Since the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee, the national economy has entered a new period of development. 1982 the 12th congress of China * * * production party put forward the great goal of quadrupling the total industrial and agricultural output value by the end of this century. It is pointed out that "railway transportation has become an important reason restricting the development of national economy, and the transportation capacity can not meet the needs of traffic growth." In order to change this situation, the railway must carry out a series of key construction, accelerate development and improve its capacity. " According to this spirit, the railway puts the emphasis of capital construction on strengthening the technical transformation of existing railways, and appropriately arranges some necessary new line construction, and puts forward the strategy of "attacking Daqin in the north, Hengguang in the south and taking East China in the middle". At the same time, speed up the transformation of traction power, improve the repair ability of locomotive and rolling stock, focus on supporting railway transportation equipment, improve transportation capacity and solve the weak links in transportation. This major decision is embodied in the sixth five-year plan from 198 1 and the seventh five-year plan from 1986. During the "Sixth Five-Year Plan" period, the investment in capital construction completed by railways was the largest in previous five-year plans. Among them, the investment in existing railway reconstruction accounted for 33.2%. Double-track laying 1.870 km, making most of the main lines in the operating railways double-track, rebuilding and building 2,483.5 km of electrified railways and adding 342 1 km of internal combustion railways. The proportion of diesel locomotives and electric locomotives has increased to 34.6%, so diesel locomotives and electric locomotives account for 39. 1% of the completed traction tasks. In transportation organization, many reforms have been carried out. Organize heavy-haul combined trains to improve the weight of freight trains; Expand the formation of passenger vehicles and tap the transportation potential; Centralized LTL transportation is adopted to reduce the number of trains and handling stations along LTL and improve the running speed; Reform the working system of locomotive crew, implement the long-distance bus ride system, and give full play to the locomotive capacity; Develop container and containerized transportation, improve freight efficiency and so on. By the end of 1985, the national railway mileage had reached 52 1 19 km, and the passenger and cargo conversion turnover had exceeded 1 trillion-ton km. The Seventh Five-Year Plan period began at 1986. After the implementation of the input-output contract responsibility system, the enthusiasm of railway workers was further mobilized. Beijing-Qinhuangdao, Daqin (Phase I) and other double-track electrified railways have been built one after another. The Dayaoshan Tunnel, with a total length of over 14 km, was successfully connected, and the Beijing-Guangzhou railway, the north-south trunk line, was opened to traffic, greatly improving the passing capacity. Lanzhou-Xinjiang Railway was built to Alashankou, and the steel transportation line across Chinese mainland was completed. Great progress has also been made in the transformation of other old lines and the locomotive and rolling stock industry. (1) since the reform and opening up, the task of coal transportation has greatly increased. Coal freight volume accounts for more than 40% of railway freight volume. Therefore, during this period, the Ministry of Railways focused on solving coal transportation. The newly-built Shi Zhuan Railway is a sea passage for coal in Zhou Zhou coalfield and Tengzao coalfield. New Shi Zhuan Railway, Shi Zhuan Railway and Taijiao Railway are connected into an east-west trunk line parallel to the eastern section of Longhai Railway, which is a channel for mountain coal to go to sea. The electrified double-track railway under construction in Daqin is the first modern railway in China that mainly transports coal and runs heavy-haul unit trains. This railway will be an important channel for coal transportation in Shanxi, Inner Mongolia and Ningxia, and will play an important role in developing coal bases in mountainous areas and increasing the transit of coal in Inner Mongolia and Ningxia. The western section of Lanzhou-Xinjiang Railway from Urumqi to Alashankou is connected with the railway of the former Soviet Union. It is another important international trunk line connecting China with the former Soviet Union and an important part of the Eurasian continental bridge, which is of great significance in politics, economy and national defense. The