Also known as almond, it is rich in vegetable oil, protein and various trace elements, and is mainly used to treat neurasthenia, skin allergy, tracheitis, rickets in children and other diseases. Xinjiang almonds are mainly produced in Yengisar, Kashgar, Shufu, Yecheng and shache county, among which Yengisar is more famous. It is said that there are more than 40 varieties in five families. Benevolence is bitter and sweet, and there is a variety with a thin skin, which can be peeled off with your fingers, and the kernel tastes more fragrant. Because the skin is thin and easy to peel off, Uighurs call it "Kakazi Badanmu", which means "paper-skinned Badanmu".
Because of its flat shape, it is also called flat peach. It is a precious dried fruit for eating nuts. Venue: Kashgar, Xinjiang. The fruit is oval, easy to crack when ripe, and the stone is smooth and concave. Its meat is bitter and inedible, and its nucleolus is sweet. Almond originated in ancient Persia and was called "Podan Tree". There are more than 30 varieties, which are divided into three strains: soft-shell sweet almond strain, which matures earlier; Generally, in early August, the fruit type is small and the kernel rate of core-shell is high. There are many excellent varieties in the strain, including small soft shell, Shuang Ren soft shell, flat mouth brown and so on. Shache, Yengisar, Shufu and other counties are cultivated. Sweet almond varieties mature earlier, usually in early August. The fruit shape is large and the core-shell is thin. Excellent varieties include precocious thin shell, Shuang Ren thin shell and white thin shell. It is cultivated in all counties of Kashgar. Sweet almond varieties with thick shell mature late, usually in late August, with large fruit shape, hard core-shell and low economic value. The main varieties are Badain, Shitou Badain and Shuang Ren Shitou Badain, which are distributed in Kashgar and Aksu. In addition, there are1.2000 mu of primary almond trees along the Buergen River in baruch, Yumin County, Tacheng area. It is an ancient tree species left over from Tertiary. The history of almond cultivation in Xinjiang has been 1300 years. Almonds have high economic value; Nuts contain vegetable oil, protein, starch, sugar, vitamins a 1 and B1; B2. Digestive enzymes, almond enzymes, amygdalin, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, barium, silicon, etc. It is an important raw material and precious medicinal material for making high-grade food. In ethnic medicinal materials, it is often regarded as ginseng as a tonic to prolong life. Modern medical research shows that almond has the effects of benefiting qi, strengthening the body, relieving cough and asthma, improving intelligence and calming the nerves, and can treat physical weakness; Lumbar and knee pain, vascular malacia, hypertension, neurasthenia, cough due to lung deficiency, gastropathy, rickets in children and many other diseases. In recent years, Xinjiang almond has been introduced to some provinces and cities. Amygdalus comnnis, also known as (almond, almond, almond), is a very important dried fruit oil and medicinal tree species. The annual output of the world is about 6.5438+200,000 tons, ranking first among the four dried fruits in the world. The oil content of American almond is generally 55%-68%, which is a green vegetable oil with stable oil quality, fragrant taste and easy digestion. Including protein 20%-35%; Sugar 3%-10%; 50%-65% fat; 2.5%-3.5% of crude fiber; It is rich in vitamins A 1, B 1, B2, C, E, A and rich in trace elements. Every 100g almond contains 800mg of potassium, 380mg of calcium, 200mg of magnesium and 450 of phosphorus, which has extremely high nourishing and nutritional value. American almond shell can be used to make activated carbon, which is a first-class industrial raw material. American apricot has hard wood and clear and detailed texture, which is suitable for processing high-grade household appliances.
American apricot trees are cold-resistant, drought-resistant, barren-resistant and adaptable, and are the first choice for returning farmland to forests and building high efficiency and economy in the west.
Almond is the most important nut tree species in international fruit trade, which has high economic benefits. In the international market, the price of raw almonds is about 4000 dollars/ton, and the price of finished almonds is more than twice its price. In the United States, almond cultivation and production has become an industry. Almonds develop quickly and bear fruit early. 3-4-year-old trees enter the fruiting period, which is 10 ~ 25 years. The economic life is as long as 50 years, and the yield in fruiting period can reach 150 ~ 300 kg/667 m2. In addition, almond is a fast-growing tree species, which is the best choice for returning farmland to forest.
1 Garden Site Selection
Almond is barren, drought-resistant, cold-resistant and adaptable, but it is best to choose loam and sandy loam plots with deep soil layer and good ventilation in production. Because almonds are easily affected by late frost, we should choose the middle of the hillside, the open flat land, the valley and the south hillside to avoid the wind and sun, and do not build the garden on the windward side of the main wind direction.
