Garden selection and planting
Jujube has strong adaptability, but it will grow and develop better under the conditions of loose soil, deep soil layer and sufficient fertilizer and water. Planting jujube trees on cultivated land in a planned way and intercropping jujube with grain are effective ways to develop three-dimensional agriculture and realize double harvest of jujube and grain. On both sides of Canal Road, fields, ridges and courtyards are all good places to develop jujube trees. It can also be combined with farmland shelterbelt construction to build a multifunctional and efficient compound fruit forest commodity production base.
The planting season can be spring and autumn, but spring is better. Generally, it is carried out within one week before the jujube tree germinates. Planting density; The row spacing of jujube orchards is 4-5m× 5-6m, with 22-33 plants per mu; Long-term jujube-grain intercropping, row spacing of 8-15m, plant spacing of 4-6m, planting in north-south direction. The planting hole size is generally 80 cm square, and farmyard manure 10 kg or more is applied. The planting depth should be flush with the root neck, backfilling is practical, the seedlings should be righted and irrigated immediately after planting. When planting, the roots of seedlings are dipped in phosphate mud, which is beneficial to survival.
Fertilizer and water management
In order to promote early fruiting and early harvest of jujube trees, it is necessary to strengthen the management of soil, fertilizer and water. In Hexi irrigation area, except winter irrigation, the irrigation frequency is the same as that of wheat; Fertilize 0. 1.5-0.25 kg diammonium phosphate per plant, and choose reasonable crops to facilitate ventilation and light transmission; Leave enough trees to ensure the nutritional area, dry them in time after planting, and pay attention to pruning.
1. After the soil is thawed, dig deep within 2m around the jujube tree to improve the soil ventilation. Loosening soil and weeding in time, shallow in spring and deep in autumn;
2. Apply base fertilizer before freezing in late autumn and topdressing before germination in spring. Generally, coarse fertilizer 100 kg or nitrogen, phosphate fertilizer10.5 kg and potassium fertilizer 0.5 kg are applied in furrows mixed with ridges, and each plant produces 50 kg of fresh dates. When fertilizing, dig a 40×40 cm annular ditch at the distance of 1- 1.5 m to fertilize. Urea 0.5- 1kg/ plant was applied in radial furrow during flowering and young fruit growth;
3. Where there are irrigation conditions, irrigation should be carried out before flowering, fruit setting and fruit expansion, and before winter. [5]
Plastic trimming
After planting, dry it. Fixed dry height: a jujube orchard 1 m, jujube-grain intercropping 1.5 m. Pruning is usually carried out in winter and spring. In the first three years, light pruning should be given priority to, combining promotion with control, leaving more branches and becoming crowns as soon as possible. At the same time, actively cultivate high-yield trees. At present, there are mainly trunk evacuation layered shape, multi-branch natural round head shape and open heart shape Results When pruning trees, we should control the long branches, keep the normal branches and cut off the diseased dead branches. Give priority to with short cut, remove diseased branches, dead branches, overlapping branches and upright branches, control overgrown branches and renew old branches. Pruning in summer adopts methods such as removing core, thinning branches, removing sprouting tillers and adjusting branch position. Adjust the distribution of nutrients and realize ventilation and light transmission of the crown.
Pruning is an important technical measure for jujube cultivation. In the past, pruning was not carried out, except for pruning dead branches, which allowed them to grow and regenerate naturally, resulting in messy branches, unclear levels, aging trees, outward migration of fruiting parts, more flowers and fewer fruits, low and unstable yield and low economic benefits. With the development of jujube production, on the basis of strengthening the management of soil, fertilizer and water, the relevant scientific research units have carried out pruning experiments on jujube trees, and initially explored a set of pruning methods to balance the branch potential, open the light path, adjust the relationship between fruit and growth, and make it high-yield, high-quality and long-life.
Jujube head is the basis for the formation of jujube skeleton and fruiting branches, which is mostly formed by the germination of main buds and has strong growth ability. After the growth stops, the terminal buds form, germinate the next year, continue to grow, or germinate and grow twice a year. Very courageous. The shaping of jujube trees mainly depends on jujube heads. Using jujube tree heads to expand the fruit-bearing area and add new jujube rootstocks will provide conditions for the increase and renewal of jujube trees.
The secondary branch (fruiting base branch) of jujube tree head is generally 5- 10 nodes, and each node has a main bud and a secondary bud. The main bud does not germinate in the same year, and the jujube rootstock is formed in the next year. Therefore, the secondary branch is the basis of jujube rootstock, and the secondary bud germinates in the same year, resulting in jujube hanging. Although this kind of jujube can generally blossom, it has few fruits, small fruits and poor quality. Picking the core is often used to improve the fruit setting rate and promote fruit development.
