gambling closely related to the imperial examination. He agreed with the uprising plan and kept in frequent contact with Sun. This man wants to be an emperor, pretending to be Zhu Yuanzhang and Hong Xiuquan, hoping that Sun Yat-sen is a first-class figure in Xu Da and Yang. Sun Yat-sen felt that his thoughts were old-fashioned, difficult to cooperate and gradually alienated. But in the following years, he and Sun Yat-sen still maintained a secret and complicated relationship.
10 year 10 month 10 day, the headquarters of the association was located in Hong Kong * * *, and Sun Yat-sen was elected as its president, known as the great president in history. After the uprising, he became chairman of the United front. The next day, Yang asked Sun Yat-sen to give up the presidency for himself, but Zheng Shiliang resolutely opposed it. Zheng: Everyone here is interested in Mr. Sun. If anyone is wrong, kill him himself. On the eve of the uprising, Sun Yat-sen agreed to step down in order not to cause division. On the morning of October 26th, 65438+ year/kloc-0, various parties and non-governmental organizations ambushed in Guangzhou as originally planned, but Yang sent a telegram to Sun Yat-sen temporarily, claiming that? Can't the goods come? . Unable to do so, Sun Yat-sen sent a telegram to Yang and dismissed the party leader at the same time. Don't come here, wait for your life? . Chen Shaobai thought the situation was dangerous and suggested that Sun Yat-sen leave Guangzhou. Sun said he had something to do and wanted Chen Xian to go back to Hong Kong. At the same time, member Zhu Qi's brother Zhu Xiang tipped off the arresting member Li Jialuo, and Li immediately sent soldiers to monitor Sun Yat-sen's actions. On the same day, Sun Yat-sen went to a priest's banquet and found that the road was full of courage. He smiled and said to his peers. This generation is here to spy on my whereabouts! ? On the 27th, the Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, Tan, was confirmed and immediately sent someone to search the ancestral hall of the Wangs. Six people including Lu, Cheng Kuiguang were arrested. Yang sent Zhu Guiquan and other 200 people to Guangzhou, because seven boxes of ordnance had been shipped away. When they landed on the morning of 28th, the Qing army was on alert, and Zhu Guiquan and Qiu Si were arrested. Then Sun Yat-sen lived in Guangzhou for three days. After learning that he was arrested, he burned the list of comrades-in-arms, buried a bomb, dressed as a coolie, and calmly boarded a ship bound for Macao and went to Hong Kong.
After Sun Yat-sen arrived in Hong Kong, Tan, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, informed the British consul and asked the governor to hand over Sun Yat-sen and other four people. Britain is unwilling to hand over political prisoners? Reasons for refusal, but said that if Sun Wen came to Hong Kong, he would be deported. 165438+1On October 2nd, Sun Yat-sen and Chen Shaobai, Zheng Shiliang and others crossed the sea to Japan. Deng avoided Macao, while Yang went to South Africa.
Lu was tortured after his arrest, but he was indomitable and frank. Angry at the corruption and autocracy of foreigners, the corruption and cowardice of officials, the conspiracy of foreigners and the mourning of the Central Plains, Jing Ke is everywhere. I really don't know where to cry. ? Also known as? You know, today, unless the Manchu dynasty is abolished, it will never be enough to restore the Han nationality; Not punishing the traitors is not enough to destroy the Manchu dynasty, so I especially want to punish one or two dog officials, thinking that I am a blow. Although today's failure is a great comfort, I can kill it, but those who follow me cannot be killed. ? He said to the officials:? I've finished, please hurry up! ? 1October 7, 165438+, Lu and Zhu Guiquan were killed at the same time. Cheng Kuiguang was tortured by honest officials, sentenced to 600 clubs and died. Called the Four Martyrs. Later, Sun Yat-sen called Lu Wei? China was the first person in history to die for * * * and the revolution? .
The Guangzhou uprising was not well prepared, and the strength of the enemy and ourselves was very different, so failure was inevitable. But it was the first time that the revolutionaries overthrew the Qing Dynasty by armed uprising and made a brave attempt to establish peace. Lu and others set a brilliant example for future generations with fearless sacrifice spirit.
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This article was originally published in Literature and History Reference,No. 1, 20 165438.