Beijing-Qinhuangdao railway is 290 kilometers long, from Shuangqiao, the hub of Beijing, to Qinhuangdao. It is an important channel of Shanxi coal transportation north line, and it is also the first newly-built double-track electrified railway in China, which adopts at power supply mode for the first time. The Beijing end of this line 155km is the second line of Tongtuo Line built at 1975, and the rest are newly built. Beijing-Qinhuangdao Railway 198 1 started in September, 1984 was opened to traffic, 1985 was put into operation, and 1986 completed the optical cable digital communication system. Right: The electric locomotive pulls the coal train. ◆ Shanghai-Shijiazhuang Railway starts from Cheng Jiazhuang, beijing-shanghai railway and ends at Shijiusuo Port in the Yellow Sea, with a total length of 308 kilometers. It is a channel for Shanxi and Shandong coal to go to sea. 198 1 start, 1985 put into production. Xinyi Railway Xinyi Railway starts from Xinxiang, Beijing-Guangzhou Railway, crosses the Yellow River, enters Dongming, Shandong Province, and reaches Yizhou, with a total length of 3 15 kilometers. Jining to Heze section 1977 started, 1982 was completed, Xinxiang to Heze section 1983 started, 1985 was completed. The total length of Changdong Yellow River Bridge is10282m, with 30 piers1seat, and a yield station of1243m is set on the bridge. The bridge was completed in June 1985. This section of the Yellow River is "navigable with water and navigable without water", and the riverbed changes dramatically, so it is called "tofu waist", and the project is very difficult. ◆ Daqin Railway Daqin Railway starts from Hanjialing, the hub of Datong, and ends at Qinhuangdao, with a total length of 653 kilometers. In Huailai, Hebei Province, it crosses Fengsha Railway, and in Huairou, a suburb of Beijing, it crosses Jingtong Railway and Jingcheng Railway. 1985, 1992. This railway is an important channel for coal transportation in Yanbei, Pingshuo, Inner Mongolia and Ningxia, with an annual transportation capacity of 654.38+ 1 100 million tons. The whole line adopts advanced technology and equipment, reaching the international level in 1980s ◆ Wu 'an section of Lanzhou-Xinjiang Railway runs from Urumqi to Alashankou, which is connected with the railway of the former Soviet Union, with a total length of 467 kilometers. Road 1958 started, 19 1 stopped, 1985 resumed, and was completed in September 1990. ◆ Tonghuo Railway Tonghuo Railway runs from Tongliao, Inner Mongolia to Huolinhe, with a total length of 4 19 km. It's a railway for Huolin River to transport open-pit coal. /kloc-0 started construction in may, 1978,/kloc-0 opened to traffic in 1984,/kloc-0 put into operation in June, 1989, and 3 1 February. This railway is of great significance to lignite transportation, solving the energy shortage in Northeast China and Inner Mongolia, promoting economic development along the railway and consolidating national defense. ◆ The investment in environmental protection project of Qinghai-Tibet Railway will reach1200 million yuan, setting a record in the history of railway construction in China. This was revealed in the white paper "Ecological Construction and Environmental Protection in Tibet" published by the State Council Information Office here on the 10th. The white paper says that the goal of "building an eco-friendly railway" was set at the beginning of the Qinghai-Tibet railway construction demonstration. In the selection of railway lines, try to avoid the key areas where wildlife lives and activities. For the sections that cannot be avoided and must pass through the wildlife activity area, according to the habits and migration laws of wildlife along the line, 25 different types of wildlife passages are set up in different sections; In many areas, dry bridges are specially set up as the passage for wildlife migration, which ensures the normal activities of wildlife along the railway to the greatest extent. For example, in June and July, in order for Tibetan antelopes to successfully breed real estate through the construction site, the contractors related to the Qinghai-Tibet Railway stopped work for 4 days, and the construction workers and machinery were evacuated from the construction site. According to the white paper, in order not to destroy the natural environment such as grasslands and wetlands, great attention is paid to the protection and restoration of surface vegetation during construction. Turf in areas where vegetation is difficult to grow, subgrade and places where construction vehicles pass should be preserved, transplanted in sections and stored in other places, and then covered on the surface of completed subgrade slope or construction site to minimize the loss of surface vegetation. For areas with good natural conditions, select grass