(1) winter pruning
Type of shortcut
There are six basic methods of winter shearing: short shearing, thin shearing, retraction, long laying, angle opening and direction changing. Each pruning method has positive and negative effects on the whole and part, and its influence is regular and comprehensive.
1. Shortcut
(1) The degree and response of short cutting refers to cutting off part of annual branches. According to the cutting amount, it can be divided into light cutting, medium cutting, heavy cutting and extremely heavy cutting.
(1) is light and short. Generally, cutting off the branch length of 1/4 has less stimulation on the formation of branches, and the tree is relaxed, which can form more short and medium branches, which is beneficial to the formation of flower buds.
② Medium and short cutting. About 1/3 ~ 1/2 branches were cut off, and after cutting off, there were more medium and long branches, and branches formed and grew vigorously.
(3) heavy and short. Generally, 1 ~ 2 vigorous branches or medium-long branches can be produced under cuttings, which are often used to cultivate branches or regenerate branches.
④ Extremely heavy and short cut. Leave 1 ~ 2 dead buds at the base of the branch, and after cutting, 1 ~ 2 weak branches can be produced under the incision, which has the functions of reducing the branch position and weakening the branch potential.
Transient reaction
(2) the application of short section
Promote branching and improve branching ability
(2) Increase the taper of branches to form a solid skeleton. After the branches are cut short, the thickness of the base branches can be increased, the tapering degree can be increased, the skeleton is firm, and the proportion of large and medium branches is large.
For long branches, the thickening of base branches is slow, the tapering degree is small, there are many branchlets growing on the branches, and the skeleton stability is poor.
Continuous short branch
Continuous long branch
③ Change the branch angle and extension direction.
Using the angle of back bud to open branches
Use buds on the back to raise the angle of branches.
(4) Chopping the culture buds.
Big branch and short cut cultivation
Cultivation of small and medium branches by short cutting method
Fine branches
(1) refining method and reaction
① Thinning method. Cutting the branches completely from the base is called draining, also called draining, or draining.
Sparse branchlets: Scissors should be placed along the branching direction or side of branches, and the cutting mouth should be gently inclined, which is labor-saving and smooth, and the wound is easy to heal.
Sparse branchlets
Sparse the branches in the middle: hold the pruning shears in one hand and gently push the branches out of the scissors with the other hand, so that the branches can be easily broken without too much effort.
Sparse middle branch
Sparse branches: the cutting seam should be smooth, and the residual branches should not be left too high. There are two kinds of sawing. Secondary sawing method: first saw 1/3 ~ 1/2 from bottom to top at the base of the big branch, and then saw it from top to bottom, and the upper and lower saws should be aligned. Residual pile method: firstly, cut off half from bottom to top 20 ~ 30 cm above the base of the big branch, then cut off half from top to bottom, and the branch will be broken from the saw mouth due to gravity sag, and finally cut off the residual pile.
Sparse boughs
② Branching reaction.
Note: ⊕ indicates a positive effect and promotes the growth of this branch (group). The same below.
Indicates negative effects and inhibits the growth of this branch (group). The same below.
Sparse and low vigorous branches
Weak branch group and dense branch group
(2) Application of thinning branches
(1) For ventilation and light transmission, dense branches, overlapping branches and cross branches should be thinned out.
Sparse and dense branches
Sparse overlapping branches
Overlapping branches: On the vertical plane of the middle trunk or main branch, the two branches are very close to each other, and their growth is not much different from the branch age. Such branches are called "overlapping branches".
Cross-branch: Two branches growing on the trunk or main branch. After several years of growth, these two branches are in a cross state, intertwined and interfered with each other, which is called "cross branch".
Sparse cross branch
② Balance tree potential. For the vigorous growth of the main branches, it is necessary to sparse more branches, leave moderate branches, and leave more fruits appropriately to slow down growth. For the weak main branches, we should cut more and sparse less, and leave less fruits to rejuvenate them.
Balanced tree potential
③ Concentrated nutrition. It is necessary to remove weak branches, sprouting branches and clustered branches to reduce the consumption of nutrients.
Thinning weak branches
Sparse branches
Sparsely sprouted branches
④ Keep the normal tree structure. Timely thinning out competitive branches, upright branches on the back and long branches.
Sparse long branches, upright branches on the back and competitive branches.
⑤ Keep the branches strong. Keep the branches strong by thinning out some weak flowers or developing branches.
P> cherishes the fragile flower bud branches. Restrain the former and promote the latter. Step 3 retract
Cutting of branches over 2 years old is called pruning, also known as pruning.
Method and application of (1) retraction
① Reverse retraction.
Reverse retraction
② Controlled retraction.
Control parallel branch
Control the vigorous growth of branches and cultivate short-axis branches.
Auxiliary branch control
Controlled retraction
③ rejuvenation and retraction.