2 seedling colonization
The plant spacing should be 3m×4m or 4m×5m, and the planting density should be 33 ~ 35 plants /667m2. In order to achieve early high yield and high efficiency, the planned close planting garden can plant 83 ~11plant /667m2, but time cutting should be paid attention to. Both finished seedlings and bud seedlings can be used to raise seedlings. The use of bud seedlings can save 1 year of seedling raising time, which is convenient for early plastic surgery, but some preparatory seedlings need to be reserved for replanting at any time. Before planting, dig a planting pit with a depth of 60 cm and a diameter of 60 cm. When the planting density is high, the planting belt with a width of 60cm and a depth of 60 cm can be dug directly.
3 Fertilizer and water management
Young trees should be applied with base fertilizer once a year, and adult trees should be applied once every 2-3 years. Base fertilizer for young trees 15 ~ 25 kg, middle-aged trees 20 ~ 25 kg and big trees 50 ~ 100 kg. Fertilization is generally divided into three times a year. The first time should be in early spring or autumn and winter, with available nitrogen as the main fertilizer, the second time in the fruit expansion period, with nitrogen and potassium as the main fertilizer, and the third time after the fruit is harvested, with compost, manure and other organic fertilizers as the main fertilizer, usually with deep ploughing in autumn. In addition, fertilizers such as 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.2% ~ 0.4% urea can also be sprayed on the leaves during the growing season. In areas with annual rainfall of 400 ~ 450 mm, special watering is generally not needed. In areas with insufficient rainfall or uneven distribution in summer, irrigation should be carried out 1 ~ 2 times. If winter irrigation is carried out before winter, the effect will be better.
4 plastic decoration
Almonds like light and are dry. In high-density cultivation orchards, spindle shape is the main form, while in low-density cultivation orchards, nature and happiness are the main forms. The main feature of the free spindle shape is that it has a central trunk, and 10 ~ 15 main branches are orderly left in different parts of the central trunk. The angle between the main branch and the trunk is 80 ~ 90, and the bearing branch is directly planted on the main branch. The main characteristics of natural heart shape are good light transmission, the stem height is 40 ~ 50 cm, 3 ~ 4 main branches are selected on the trunk, the base angle is 45 ~ 70, and 2 ~ 4 side branches are equipped with branches. Because apricot branches are thick, the principle of pruning is to sparse more and cut less. Almond is dominated by short fruit branches, and its young trees and fruit trees grow vigorously at the initial stage of fruiting, with a large number of medium-long fruit branches. Generally, when the new shoots grow to about 50 ~ 60 cm, buds should be picked in time to promote the development of secondary branches and increase fruit branches, and the redundant branches should be thinned in time. For the back branches and upright branches with reserved space, when they grow to 50 ~ 60 cm, twist them slightly in time. It is basically not pruned in winter, and it can be shaped in the second winter after planting.
5 flower and fruit management
5. 1 Strengthen the integrated management of orchards
Applying more organic fertilizer, enhancing tree vigor, promoting flower bud differentiation, and paying attention to the combined use of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer are beneficial to improve the proportion of complete flowers, thus reducing flower drop and fruit drop.
5.2 flowering period
The flat peach with bees is an insect-borne flower. When bees are in full bloom, they are released every 667m2 1 box of bees, which can make normal flowers get good pollination and fertilization, thus improving the fruit setting rate and increasing the yield by 20%.
5.3 Rational distribution
Pollination tree almonds are not self-fertilized. Generally, 1 ~ 2 rows of pollinated varieties are arranged for main cultivars every 2 ~ 3 rows, which creates conditions for normal pollination and fertilization of almonds and is conducive to improving fruit setting rate. At present, the main reason for the low fruit setting rate and low yield in some newly-built almond bases in China is the unreasonable allocation of pollination trees. Be sure to pay attention to the configuration of pollinators when building a garden. When the varieties are matched, the main varieties should combine an early flowering variety and a late flowering variety. If Yibian 1 is the main variety, accounting for 60%, and the pollinated varieties Yibian No.2 and Yibian No.3 account for about 20% respectively.
6 pest control
Almond has strong resistance to pests and diseases, and peach aphid, red spider, leaf shrinkage, dry rot, root rot and gummosis are the main hazards to the growth and development of almond in production. (1) Control of Myzus persicae. In addition to using natural enemies such as Chrysopa and budding bacteria, 40% dimethoate, 50% dichlorvos or 50% parathion can also be used for control. (2) Control Starscream. It can be controlled by Migujing or pyridaben. (3) control the blade shrinkage. 800 ~ 1000 times of 50% thiophanate solution or defoliation, and then sprayed with Baume 5 degree stone sulfur mixture. (4) Prevention and treatment of dry rot. Brush the scar with 4-degree stone sulfur mixture. (5) Control of root rot. Remove the topsoil around the roots and expose the roots above to air to dry. (6) Prevention and treatment of gummosis. Spraying 0.5-degree sulfur mixture every 15 ~ 20 days after flowering, ***3 times. You can also use 50% carbendazim wettable powder 1000 times solution, spray 1 time every half month, * * * 3 ~ 4 times.