Characteristics of Eucalyptus
The old leaves of evergreen plants will fall off periodically within a year. Most species are tall trees, a few are small trees and a few are shrubby. The crown shapes are steeple, multi-branch and vertical branch. Leaves simple, entire, leathery, sometimes covered with a thin layer of wax. Leaves can be divided into three categories: young leaves, middle leaves and mature leaves. Most young leaves are opposite, small, heart-shaped or broadly lanceolate.
Flowers bisexual, calyx tube bell-shaped, ovary connate; Petals and calyx lobes form a cap; Stamens are numerous, anthers are heart-shaped or kidney-shaped, straight split or perforated; Disk exists; The ovary is inferior, with 2-7 cells and many ovules. The capsule is hidden in the pot-shaped calyx tube or protrudes outside the calyx tube; The disk forms a fruit margin when it bears fruit. There are many seeds, but few can be bred.
It can be as long as 100- 1 10 meter, and the maximum is 156 meter. It is the tallest tree in the world. Like light, like humidity, drought resistance, heat resistance, cold resistance, very sensitive to low temperature. Some species originated in the tropics and cannot tolerate low temperatures below 0 degrees; Some species are native to a warm climate and can withstand a low temperature of-10 degrees. Most require the annual average temperature to be above 65438 05℃, and the most Leng Yue is not lower than 7 ~ 8℃.
Eucalyptus planting techniques
Afforestation technology
Eucalyptus is the general name of eucalyptus species in Myrtaceae. Eucalyptus, belonging to Myrtaceae, is native to Australia and is mainly planted in Yunnan, Guangdong, Guangxi and western Sichuan provinces in China. There are five kinds of eucalyptus globulus, eucalyptus globulus, eucalyptus citriodora, eucalyptus macrophylla and eucalyptus copperas. Eucalyptus leaf oil (aromatic oil) can be extracted from eucalyptus leaves, and the leaves and essential oil can be used as medicine, which has the functions of diminishing inflammation, sterilizing, invigorating stomach, eliminating phlegm and expelling wind. Wood has excellent texture and corrosion resistance, and heartwood can resist termites. Widely used in construction, bridges, shipbuilding, docks, paper-making, mining, livestock pens, fuel and other industries, with remarkable economic and ecological benefits. With the development of the western region and the implementation of shelterbelt projects in the Yangtze River and Pearl River, the progress of returning farmland to forests has been accelerated, and the planting area of eucalyptus has been gradually expanded, which has a promising prospect.
Eucalyptus is a light-loving tree species. The wood is red, shiny, without special smell, with staggered textures, dense structure, hard and heavy materials and easy bending, which is very suitable for bending wood. Can be used as furniture, floors, lathes, tool handles and farm tools. Its fiber is a good raw material for papermaking, which has a high combustion value of small diameter wood, can be used as fuel and has a wide range of uses.
As one of the three famous fast-growing tree species in the world, it has strong adaptability, diverse tree species, wide uses and high economic value. It is a very rare short-term industrial timber tree species, which can be harvested and utilized in 5-8 years.
Suitable environment
Eucalyptus likes warm climate, but it is not resistant to damp and heat, the climate is overheated and it grows poorly. Yunnan is mainly distributed at an altitude of 1200-2400 meters, with weak cold tolerance and can only bear the low temperature of -7℃ for a short time. If it is kept at -5℃ for 2-3 days, it will cause different degrees of freezing damage, ranging from twigs to whole plants. Eucalyptus likes light, and a little shade will affect its growth rate. I like fertile and moist acid soil. In a good environment in Kunming, the seedlings of 1.5-2 years old can reach 1.5-2 meters high, the seedlings of 3 years old can reach 9 meters high, and the seedlings of 10 years old can reach 20 meters high. The seedlings of 20 years old grow slowly and can blossom and bear fruit after 6 years old. 15 years old.
Sowing technique
Seeds should be collected in February (1 1- 12) and sown in the following spring. Seeds can also be collected in July and August and sown that year. You can get10.5 kg seeds per 100 kg fruit, with a 1000-grain weight of 2.8 g eucalyptus globulus and10.5 g eucalyptus globulus. The germination rate of seeds is above 90%.
1. Choose a vegetable garden with fertile soil as a seedbed, sow in mid-March, and finely adjust the geographical moisture, with the moisture width of1.2-1.6m.. After soaking the seeds for 48 hours, mix them with fine sand and sow them on the seedbed, and cover them with fine manure with a thickness of 1-2 cm. Cover with film after pouring enough water, and it will be unearthed in 7- 10 days after sowing. Keep the soil moist and ventilated to prevent seedlings from being burned at high temperature. When the seedlings grow to a height of 5- 10 cm, the film is uncovered and the seedlings are tempered; When the seedlings grow to 30-40 cm high, they should be transplanted in rainy days, which is easy to survive. The best transplanting time in central Yunnan is from early June to early July.
2. Nursery seedlings in nutrient bags. After the nutrient soil is bagged, sow the soaked seeds into the bag (2-3 seeds per bag), then cover it with a layer of fine manure, then cover it with water, and pay attention to ventilation and moisture retention. Fixing seedlings during seedling growth, pulling out weak seedlings, and keeping 1 plant in each nutrient bag. When the seedlings grow to 10-20cm, they can be transplanted. Generally, seedlings are raised in early March and transplanted in rainy season in early June.