Retraction of drooping branches
Upper strong and lower weak branch retraction
Slender branch retraction
Cross flower branch retraction
④ Update retraction.
Regeneration of old and weak trees
(2) The retraction response varies with the retraction position. Branching reaction under the retraction incision: When the thickness of the retraction incision is less than the thickness of the first branch under the incision, the branching growth potential is enhanced. When the thickness of the retraction incision is greater than the thickness of the first branch under the incision, the growth potential of the branch is weakened, and the second and third branches are enhanced.
Retraction reaction
4. dense records
Long release, also called slow release or throwing release, refers to the free growth of annual branches without any pruning.
(1) long-term exposure reaction
① Reduce long branches and increase short branches to promote flower bud formation.
Among the long branches, there are many short branches and few long branches.
(2) Reduce the taper and soften the branches.
Long branches have small cones and soft branches.
(2) Precautions for long-term storage: Erect branches, competitive branches and long-term branches cannot be stored directly, and should be leveled before storage. Long branches should be moderately strong branches.
Matters needing attention in long-term release
5. Aperture angle
(1) Stretching angle In the growing season, branches with small angles should be stretched with ropes or spread out with wooden sticks.
Support angle
(2) When the main branch is thick, the opening angle of the back three saws is as deep as 1/3 of xylem, and then the opening angle is opened.
Saw the corner with three saws at the back.
(3) Change the head of the back branch When the backbone branch is upright, you can choose a larger branch as the head.
Back branch change head
(4) Drop branches with mud or stones.
Falling branches
(5) when the inner bud is trimmed, the inner bud is left as a cutting bud, and the second bud and the outer bud are left together; When pruning in the second year, cut off the branches sprouting from the inner buds and leave the outer buds as extension branches. This pruning method is called "pushing the inner buds outward"
Push out the inner buds and leave the outer buds.
(2) Summer pruning
1. Wipe and remove buds. Breaking the bud immediately after germination is called wiping the bud, and cutting it off when the bud has grown into a new bud is called removing the bud.
Fixed stem refers to the unified standard cutting of seedling height according to the requirements of trunk height and plastic belt width after seedling planting.
Wipe off the buds under the plastic belt after drying.
Plastic band refers to the branch section of the main branch selected below the cutting bud after the seedlings are fixed.
2. Cut before flowering
On the basis of pruning in winter, the reserve of flower buds should be further adjusted at the bud stage, mainly for the situation of excessive flowers in big trees and individual branches. Re-cutting before flowering can save storage nutrients, obviously improve the fruit-setting rate, increase the number of fruit-setting, and overcome the big and small years.
Pruning before flowering
3. Eye injury and ring cutting
(1) An eye injury is called an eye injury. Use a knife to carve a line (or lines) 0.5cm above (or below) the bud (or branch) and reach the xylem.
Eye trauma can be divided into suprabud eye trauma and subbud eye trauma. Injured bud eyes can promote branch germination; Eye injury under bud can inhibit bud sprouting.
After the stem is fixed, the third to fifth buds are cut off.
The third and fourth buds are cut off by the extension branches of the main branch.
Bud carving and branch repair
Balance the branch potential (saw 2 ~ 3 bark cuts)
(2) A ring cutter or a ring cutter cuts a certain number of passes in a certain part of the branch or trunk of the pear tree to reach the xylem.
Ring cutting can promote germination and flower formation, and the cutting spacing is 15 ~ 20cm.
Ring-cutting long bare-legged branches to promote flowers
Step 4: Choose the core and cut the tip.
Pear buds germinate in the same year, the branches with leaves are called "new shoots", the tender parts of the tips of the new shoots are removed by hand, and the cuttings of the new shoots are called cuttings.
Picking and pruning in spring can control the growth of new shoots and promote branching (but not suitable for varieties with low branching ability).
Pruning in summer can improve the ventilation and light transmission of crown.
Cutting off the shoots after the branches stop growing can promote the maturity of the branches.
Picking the heart and its reaction
Softwood cutting and its reaction
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Take a branch
Taking branches can control the growth potential of annual erect branches, competitive branches and long branches. The specific method is: when the branches are lignified in July, take the branches from the base of the branches by hand, and you can hear the xylem break without breaking the skin. Bend every 5 ~ 10 cm. When a few people bend down, the branches are horizontal or drooping. Some places are also called smooth branches.
Reaction after taking branches in the process of taking branches
Waist girding and flower promotion
Girdling to promote flowers: from mid-May to mid-June, girdling is carried out on the trunk or branches of Wangqiang tree, and the stripping width is about110 of the diameter of the stripped branches. After girdling, the wound should be protected in time. The wound can be wrapped in plastic film or kraft paper to facilitate healing. After 20 days, dressing should be removed. After girdling, the organic nutrients produced by leaves are trapped in the branches and buds above girdling. The effect of flower promotion and length control is very obvious. Young and lush trees and dense planting gardens are the best.
longitudinal cutting
ring
Living nutrition girdling method
Upper and lower double semi-ring demoulding method
Peel only thick branches.
