Newhall navel orange originated in the United States and originated from Washington navel orange bud in Duarte, California, USA. China was introduced in 1978, and now it is widely cultivated in Jiangxi (Xingguo, Lichuan), Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi and other provinces, cities and autonomous regions. Newhall navel orange is a kind of fresh food with beautiful appearance, good meat quality and good commodity. ? [ 1]?

The crown is oblate or naturally round, and trees grow vigorously, especially young trees. The tree is open, the branches are short and dense, the leaves are oblong and dark, and the results are obviously later than Robertson navel orange and Penna navel orange. Fruit elliptic to long

What are the characteristics of Newhall navel orange [2]

Oval, larger

Newhall orange tree? [3]

Single fruit weighs 200 ~ 250g. The color of the fruit is orange-red, the surface of the fruit is smooth, and most of them are navel-closed. The meat is tender and crisp, and the residue is juicy. The edible rate is 73% ~ 75%, the juice yield is 48% ~ 49%, the soluble solids 12% ~ 13%, and the sugar content is 8.5 ~ 10.5g/ 100ml. Excellent quality. The fruit 165438+ 10 matured in late October, with good storability, orange-red color and good quality after storage. Although it was put into production later than Robertson and Penner navel oranges, the output was stable after it was put into production. For example, in Xunwu County, Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province, the average yield per mu of six-year-old navel oranges is close to 3 000 kg. ? [4]?

phenophase

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The main phenological periods of Newhall navel orange in Ganzhou, Jiangxi province, which is rich in heat conditions: spring bud germination from March 3 to 5, spring shoot self-cutting from March 8 to 25, and spring shoot self-cutting from April 5 to 20; March13 ~ April 10, April 19 ~ 25, the flower buds are in full bloom; The first physiological fruit drop occurred in the first half of May, and the second physiological fruit drop occurred from late May to mid-June. Summer shoots germinate, from May 25th to June 10, summer shoots are self-sheared, from July 8th to 28th, autumn shoots germinate, and from August 18 to 28th; The fruit is ripe, 1 1 in the first half of the year. [4]?

Development history

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The development of Gannan navel orange has experienced six stages. ? [3]?

(1) Trial planting and exploration stage. From the mid-1960s to the 1970s, with the establishment of Xunwu Garden and the first trial planting of navel oranges in Xinfeng and other places, the exploration of developing citrus industry began.

(2) Entry adjustment stage. In 1980s, marked by the instruction letter from Hu Yaobang, then General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee, to the citrus development in Gannan, eight navel oranges, such as Newhall, were introduced from Huazhong Agricultural University, and the variety adjustment of fruit trees began, which opened the prelude to the development of navel oranges in Gannan.

(3) the stage of mountain reconstruction. In the 1990s, marked by the implementation of the strategies of "rebuilding the mountain" and "prospering the fruit and enriching the people", the first round of development climax was set off, and the great adjustment of citrus varieties began, from wide-peel citrus to navel orange. After years of development, the area of Gannan navel orange has begun to take shape.

(4) development and growth stage. In the first five years of the new century, marked by Anyuan swearing-in meeting, the second round of development climax was set off, the orchard management mechanism was completely changed, and the navel orange industry was greatly developed. Since 2002, the area of navel oranges newly developed and planted in this city has expanded rapidly at an average annual rate of nearly 200,000 mu. At the end of 2005, the total area of navel oranges in the city increased rapidly from 300,000 mu in 2000 to 1. 1.500 mu, and the output soared from 23,000 tons in 2000 to 360,000 tons. The industrial scale grew rapidly.

(5) Transformation and upgrading stage. In 2005, the transformation and upgrading of industrial development was initiated with the symbol of cultivating industrial clusters of more than 10 billion yuan. Ganzhou Municipal Party Committee and Municipal Government has adjusted the focus of work, from focusing on development to focusing on management and marketing, from focusing on quantity to focusing on quality and efficiency, from focusing on single planting to focusing on related supporting industries and industrial clusters. The development of navel orange industry has led to the development of post-harvest processing, packaging, storage, tourism and leisure and other related supporting industries.

(6) Green rising stage. From 20 10, marked by the fourth party congress in Ganzhou, a new journey of building Ganzhou into a high-quality navel orange industrial base with international influence and market voice was started, which drew a grand blueprint for Gannan navel orange industry and made clear the direction of progress: strive to double the output value of navel orange industry in five years, and become an industry with the best quality, the largest industry scale and the strongest comprehensive competitiveness in the world.