3. Seedbed management. After the seedlings emerge, pull out all weeds in the seedbed. Eucalyptus seedlings are prone to collapse. At the early stage of the disease, the seedbed was sprayed or watered with 70% Pinus elliottii solution 500 times (per mu 100 kg liquid medicine) for 2-3 times with an interval of 10- 15 days.
Transplant management
1, transplant. Transplanting is carried out after the rainy season begins in early June. The pond is 40 cm deep and 40 cm in diameter, and 300 plants are planted per mu (plant spacing 1? 2 meters), after planting, water the roots to raise the soil above the surface to prevent the roots from rotting and soil hardening, which is beneficial to the survival and growth of young trees.
2. Fertilization and pest control. After surviving, apply 50 kg of compound fertilizer or 40 kg of ordinary calcium superphosphate and urea 10 kg around the pond. Eucalyptus is vulnerable to yellow ants. After transplanting, 500 grams of diazinon particles with 10% or 3% phoxim 1 kg per mu are mixed into the chemical fertilizer and applied around the pond to mix with the soil to prevent the harm of yellow ants.
3. Young tree management. After survival, young trees are forbidden to graze, and weeds around the seedlings should be shoveled and hoed in time, and the soil should be loosened if possible to keep the soil loose. Prune 1 time every year after the seedlings grow to 2-3 years, and prune the weak branches at the lower layer, which is beneficial to ventilation and light transmission and maintain the growth of seedlings. After 4 years, leaves can be picked to extract aromatic oil.
Afforestation technology
1, afforestation site selection. Choose barren hills suitable for forest with convenient transportation, gentle slope, deep soil layer and loose fertility below 600 meters above sea level.
2. Soil preparation. Size of the hole is 40? 40? 40 centimeters.
3. Density. Plant spacing: 2? 3 meters, per mu 1 12 plants.
4. Apply base fertilizer. Within half a month before planting, the top soil should be used to return to the hole height 10 cm, and then 0.5 kg of phosphate fertilizer should be applied to each plant. Note that phosphate fertilizer should be removed evenly and not piled up, and then fill the pit with soil to the soil surface.
5. seedlings. It is required that the provenance is pure and the seedlings are of the first grade. ..
6. Planting. Eucalyptus seedlings are planted on the mountain. Because the seedlings are tender, special care should be taken in transportation and planting. When planting, you should first remove the nutrient bag, hold the nutrient soil by hand, carefully put it into the hole, then cover the soil, compact it from the side, and then compact the root of the seedling with fine soil, just enough to cover the nutrient soil. Finally, cover the surface with 3-5 cm fine soil to form a turtle back shape to prevent water accumulation in rainy days.
7. Top dressing. Top dressing 3-4 times a year. The interval should not be too short or too long, generally every 2-5 weeks. Top dressing with nitrogen fertilizer has a great influence on the quality of seedlings. In order to improve the resistance of seedlings to low temperature and drought, top dressing should be completed 6-8 weeks before frost comes. After the first afforestation 1 month, combine weeding seedlings with topdressing urea in rainy days, and apply 3-5g urea to each plant, and circle at a horizontal distance of 5 cm from the seedlings. When fertilizing, we should guard against death. The second time, each plant is 6-10g; The third time was 6- 10g/ plant; For the fourth time, more than10g urea was applied to each plant. Finally, cover a layer of fine soil with a thickness of 5-7 to prevent fertilizer loss.
Management and tending
1, management and protection. After afforestation, a special person should be arranged to take charge to prevent human and animal injuries within three years.
2. parenting. Tend to be twice. For the first time, one month after afforestation, it is necessary to cultivate soil, loosen soil and weed. In June of the following year, it was required to shovel grass, remove sprouting and expand holes. The hoeing depth is greater than 10 cm. Because eucalyptus is naturally pruned, there is generally no need for manual pruning, so as to avoid leaving scars on the trunk, resulting in poor trunk shape; When the advantages of individual tips are not obvious or there are more than two damaged branches at the top of seedlings, pruning and shaping should be carried out to promote the formation of trunk.
The value of eucalyptus
The traditional industrial utilization of eucalyptus mainly includes the following three parts: (1) The eucalyptus with large diameter is cut into veneers by rotary cutting to make plywood or laminated veneer as the core board; Eucalyptus trees that are small in diameter, branched or difficult to rotate are processed into wood chips for paper making or fiberboard production.
In recent years, China has successfully developed the manufacturing technology of high-performance eucalyptus reconstituted wood, eucalyptus laminated wood, bamboo-eucalyptus composite material, thick-core eucalyptus solid wood composite board and aldehyde-free eucalyptus plywood, and the comprehensive utilization rate of eucalyptus can be increased to over 90%.
The yield per mu is 7~8m3, about 8.4~9.6 tons, of which logs account for 85%, branches and firewood account for 15%, with a value of 3,600 yuan (470 yuan/ton forest farm price), input cost 1500 yuan/mu (five-year input cost), and the timber tax in 300 yuan is about 65,438.
Eucalyptus not only brings value to industry, but also brings economic benefits to other industries. There is a company whose product name is Eucalyptus CRM, which will flourish like Eucalyptus.
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Articles on Eucalyptus Planting:
1. Eucalyptus planting techniques in Guangxi
2. Classification of Eucalyptus varieties: Eucalyptus planting methods