Morphological characteristics of laurel
appear
Laurel is a small evergreen tree or shrub with a height of12m and dark brown bark. Branchlets are cylindrical, with longitudinal fine stripes, and young parts are slightly puberulent or subglabrous.
leaf
Laurel leaves alternate, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 5.5-12cm long and1.8-3.2cm wide, with sharp or tapering apex, wedge-shaped base, wavy edge, leathery, dark green top, slightly pale bottom, hairless on both sides, pinnate veins, protruding on both sides of midvein and lateral vein. The petiole is 0.7- 1 cm long, purplish red when fresh, slightly puberulent or nearly hairless, with grooves on the ventral surface.
flower
The flowers of laurel are dioecious. Umbellies axillary, 1-3 arranged in clusters or short racemes. Before flowering, they are wrapped by four opposite involucres, which are spherical. Involucral bracts nearly round, glabrous outside, sericeous inside, peduncle 7 mm long, slightly puberulent or subglabrous. Male flowers: each umbel has 5 flowers; Flowers small, yellow-green, pedicels about 2 mm long, pubescent, perianth tube short, densely pubescent outside, perianth lobes 4, broadly obovate or suborbicular, appressed on both sides; Fertile stamens are usually 12, arranged in three rounds, the first round of filaments has no glands, and there are a pair of sessile kidney-shaped glands in the middle of the second and third rounds of filaments, and the anthers are oval, 2-celled and indoor; Ovarian infertility. Female flower: usually there are 4 staminodes, which alternate with perianth segments. There are a pair of sessile glands at the top of filament with a lanceolate tongue-shaped protrusion between them; Ovary 1 room, short style, slightly enlarged stigma, obtuse triangle.
The flowering period of laurel is from March to May.
The fruit of laurel is beaded and dark purple when it matures.
The fruiting period of laurel is from June to September.
Ecological habits of laurel
Laurel likes light and has a little tolerance for yin. I like warm and humid climate, and I can also resist the short-term low temperature of -8℃. It is suitable for deep fertile loam or sandy loam with good drainage. Not tolerant to salt and alkali. Fear of waterlogging.
Cultivation techniques of laurel
The propagation method of laurel is mainly cutting propagation, but also sowing and dividing plants.
cutting
Hardwood cutting is carried out in March in spring. Choose the autumn shoots of the previous year as cuttings, which are 7-8 cm long and have heels. After the cuttings are inserted with sand or frog stones, they are closed with plastic arch shed, shaded and moisturized frequently, and the survival rate is about 60%. Shoots with leaves can be inserted into the bed by automatic spraying and full illumination, or in the growing season. When planting in the open field in June and July, the depth is 4-6 cm. After pouring enough water, you can shade and moisturize, and you only need a little sunshine in the morning and evening, and you can take root in about 40 days. The survival rate is above 90%. Plastic arch shed is used for cold protection in winter, and planting is carried out in the second year.
Sowing propagation
Seeds are collected in September, dried in the shade with skin, stored in sand, soaked in warm water at 50℃ for 2 minutes before sowing, then soaked in cold water for 24 hours, taken out and dried, which can promote seeds to germinate early. Sowing in spring, the row spacing of drilling is15cm. Cover with 2 cm thick soil and cover with grass. It will germinate and be unearthed in May, and shed for shade in time. In rainy days, the seedlings should be spaced apart, and the spacing between plants should not be too large, which is conducive to shading each other. The height of seedlings in that year can reach about 10 cm. It can be transplanted with soil balls in March-April in spring.
fissiparity
It is carried out in spring and autumn, shading and moisturizing after planting in spring, and cold and heat preservation in autumn.
Plastic trimming
(1) Bud peeling: When sprouting, peel off the useless buds at the lower part of the trunk;
(2) Thinning branches: keep a certain branch height and cut off useless branches. Generally, the branch height of osmanthus fragrans after completion is about 1.5 m;
(3) Short-cutting: Cut off the top branches that are growing too vigorously, so as to keep the height of osmanthus fragrans at about 3.5 meters and the crown width at 2.5 to 3 meters.