Planting technique

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It is required that the soil layer is deep (60㎝) and fertile; The ph value of the soil is 5.5-7.0; The slope of the orchard is less than 25 degrees. When planning a garden, there should be necessary roads, irrigation and drainage, water storage and ancillary building facilities. In terms of specific planning, we should concentrate on one place as much as possible and build gardens in places with good traffic and water conditions. Time: Generally, it is planted in September-165438+10 after the autumn bamboo shoots mature or before the spring bamboo shoots germinate in February-March. Density: Plant spacing is 3m× row spacing is 4m, and 55-60 plants are planted per mu. Planting technology: digging planting holes with soil: pulling wires at certain intervals, digging planting holes with a depth of 80cm and a width of 80 cm, then pressing green manure with a depth of 50cm and backfilling soil with a height of 40cm for planting; Ridge planting: 8 meters, 60-80㎝ wide and 40-60cm deep, with 2 ridges per grid (width 1.5m, center distance 4m, height 20-30cm). When planting, the roots of seedlings should be trimmed appropriately, placed in the center of the planting hole, stretched and righted, and the seedlings should be gently lifted upward while filling the soil, so that the roots are closely connected with the soil. Water the roots, make a 1m tree tray around the seedlings, and cover it with chaff. Soil management: do a good job in digging, hole expanding and soil ripening, prohibit planting tall plants such as corn and wheat in the garden, and do a good job in rational intercropping and intertillage weeding in the orchard. ? [5]?

Fertilizer and water management

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Fertilization principle: we should fully meet the demand of blood orange for various nutrients, advocate applying more organic fertilizers, and rationally apply inorganic fertilizers and formula fertilizers. According to the results of leaf analysis, orchard soil analysis and blood orange phenology, fertilization is guided. Fertilization method: mainly soil fertilization combined with foliar fertilization. The methods of annular furrow application, strip furrow application, hole application and soil surface fertilization were adopted. Fertilization of young trees: apply fertilizer frequently and thinly, with nitrogen fertilizer as the main fertilizer and pruning phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. Apply fertilizer 5-6 times in spring, summer and autumn when bamboo shoots emerge, (in March, May, June, July and September, 65,438+February, and apply 0.4 kg of ammonium carbonate or 0.2 kg of urea to each plant each time. 1-3 young trees should be applied with pure nitrogen 100-400g every year, and the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is1.0: (0.4-0.5):1.0. Adult trees should be fertilized four times, that is, germination accelerating fertilizer, fruit protection fertilizer, fruit strengthening fertilizer and fruit picking fertilizer. Generally, the amount of fertilizer applied is 2-3 kg of chemical fertilizer and one load of manure. Fruit-keeping fertilizer 1-2 kg phosphorus and potassium fertilizer+1 kg chemical fertilizer; Strong fruit fertilizer 1-2 kg chemical fertilizer+1-2 kg phosphorus and potassium fertilizer; The fruit picking fertilizer (base fertilizer) is mainly organic fertilizer, and each plant is applied with 50- 100 kg organic fertilizer+1-2 kg chemical fertilizer. Moisture: Irrigation when soil is dry, and drainage when water accumulates.

Plastic trimming

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reference data

Principle: adjust measures to local conditions, prune trees, properly raise and suppress trees, and ventilate and transmit light to achieve three-dimensional effect. Plastic surgery: (naturally happy shape). The trunk is 20-40cm high, and the trunk branches (3-4 branches) are scattered on the trunk. The branching angle of the main branch is 30-50 degrees, and 2-3 auxiliary main branches are left on each main branch. Generally, after the third main branch is formed, the central trunk of this kind is cut off and twisted to one side to form a fruiting branch group. Pruning: lightly pruning young trees. After selecting the extension branches of the class center and the main branches and the extension branches of the auxiliary main branches, moderate or even severe pruning is carried out, and the growth balance among the main branches is adjusted according to the pruning degree and the direction of cutting buds. In addition to properly thinning the over-dense branches, the inner branches and weaker branches in the middle and lower part of the crown should generally be retained. Early fruiting period: continue to choose short cutting to deal with all levels of trunk elongation branches, wipe summer branches and promote strong autumn branches. In autumn, measures such as ring cutting, root cutting and water control are taken to promote the flowering of Wangshu. Full-fruiting period: timely retract the fruiting branches, falling branches and declining branches, and cut off the shading branches, dead branches and pest branches.