species suitable for plateau growth, supplemented by suitable sowing and seedling raising techniques, and try to restore surface vegetation. Artificial grass cultivation experiments were carried out in areas with slightly better natural conditions, supplemented by techniques such as spray sowing and plastic film mulching. The special experiment of planting grass on subgrade in the source area of the Yangtze River and Tuotuo Plateau has achieved initial results. According to the white paper, the stations after the completion of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway will use environmental protection energy, mainly including electric energy, solar energy and wind energy for heating. Centralized collection and treatment of garbage in the station; Domestic sewage should be treated and discharged up to standard, and used for greening as much as possible; The bus adopts a closed body, and the garbage on the bus is bagged and transported to the plateau station for centralized treatment. The management adapts to the characteristics of the plateau, adopts the central station management mode, and sets up 7 central stations along the whole line. Each central station has a control radius of about 80 kilometers and is fully responsible for driving and maintenance. Try to adopt remote automatic control and mechanized maintenance, reduce the number of plateau institutions and personnel, and maximize the protection of the natural ecological environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. (2) Adopting advanced technology to accelerate railway modernization The only way to solve the shortage of railway transportation capacity is to adopt advanced technology to accelerate railway modernization. In the aspect of rolling stock, high-power traction power and new vehicles are adopted to expand train formation, increase train weight and speed up operation. Therefore, several new diesel locomotives and electric locomotives, as well as passenger cars and trucks, have been developed. At the same time, technology was introduced and a number of diesel locomotives and electric locomotives were imported. From 1949 to 1989, the railway rolling stock factory * * manufactured 1, 139 electric locomotives, 4,953 diesel locomotives, 3 gas turbine locomotives, 9,659 steam locomotives and 26,922 buses (including 447 subway buses). In terms of signals, we will vigorously develop automatic and semi-automatic blocking systems, and carry out electrical centralization, dispatching centralization and dispatching supervision to improve the running speed and ensure traffic safety. Develop long-distance small coaxial cables and increase long-distance cables in communication; Carrier machines are developing towards 300 and 960 channels; Railway long-distance telephone automation is developing in the direction of 300-6000 multi-door crossbar automatic switching. In addition, optical fiber communication and special communication have been developed, such as dispatching telephone, interval telephone and train wireless dispatching telephone. In freight transportation, we should speed up the development of container transportation, improve the level of mechanized loading and unloading, and reduce labor intensity. In the aspect of line maintenance mechanization, in addition to the self-developed tamping machine, track laying machine, slag unloader, ballast shaper, long-track transport vehicle and screen cleaner, a complete set of large-scale road maintenance machinery was introduced, which improved the line quality. The construction of bridges and tunnels is also constantly innovating, and a number of bridges and tunnels with complex technology have been built; A number of bridge factories with advanced technology to produce steel beams and concrete beams have been built. ◆ Dayaoshan Tunnel Dayaoshan double-line electrified tunnel is located in Yaoshan mountain area of Nanling Mountain in northern Guangdong between Shiping and Lechang of Beijing-Guangzhou line, and it is a key contributor to the construction of the second line of Hengguang, with a length of14,295 meters. The tunnel construction adopts four inclined shafts and vertical shafts for excavation by stages, and the tunnel adopts composite lining structure and is constructed according to NATM. At the same time, large-scale modern machinery is used to realize the comprehensive mechanized flow operation of blasting, loading, transportation, shotcrete and anchor support and concrete lining. ◆ Shanghai Maglev Train World will shake the maglev train projects in China and Shanghai, and the "maglev speed" will rewrite the new speed of human ground travel. Since Watt invented the steam engine and the Wright brothers invented the airplane, the history of world transportation development will also turn a new page.