Botticelli was born in a silversmith's family in Florence on 1444. /kloc-at the age of 0/5, he studied painting with the famous monk painter Filippo Lippi, and later worked as an assistant under Ann Bolayoro and Wei Rocchio. /kloc-in 0/470, Botticelli became a painter of Lorenzo medici family, the ruler of Florence, and was much loved. He created many masterpieces in his life.
"Fresh lyrical breath, decorative picture processing, graceful female images and exquisite lines with a sense of rhythm" are recognized as Botticelli's artistic characteristics. In fact, his artistic characteristics are far from this. His superb picture organization ability is another remarkable feature. At the same time, some deformation factors are often mixed in the character modeling, such as the elongation of the neck and the moderate exaggeration of the proportion of brothers and sisters. These techniques are very close to the pursuit of novelty and strange aesthetic taste in modern art, so Botticelli still attracts people's attention.
But these characteristics are all elements in the form of painting, which is not enough to explain the persuasiveness of Botticelli's works. His semi-religious and semi-fantasy description of Greek mythology gave Florence, Italy a strong humanistic concern in the late15th century, which is the touching point of his works. The Birth of Venus and Spring both reflect Botticelli's thoughts on human nature in his works. Can spring stay on earth? Can youth and happiness remain? Maybe, maybe not, all these melancholy and confusion, to some extent, reflect the artist's panic and anxiety about secular life.
Although the theme of Botticelli's works is obscure and the creative intention is somewhat mysterious, we can deeply feel the mysterious and melancholy inner world revealed by the painter in his works. This is also the reflection of Florence's political situation in the eventful autumn in the works of art at the end of 15.
As an artist supported by medici family, Botticelli never found a way out of his own thoughts. On the one hand, he lived in Lorenzo's magnificent court, and his works were stained with the expensive words and culture of the upper class; On the other hand, he "cares" about the goddess Grace, which is the embodiment of human nature in his secular life. For example, the dynamics and lines depicting elegant women are repeated over and over again. Thus, the painter's contradictory mentality towards reality is clear at a glance.
Botticelli was very depressed and confused in his later years, and savonarola's death made him lose his spiritual support. The original soft and smooth lines, delicate and elegant lyric meaning no longer appear, replaced by the firmness and simplicity of character modeling; The extreme exaggeration of the characters' emotions. As described in "Defamation", but the concern for human nature is as always. Desire for "truth" (naked woman); The condemnation of "slander" (black-robed old woman); As well as anger at human weaknesses such as hypocrisy, jealousy, betrayal, deception, ignorance and credulity, are all shown in the works.
The painting "Defamation" is based on the narrative words of the ancient Greek poet Lv Xian on a painting by the ancient Greek painter Ape. Painted on 1495, it is a wooden egg mortar painting of 62 * 9 1 cm. It is now in the Uffizi Museum in Florence.
Sandro botticelli (1444— 15 10) was the last master of the Florentine school in the 5th century. He spent his life mainly in Florence, and studied painting with Lippi in his early years, paying attention to line modeling, emphasizing elegant rhythm and rich and bright colors. His paintings are mostly based on literary works and ancient myths and legends, and are no longer limited to religious themes, so he can express his personality and secular feelings more freely. His masterpieces The Birth of Venus (about 1482) and Spring (1478) are full of tender poems, which fully express the painter's love for art and are full of humanistic optimism. The composition of "Spring" is unconventional. The characters are arranged in a forest, with Venus in the middle, the flower god spreading flowers on the right and three beautiful gods on the left. The dynamics of the three beauties and the wrinkled lines fully reflect Botticelli's good line rhythm. The Birth of Venus is also an original work. Although it lacks real spatial perspective, it does not give people the impression of a flat plate, and its secret also comes from the use of lines. Botticelli creates a sense of volume with dynamic lines, creating one illusion after another. At the same time, he used a series of cool colors to make a steady and delicate contrast, such as the light green of the ocean, the sky blue dress of Fengshen, the blonde hair of Venus and so on. In his later years, due to the social unrest in Florence, Botticelli's art began to return to religious sentiment, reflecting his spiritual crisis, which was reflected in his works such as Slander and The Birth of Jesus. In Slander, the once lyrical color no longer exists, replaced by dramatic passion, and the previous soft lines and delicate emotional rendering are replaced by stiff and simple outlines and highly clear expressions.