Eliminate pests and diseases

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anthrax

Strengthen cultivation management to prevent biased application of nitrogen fertilizer; In spring and summer, before new shoots germinate and fruits mature, mancozeb, cupric acid, zineb and chlorothalonil can be sprayed on the crown every 15 days for 3-4 times continuously.

root rot

Timely drainage, improve the lighting and ventilation conditions in the park, and strengthen the prevention and control of trunk pests such as longicorn beetles; Selecting disease-resistant rootstocks such as Fructus Aurantii, Fructus Aurantii Orange and tangerine, and replacing infected plants with disease-resistant rootstocks. Drug prevention: apply drugs after scraping the diseased spots. Commonly used drugs are carbendazim and thiophanate-methyl.

mite

Citrus red spider, four-point yellow spider rust tick. Before and after flowering (March-May) and autumn (9-165438+1October) are the key periods for controlling red spider: the population density reaches 1-2 heads/leaf before flowering, and it needs to be controlled after flowering and when it reaches 5-6 heads/leaf in autumn. The main periods of controlling rust lice are spring shoot sprouting, young fruit and fruit expansion: rust color appeared on the back of spring shoot leaves in that year; When the insect population density on leaves or fruits reaches 2-3 heads per leaf, control it immediately. Commonly used pesticides are hexythiazox, propargite, bromopropyl ester, chlormeuron and so on. Pay attention to the protection of natural enemies, such as bearded mites, blunt mites, mite-eating ladybugs, Japanese beetles, lacewings, etc. ? [4]?

balance

Arrow scale, red wax scale, cotton scale, etc. ). The key period of drug control: the first generation nymph stage of scale insects, the damage stage of a large number of terminal branches in the larval stage of scale insects (usually from early May to mid-June), and the peak period of scale insects. Commonly used drugs include buprofezin, methidathion, matrine+nicotine, levobuprofezin, oil emulsion and so on. Pay attention to improving the ventilation and light transmission conditions in the park; Protect and utilize natural enemies such as Japanese square beetles, red-lipped ladybugs, lacewings, golden aphids, Australian ladybugs and red ladybugs. ? [6]?

aphid

The killing rate of new shoots is 25%, and it should be sprayed immediately. Commonly used pesticides include chlordimeform, dimethoate and butachlor. Attention should be paid to the protection of ladybugs, Chrysopa grandis, Syrphidae, Aphididae, etc. Cut off the overwintering eggs and reduce the number of pests.

Leaf miner

The key period of control is the emergence of bamboo shoots in summer and autumn (mid-July). Wipe off the scattered new shoots in summer and autumn in time, and combine fertilizer and water management to promote the healthy and tidy new shoots of plants. Chemical control: spray new shoots every 7- 1-2cm for 2-3 times continuously. Commonly used pesticides are avermectin, cartap and cypermethrin.

Cerambycidae

From May to August, the adults of Anoplophora glabripennis and Anoplophora glabripennis were killed artificially at noon on sunny days, and the adults of Anoplophora glabripennis were killed in the evening; Remove eggs and newly hatched larvae in time and cut off damaged branches; Soak pesticides such as dimethoate in cotton or cotton yarn, then block the wormhole, and then seal the wormhole with soil to poison the larvae.

Bud maggot

When budding, methyl chloride powder, diazinon granules, etc. After selection, it is mixed with fine soil and sprinkled on the soil surface of the tree tray once every 7 days for 2-3 consecutive times; When the diameter of the bud is 2-3mm (white), spraying phosphorus and trichlorfon on the crown; Remove the damaged flower buds as soon as possible, and concentrate or boil them deeply; Deep digging in the garden soil in winter can kill some overwintering pests pupae. ? [7]?