Disease control of laurel
disease control
brown spot
At the early stage of the disease, there are small yellow spots on the leaves, which gradually expand into nearly round lesions with a diameter of 2 ~ 10mm, or become irregular lesions due to the limitation of veins. The focus is yellowish brown to grayish brown with yellow halo around it. Brown spot disease generally occurs from April to 10, and older leaves are more susceptible to disease than younger leaves. The pathogen overwinters on the diseased leaves with mycelium, and conidia are produced in the following spring for primary infection, and the conidia are spread by airflow and raindrops.
blight
The pathogen of the disease mostly invades from the leaf margin and tip, and occurs at the leaf margin and tip. At the initial stage of the disease, light brown spots are produced on the leaves, which gradually expand into round or irregular lesions, and then expand into nearly round or irregular taupe spots with dark brown edges. Fusarium wilt occurred from July to 165438+ 10, which can occur all year round in the greenhouse with poor environmental conditions. Pathogens are spread and infected by conidia through wind and water. High temperature, high humidity and poor ventilation are conducive to the onset. Old leaves and leaves at the lower part of the plant are seriously ill when the plant grows weak and overwinters.
anthrax
The disease infects leaves. At the early stage of the disease, small chlorosis spots appeared on the leaves, which gradually expanded to form round, semi-circular or oval lesions. The lesion is light brown to grayish white with reddish-brown ring at the edge. Under wet conditions, pink myxospore discs appear on the lesion. Anthrax occurs from April to June. Pathogenic bacteria overwinter in the diseased leaves of maple trees and spread through wind and rain.
Prevention and cure method
Scientifically use chemicals for prevention and treatment, spraying 1: 2: 200 times bordeaux mixture at the initial stage of the disease, and spraying 1000 times 50% carbendazim wettable powder or 1000 ~ 1500 times 50% benomyl wettable powder at the later stage. Seedlings in seriously ill areas should be soaked and disinfected with 1000 times potassium permanganate solution when they leave the nursery.
Insect control
The main pests of laurel trees are Ceroplastes rubra and giant salamander, which can be controlled by spraying 80% dichlorvos 1000 times; The disease has yellowing phenomenon, which can be prevented by spraying Bordeaux mixture.
The main value of laurel
Ornamental value
The laurel tree is evergreen all the year round, with beautiful posture and rich aroma. Suitable for planting in courtyards and in front of buildings, mottled leaves are particularly beautiful. The front yard of the house is separated by a green wall, which is hidden and effective.
Medicinal value
Cinnamon has been recognized as having medicinal value since ancient times, and Shuo Wen Jie Zi explains that cinnamon is the "master of all kinds of medicines". According to Ben Jing quoted in Compendium of Materia Medica, the medicinal value of Cinnamomum cassia is: "Treating all diseases, nourishing the mind and supplementing the color, hiring a general agent for all kinds of medicines first, never getting old after a long service, and being bright and charming." The flowers of osmanthus trees have the functions of "promoting fluid production, removing odor, resolving phlegm, treating toothache caused by wind insects and moistening hair". Traditional Chinese medicine still believes that cassia twig, the tender trunk of osmanthus tree, has the functions of sweating, relieving exterior syndrome, dispelling cold in limbs, warming meridians and dredging collaterals, and is a good medicine for treating arthralgia due to wind-cold and dampness. The ancients called "Zhi" as "Shen Cao", but in Search of Ji Shen, Gui, which was listed as a medicine by doctors and people, was regarded as an elixir, deifying the medicinal properties of Gui and calling it "Gui Zhi", which fully shows that eating Gui often can prolong life. Cinnamon: Also known as cinnamon. Sweet and hot in nature, it has the effects of nourishing yang, warming spleen and stomach, dispelling cold and dredging blood vessels. Indications: kidney-yang deficiency, chills and pains, chronic diarrhea, etc.
Indications: Flowers: dispelling cold, resolving phlegm and relieving cough. Used for toothache, cough, asthma, excessive phlegm, amenorrhea and abdominal pain. Fruit: Warming the stomach, calming the liver and dispelling cold. Used for deficiency-cold stomachache. Root: dispel wind and dampness, dispel cold. Used for rheumatism, muscle and bone pain, lumbago, toothache due to kidney deficiency.
Administration and dosage: 1-4 yuan. Fruit is 2-4 yuan. Roots 2-3.
economic value
Both leaves and fruits contain aromatic oil, the oil content of leaves is 0.3-0.5%, but it is as high as 1-3%, the oil content of fruits is about 1%, the specific gravity of aromatic oil is15 c0.910-0.944, and the refractive index is. Leaves can be used as flavoring agent or canned flavoring agent; Seeds contain about 30% vegetable oil and are used in industry.
Cooking value
Laurel leaves are rich in aroma, which can well remove the fishy smell of meat. French, Mediterranean and Indian flavors are all indispensable. As one of the basic spices of French cuisine, laurel leaves are added to broth, such as Luo Songtang and onion soup. In Indian cuisine, laurel leaves usually appear in Bilyani paella. The multi-layered taste of Thai curry is not attributed to spices such as bay leaves and citronella.
In addition, laurel leaves are suitable for both salty and sweet dishes, so they can also be used to make milk pudding or sweet yolk cream. However, although laurel leaves can stimulate appetite, help digestion and relieve tension, they are not suitable for pregnant women or lactating mothers.