Turn the skin around (to be bandaged)
For the branches or trunks that are not too lush, it is not necessary to gird them directly, but the phloem can be attached to the branches or trunks of pear trees upside down after girdling. This method is called stripping.
7. New cutting-edge opening methods this year
In July and August, when the new buds grow long enough to stop growing, use a W-shaped angle opener or angle nail to open the angle. Save labor and money, and the effect is good. W angle opener is made of No.8 iron wire, with a length of 15 cm, bent into a W shape and nailed to the base of the new tip. Open-angle needles are needles made of bamboo itself, which are as thick as bamboo needles for knitting sweaters, 7 cm long and extremely sharp at both ends. Stick the bark firmly at the bottom corner of the branch.
W angle opener angle opening method (wait until the branches become soft)
Open-angle stitch method (take the branch and soften it before supporting it)
(3) Determine the appropriate amount of pruning
Moderate pruning
Too much pruning
1. Young tree period
More branches should be left in the young tree period, and the flourishing trees should be leveled, increasing the number of branches and slowing down the growth. Trunk branches and extension branches should be properly cut short to prevent being cut short and overweight.
2. Full fruiting period
Trees in the full fruit period should be ventilated and light-permeable, so as to keep the trees strong, and it is appropriate to leave about 40 thousand branches after winter pruning. Too many branches, poor ventilation and light transmission; Excessive pruning, few branches, easy to grow.
The pruning amount of trees in the full fruit period is moderate.
(4) Potential pruning and potential pruning
1. Useful pruning
The pruning method to enhance the growth potential is called potential pruning (the dotted line in the figure indicates the growth trend after taking measures). Use when the growth potential of plants, backbone branches or branches is weak.
(1) Select strong branches and leave strong buds.
(2) Less thinning, more cutting and less flowers.
Choose strong branches and leave strong buds.
Sparse less, cut more and spend less.
(3) Reduce the amount of fruit left.
Reduce the amount of surplus fruit
(4) Retraction
(5) Go flat and keep straight
take back
Go flat and stay straight, go weak and stay strong.
(6) Raise the angle
(7) weaken the growth of adjacent branches
Raise the angle
Weaken the growth of adjacent branches
2. Decreasing pruning
The pruning method to weaken the growth potential is called potential reduction pruning (the dotted line in the figure indicates the growth trend after taking measures). Descending pruning is often used for overgrown plants, backbone branches or branches.
(1) Select weak branches, leave weak buds and cut lightly.
(2) Dredge the robust branches and reduce the growing points.
Select weak branches, leave weak buds and cut lightly.
(3) Increase the fruit surplus.
(4) Go straight and stay flat, stay strong and stay weak.
Sparse strong branches and reduce growing points.
Increase the number of surplus fruits.
Go straight and stay flat, stay strong and stay weak.
(5) Increase the angle
(6) The growth of environmental development is weak.
Increase the angle
The growth of environmental development is weak
(7) Extremely heavy and short cut, reducing the amount of branches.
Extremely heavy and short cut, reducing the number of branches
(5) Comprehensive application of pruning technology
1. Positive and negative effects of pruning
Pruning pear trees is a comprehensive application of various methods, and the comprehensive effect meets the pruning requirements is called positive effect; On the contrary, it is a negative effect, and the coexistence of the two effects is also called a double effect. When the positive effect plays a leading role, the pruning effect is good. If heavy pruning is used to promote local growth, the heavier pruning, the more obvious the positive effect of local branch growth and the more obvious the negative effect of overall crown growth.
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Positive and negative effects of pruning
2. The transfer of top advantages
When shaping young trees, the top of the central trunk is higher than the top of the main branch, and the advantage of the top of the central trunk is more obvious. In production, in order to prevent the center from being too strong, the height difference between the top of the main branch and the center trunk should not be too large except for cutting the main branch lightly and leaving more fruits.
The top of the erect branch has strong advantages, vigorous growth and late fruiting. When pulling branches, the branches should be pulled to 80 ~ 90 degrees, and don't bow.
Top-level superior performance under the same cutting degree
When pulling a branch, the top advantage of different postures of the branch shows the transfer of the top advantage.
3. Pruning amount and pruning method
The total amount of branches cut after pruning is called pruning amount. Pruning amount can affect the growth and results of trees. The greater the pruning amount, the stronger the growth potential. When the pruning amount is too large, it will destroy the coordination between growth and results. Therefore, when pruning, when a certain part needs to adopt a certain pruning method in order to achieve a certain purpose, we must pay attention to the total pruning amount of the whole tree.
Too much pruning leads to long branches and less fruit.
When thinning large branches, other parts should be lightly cut.