Fruit harvesting

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According to the maturity, use and market demand of citrus fruits, the harvesting time is determined. It is not suitable to pick fruits in rainy days and when the dew on the fruit surface is not dry. People who pick fruit should wear gloves, cut the fruit together with the fruit handle with a round-headed fruit scissors, then cut the fruit pedicle flat and handle it gently. Pick fruits from outside to inside and from top to bottom. The inner wall of all fruit containers should be smooth, and the harvested fruits should be transported to the packaging yard or storage warehouse in time. Avoid sun and rain. Harvest of Fruits The harvest of citrus fruits is the end of field work and the beginning of storage and transportation, and it is the most critical link to improve the storability of blood oranges and reduce rot. Timely harvesting is an important guarantee to improve the quantity and quality of fruits.

Timely harvest

Sooner or later, the harvest time of oranges will have an impact on the quality of products, quality, tree potential and the yield of the next year. If harvested too early, the content will not reach the optimum level, which will affect the quality. If harvested too late, the mature fruit will fall off easily, and the storage and transportation will be prone to Penicillium. Storage and fresh-keeping fruits can be harvested in advance, that is, when the peel is colored by two-thirds or 80% and the fruit is hard but not soft.

Harvest method

(1) If you pick fruit, you must cut your nails flat; (2) You can't harvest in frosty days and when the dew is wet and windy; (3) When picking fruit, you should not pull the fruit hard, but hold the fruit with your hand and cut it upward; (4) cutting two fruits at a time, without damaging the peel and the fruit stalk; (5) When putting fruit, be sure to handle it gently, light and unload it, and don't throw it around. At the same time, foreign fruits such as diseased fruits, insect fruits and bruised fruits can be removed at any time; (6) The basket should not be too full, and the fruit should not fall into the basket; (7) Postharvest fruits should not be piled up in the open air for the night.

protect

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In order to prolong the supply time of fresh citrus fruit, reduce rot and improve fruit quality, it is necessary to store and keep fresh. After the fruit is collected and shipped back, it will be treated with preservative within 24 hours. 1, preparation: preservative can be selected: (1) fresh green liquid 600~ 1000 times; (2) Penetrate 1000~ 1500 times propafenone solution; (3) 500~ 1000 times of liquid can be obtained; (4) procymidone is 500~ 1000 times; (5) 500 times of special preservative for Lunan. Adding 2.4-250 ppm into the above chemicals to make antiseptic and fresh-keeping liquid medicine. 2. Fruit treatment: soak the fruit in antiseptic and fresh-keeping medicine for 1 min within 24 hours after harvesting, and dry it. 3. Fruit sweating (before storage): The fresh-keeping fruit should be stored in a well-ventilated, clean and disinfected storage warehouse to sweat for 3-5 days until there is no water drop on the surface of the fruit and the peel is slightly soft. 4. Single fruit packaging: perspiring fruits should be packed in plastic wrap bags or plastic wrap, and then packed in boxes and baskets to reduce weightlessness, water loss, dry peel and infection with green mold. [1 1] three. The storage method is simple. The storage and preservation conditions of navel oranges are suitable temperature 1~ 10℃ and relative humidity of 80%~95%, which requires that fresh air can be kept in the warehouse. Some basic requirements for storage environment of oranges are difficult to meet under simple storage conditions, but the requirements for storage environment of blood oranges are also flexible. In-situ storage, in-situ anti-corrosion treatment, fine and timely harvesting, to a large extent, simple storage can achieve better results.

Selection of storage location

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General warehouse storage

Use houses, old warehouses or other idle places to store oranges. Ordinary warehouses or houses should choose to sit facing south, with convenient ventilation and no sun in the west and direct sunlight. Doors and windows are warehouses. Clean the warehouse before use, fumigate with sulfur powder or spray 40% formalin for disinfection, close the doors and windows for 48 hours, open the doors and windows for ventilation for 3~5 days, and then put the fruits into the warehouse. It is usually stored by loading, packaging or stacking in baskets. (1) When the fruits are packed in boxes (baskets), they should be stacked in zigzag, with the height from the roof 1 m.. There should be a passage of 1.5m between each pile;

Underground storage

Ground storage should not be dumped everywhere, each pile is too big. Each pile shall not exceed 0.5 tons, and the fruits shall be neatly packed according to the font pattern, with a maximum of 7 layers.

There are several ways to stack.