At the same time as Botticelli, there were also painters Antonio, Bolayo Olo (about 1429- 1498), Kilanda Joo (1449- 1494), and Rocchio, a sculptor, painter and arts and crafts artist (/kloc).
Florence College is the art center of Italian painting and sculpture in15th century. Its development determined the mainstream of Italian art development in this period, and also influenced other painting schools in this period, such as umbria painting school and Padua painting school.
Many painters of umbria School have been to Florence, but they still keep their own style, among which Francesca (about 14 10- 1492) is the most successful. His early study in Florence made him deeply study Ma Saqiao, Uccello and Brunisky, and made him an important link between Ma Saqiao and Leonardo da Vinci. He also carefully studied the works and theoretical problems of Giotto and others, and wrote papers such as "On the Perspective of Painting" and "On the Correct Form" in his later years of blindness. His works are famous for their softness and calmness, and he is good at using bright colors to deal with spatial relations. The clear and powerful outline makes his works decorative. The altar icon The Gift of Christ is his early work. This work is simple in shape, clear and solemn, and grand in style. The images of Christ, angels and saints are typical images handed down by the people, full of dignity and internal tension. The characters are three-dimensional and powerful, with strict proportion, high sense of volume and strict sense of space. The whole picture is unified in color with silver tones, and it is permeated with a pure and natural sense of sacredness. "The Queen of Sheba Meets King Solomon" is divided into two events, and Piero Della Francesca organized these two events and many characters with internal rhythm. The outstanding feature of this work lies in the pursuit of generalization and geometric treatment of modeling and the pursuit of clarity and refinement of narrative. In terms of color, the painter shows the roses and light green on women's clothes on the gray-green landscape, creating a heavy sense of relief. The portraits of Grand Duke urbino and his wife best reflect Piero Della Francesca's achievements in color. The characters in the picture are all portrayed in profile, and the sense of volume of the face is shaped by circular outline and soft light and shade rendering. The Grand Duke of urbino, dressed in red and wearing a red hat, distanced himself from the light blue sky and the gray scenery. The plane treatment between two pieces of red, the wonderful contrast between gray and red, and the low horizon jointly create a commemorative majestic momentum. Flu Cesca's later works are softer and more transparent. Perugino (1445-1523) is also an important member of umbria School of Painting, and his protege includes the later famous master Raphael.
Apart from Florence, Padua is also the birthplace of humanism in the15th century. Here, 1222 founded a university. Besides studying scholasticism, its exploration also involves new and advanced academic fields, such as medicine, astronomy and mathematics. At the same time, collecting ancient languages, ancient cultural relics and manuscripts has become a habit. Since14th century, it has become the cultural center of northern Italy. Mantania (143 1- 1506) is a representative figure of Padua school in the 5th century. In his early years, influenced by Uccello's perspective and Donatello's classical style, he formed a solid, accurate and delicate expression technique, and studied and reformed ancient Roman art and Gothic art. Clear and solid sketches, bold lines, sharp-cut images, sculptural sense of form and strong sense of color are the common characteristics of all his works. 1In the 1940s and 1950s, Mantania made a series of murals for the church of Eli Mitani, most of which were based on the Bible, but he played an outstanding role in perspective, depicting a series of indoor scenes and streets in semi-ancient Greece-Rome and semi-Renaissance, and the plot of the picture was displayed from indoors and streets. In one of the paintings entitled "St. James Goes to the Death Row", Mantania also successfully uses the bottom-up perspective reduction method, with a big arch in the foreground and a street passing through it. Like several other murals, this painting is full of commemorative tendencies. The Dead Christ is Mantania's later easel work. As far as its profound drama conception and modeling treatment are concerned, it is a very original composition work, and its tragic expression is rare in similar works in Italy. It can be said that Mantania's rigorous style painting is an outstanding contribution and summary to the early Renaissance. He captured the concept of ideal man in art from the image heritage of ancient Greece and Rome, and the images he created, whether Saint James or Christ, were the projection of the generalized heroic image of people of that era.