The Qing Dynasty (1616-1912) was the last unified feudal dynasty in the history of China, which experienced eleven emperors and enjoyed the country for 276 years. ?
16 16 years, Nuerhachi, the leader of the Jurchen Department of Jianzhou, established the late Jin Dynasty. 1636, Huang taiji changed his country name to Daqing. 1644, when the Ming Dynasty perished, Wu Sangui, the commander-in-chief of the Ming Dynasty stationed in Shanhaiguan, was demoted, and Regent Dourgen led the Qing army into the customs. In the same year, the emperor shunzhi moved to Beijing, and the Qing Dynasty replaced the Ming Dynasty as the national ruler.
In the following twenty years, the governments of Dashun, Daxi and Nanming were pacified. Later, the rebellion in San Francisco was pacified, Zheng Taiwan Province Province was unified, and the whole country was gradually controlled.
Kang Yong's three dynasties reached their peak. During this period, all aspects of China society reached the acme under the original institutional framework, with the greatest reform, the strongest national strength, social stability, rapid economic development, rapid population growth and vast territory.
The multi-ethnic country was unified and consolidated. The rulers of the Qing Dynasty unified the ministries of Mongolia, incorporated Xinjiang and Tibet into the territory, and implemented the policy of improving soil and returning to China in the southwest. Finally, the territory of modern China was determined, and the integrity of the country's territorial sovereignty was actively safeguarded.
But feudal autocracy also reached its peak. In the middle and late period, due to political rigidity, cultural autocracy, closed door, ideological imprisonment, scientific and technological stagnation and other factors, it gradually fell behind the West.
After the Opium War, it was invaded by foreign powers and its sovereignty and territory were seriously lost. It also began the exploration of modernization and carried out modernization reforms such as the Westernization Movement and the Reform Movement of 1898. The Sino-Japanese War and Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China further deepened the national crisis.
In the late Qing Dynasty, China was completely reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. 19 1 1 year, the revolution of 1911 broke out and the Qing dynasty collapsed. 19 12 February 12, Beiyang warlord Yuan Shikai forced the last emperor Puyi to abdicate and issued an abdication edict, ending the Qing Dynasty.
Extended data:
Two generations of emperors:
1, Nurhachi
Qing Taizu Aixinjue Luo Nurhachi (1February 2, 5591-1September 30, 626), the founding emperor of the Qing Dynasty and the founding king of the late Jin Dynasty, was fluent in Manchu and Chinese, and liked reading Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
At the age of twenty-five, he began to unify the ministries of Jurchen. In the forty-fourth year of Ming Shenzong Wanli (16 16), Nurhachi called Khan in Hetuala, established the post-Jin Dynasty, and established the separatist regime in Liaodong, thus establishing Yuan's fate. After the Battle of Salhu, he moved to Shenyang. After that, it swept Liaodong, and the Ming Dynasty captured more than 70 cities in Liaoning.
In the eleventh year of the mandate of heaven (1626), the battle of Ningyuan City was defeated. In April of the same year, Nurhachi led a large army to levy Halka in Mongolia. On August 1 1, Nurhachi died of illness and was buried in Fuling, Shenyang.
After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, he was honored as the Qing Taizu, and also called: Emperor Anye Dinggao of Shengde Renji Section of Chengtian Guangyun.
2. Huang taiji
Huang taiji (1592165438+1October 28th-1643 September 2nd1), also translated by Huang taiji and Hong Taizhu. Nurhachi, the eighth son of Aisingiorro, the emperor of Qing Dynasty, was an outstanding strategist and politician in the early Qing Dynasty, the second great Khan in the late Jin Dynasty, and the founding emperor of Qing Dynasty.
Huang taiji has been hunting and fighting with his father and brother since he was a teenager, and he is skilled in riding and shooting. After the death of Nurhachi in the 11th year of Destiny (1626), Huang Taiji was elected as Khan, and the next year was the first year of Congcong.
After Huang taiji ascended the throne, he carried out drastic feudal reforms and strengthened centralization; Strategically, we should conquer Korea and Monan Mongolia first and lift the strategic policy of attacking Ming Dynasty.
For the Ming Dynasty, it adopted the suggestion of Han people to demote officials and established the policy of "striving for self-improvement through harmony". Reuse the Han generals and weaken the strength of the Ming Dynasty, aiming at entering the customs and seizing the national political power.
In the first year of Chongde (1636), he proclaimed himself emperor in Shengjing (present-day Shenyang), with the founding name of Qing Dynasty, forcing Li Han to submit to Qing Dynasty. Hong Chengchou was captured in Jin Song War in the seventh year of Chongde (1642). Since then, the elite of the Ming dynasty has been lost, and the Ningjin defense line has completely collapsed. It has become an inevitable trend for the Qing army to enter the customs.
In the eighth year of Chongde (1643), Huang Taiji died suddenly on the eve of the Qing army's entry into Shanhaiguan, failing to realize his long-cherished wish to seize the national political power.