A, pine needle stacking: sun-dry fresh pine needles, first spread a layer on the ground, and then stack the fruits, so that each layer of pine needles stacks 0.5 tons of fruits, and the height does not exceed 7 layers. This method is beneficial to the normal breathing of fruits and maintains the quality. B, river sand storage: the river sand is washed and disinfected with preservatives. After drying, pile a layer of sand and a layer of fruit like pine needles. The effect is the same as that of pine needles, except that the sand needs to be removed when the fruit leaves the warehouse. C. Indoor brick pool storage: build a pool in a dry room or enclose it with wooden boards, with widths of 100 and 80 cm respectively. When it is used, it should be disinfected first, then the dried and disinfected straw should be put on the bottom, and then the fruit should be piled into a pagoda shape, leaving enough space around it. It can usually be covered with plastic film or straw curtain, and it is not necessary to cover it tightly. 2. Plastic film tent storage: In a ventilated and dry place, build a rectangular tent with tasteless colored plastic, which is filled with fruits, both boxed and naked. The ground should be padded with dried and disinfected straw or pine needles and river sand, and each pile of fruit should be 0.5 tons. [2]3. Underground cave storage or cellar storage: cellar structure: the cellar consists of cellar mouth, cellar neck, cellar body, cellar bottom and cover plate. The diameter of the pit mouth is 50 cm and the length of the pit neck is 50 cm. Cylindrical, higher than the ground 10 cm to prevent rainwater from flowing into the cellar. The surface, mouth and neck of the cellar are compacted with concrete or cement and dried. The cellar is 200 cm deep and 250 cm in diameter, which is triangular. Storage of fruits in cellar: old cellars and fruit boxes should be disinfected, and fruits should be put into cellars after 5 days of disinfection. Fruit boxes (baskets) are used to put the fruits into the cellar, which are arranged in turn by the cellar walls and stacked in 3-5 layers, with 100~ 120CM in the middle as the fruit selection space. Cover the pit with slate after putting the fruit away. Each cellar can store 500 kilograms of fruit. 4. Keeping (hanging) trees for preservation: Taking advantage of the characteristics of no obvious respiratory peak and long maturity in the process of blood orange ripening, the ripe fruits are left on the trees and harvested in stages and batches. However, the following points should be done well: (1) Prevent fruit drop in winter: In winter when the temperature of blood orange is gradually decreasing, the pedicel is easy to fall off, leading to fruit drop. In order to prevent this phenomenon, 20ppm of 2.4-D was sprayed three times at the end of 10 and the beginning of10, and the effect was obvious. In addition, spraying 15ppm gibberellin at the same time can prevent pericarp senescence and delay fruit juice granulation. (2) Strengthen fertilizer and water management: apply organic fertilizer again in the first half of 5438+ 10 to protect fruits and promote flower bud differentiation. After the fruit is harvested, liquid fertilizer with quick-acting fertilizer as the main fertilizer should be applied in time. If it is dry in winter, it must be irrigated. (3) Time limit for leaving (hanging) trees: Blood oranges should be harvested from the end of 65438+/kloc-0 to the end of February, and fruits should be harvested when the temperature drops below zero. (4) Avoid continuous operation. Generally, trees are kept fresh for 2 years, and intermittent 1 year is better.

Storage period management

1. General storage: At the initial stage of storage, the temperature and humidity in the storage room are high, so doors and windows should be opened all day to cool down and reduce humidity. When it is cold, open the window to keep warm during the day and close the window to keep warm at night. In order to reduce the evaporation of fruit moisture, the fruit box was covered with plastic film in the middle and late storage period. When water drops appear on the peel or film, uncover the film and dry it before covering. After the fruits are stored, they should be inspected every 10~ 15 days to pick out damaged fruits, rotten fruits and diseased fruits. After beginning of spring, fruits were picked every 5~ 10 day. 2, plastic film tent storage: mainly check regularly, when water droplets condense on the tent wall, open the tent for ventilation to avoid navel orange deterioration and rot. Check and select fruits every 10~ 15 days, and pick out damaged fruits, rotten fruits and diseased fruits. 3. Storage in underground kiln: After the fruits are put into the cellar, check them every 7~ 10 days, mainly to check the rotten fruits and change them into fresh air, so as to reduce the temperature and humidity in time. At first, we had to mention water vapor. When checking rotten fruits, people should blow air into the cellar before entering it to drive out carbon dioxide. Water vapor extraction is to hang ten straws in the cellar, and then change them into dry straws after the straws absorb enough water vapor to get wet. This cellar can store blood oranges for 6 months, and the good fruit rate can reach about 90%.