Generally, the lateral main buds at the base of the first two branches of jujube trees do not germinate in the same year, but exist in a dormant state, or form jujube rootstocks in the next year, and continue to produce jujube fruit. However, under certain conditions, if stimulated (such as mechanical damage or sufficient water and fertilizer), this jujube rootstock can also germinate jujube heads. However, in the case of weak or malnourished trees, jujube heads can also be transformed into jujube rootstocks. This mutual transformation of branches and buds is the main basis for jujube pruning.
Jujube rootstock is a shortened fruiting mother branch, most of which germinates from the main bud of the secondary branch, and the quality of jujube rootstock in the middle of the secondary branch is better. The terminal bud of jujube rootstock is the main bud, which grows continuously every year, but the growth amount is very small, only 1-2 meters. With the growth of the terminal bud of jujube rootstock, the secondary buds around it produce 2-5 jujube pendants, and the number of jujube pendants increases with the age of jujube rootstock. Under normal circumstances, the terminal bud of jujube rootstock germinates only once a year. At the same time of germination, the top stopped growing with the formation of terminal buds. If the nutrition is sufficient, the jujube rootstock will blossom and bear fruit for the second time after disaster or short-cut stimulation, extending by 1-2 meters. These characteristics are the performance of specialization of different branches of jujube, and also the excellent characteristics of high and stable yield of jujube.
Generally speaking, jujube rootstocks have strong fruiting ability. Jujube rootstocks are planted on fruiting base branches (secondary branches) and grow upward. The node strength of jujube trees with branch age of 3-7 years is the strongest, and the node strength of young (1-2 years) and old (10 years or more) is poor. The life span of jujube rootstock is generally 6- 15 years, but it is also closely related to its planting location, cultivated varieties and environmental conditions. The jujube rootstock on the first branch of jujube tree has a long life. Therefore, on the basis of comprehensive management, it is an important way to obtain high yield of jujube by correctly using pruning technology and cultivating a large number of robust jujube rootstocks.
Jujube hanging is the fruit branch of jujube, which is also called "jujube hanging" because of its softness and drooping. Jujube trees are all the fruits of hanging dates, and fall off with the fallen leaves in autumn. Also known as shedding fruit branches, it is one of the characteristics of jujube branches.
3- 15 hanging jujube can plant flowers in each leaf axil, and the middle and upper flowers have better fruit setting. Generally, jujube pendants have no branching ability, but after falling off for some reason in the growing period, new jujube pendants can still sprout from the original jujube rootstock, which has the characteristics of more sprouting and more fruits.
The flower bud differentiation of jujube is different from other fruit branches. The original flower does not appear in the bud before winter, and the flower bud differentiates between the leaves and axils when the jujube begins to sprout. Therefore, increasing the nutrition of jujube rootstock before winter is beneficial to bud differentiation. In addition, the flower bud differentiation of jujube tree is germination in the same year, differentiation in the same year, multiple differentiation, short differentiation period, fast differentiation speed and long duration. In order to improve the yield and adapt to the characteristics of flower bud differentiation, we should pay attention to strengthening the management of soil, fertilizer and water in the early stage, protecting leaves, improving nutrition, promoting differentiation and improving fruit setting rate, so as to improve the yield.
Pruning period
Pruning period is generally divided into winter pruning and summer pruning. Generally, winter cuttage can be carried out after defoliation in early years and before branches and leaves flow. However, due to the long dormancy time and poor healing ability of jujube trees, and the strong wind in spring, it is not easy to carry out cutting in winter, and it is generally appropriate to March-April. That is to say, spring pruning is better, but it is still called winter pruning. Summer pruning is carried out from late June to early July, when the jujube head begins to slow down after a vigorous growth period.
Pruning method
There are five kinds in common use: thinning, retracting, cutting short, coring and carving.
1. Thinning: A pruning method to remove dead branches, useless long branches, drooping branches and over-dense branches at the bottom of the crown. Thinning branches can make the nutrients of trees concentrated, the density moderate, the ventilation transparent, and the branch potential balanced.
2. Retraction: Shrink and cut the branches that have been extended for many years and bear fruit. It can improve the angle of branches and increase the growth potential, which is beneficial to the rejuvenation of branches and the regeneration of old trees.
14. Short cutting: Cut off the longer branches, with the purpose of increasing the nutrients in the lower part, stimulating the germination of the main buds, promoting them to grow new branches, and ensuring the robust and normal fruit of the tree.
4. Core removal: In the growing season, the terminal buds of new-born jujube will be removed, and the jujube heads will grow longer to improve the fruit setting rate.
5. Carving: It is generally useless to carve new branches above the main bud 1 cm to promote their germination, and short cutting is the main way to save trouble.