Introduced by Shaanxi Fruit Tree Breeding Center, it was approved by Shaanxi Fruit Tree Variety Approval Committee in May 2005. According to the experimental observation, this variety is 15 days earlier than the red general, with large fruit shape, gorgeous color and second line color. In addition to the flavor of Fuji, it also has the characteristics of clean fruit surface and high excellent fruit rate. The pilot projects in each district are characterized by stable characters, strong resistance and wide adaptability. Because this variety originated in Tongchuan City, Shaanxi Province, it was named Yuhua Zaofu after the local Yuhua Palace Summer Resort.

2. Economic characters of fruits

Yuhua early rich fruit is round to nearly round, with fruit shape index of 0.88, thin and tough skin, yellow-green or yellowish background, stripes and bright red; The fruit surface is smooth and rust-free, and the fruit point is large, round and obvious, yellow to yellow-white; The fruit stalk is thick, deep, wide and slow, and the sepals are semi-closed; On the premise of reasonable load, the average fruit weight is 23 1g, and the maximum fruit weight is 304g, which is similar to that of late-maturing Fuji, but the uniformity and excellent fruit rate are higher than that of late-maturing Fuji, among which 80% of the fruits are concentrated in 75 ~ 82 ㎜, and the excellent fruit rate is over 60%.

Yuhua Zaofu has yellow and white flesh, dense and crisp meat and fragrant juice. Small nucleus, brown seeds, ovoid; At harvest, the fruit hardness 13.7 kg/cm2, soluble solid content 14.79%, total sugar content 12.9%, titratable acid content 0.36%, and VC content 6.5mg/ 100g, with excellent quality.

The storability of Yuhua Zaofu is similar to that of GS58. It can be stored at room temperature until the Spring Festival, or it can be stored in cold storage until next April. The meat is not soft, the skin color turns yellow, and the oil is waxed.

3. Biological characteristics

3. 1 growth

Yuhua jujube tree is strong and its crown expands rapidly. As a result, the tree is more open. Eight-year-old trees are spliced by main branches and main stems. In the third year, they can reach the original tree size, with an average branch of 765,438+0 ㎝ and a thickness of 0.565,438+0 ㎝. When the long branches are laid down, the germination rate is 55%, the branching rate is 17.3%, and the ratio of long, medium and short branches is 27.4: 33.8: 38.8; The height of the 3-year-old tree planted with M26 intermediate stock seedlings is 3.5m, the crown width is 3.2m, the trunk circumference is 18.3㎝, the average number of branches is 7 1㎝, and the thickness is 0.57㎝. When the long branches are laid down, the germination rate is 59%, the branching rate is 15.8%, and the ratio of long, medium and short branches is 1 1.8: 29.8: 58.4.

3.2 fruiting habits

Compared with the late-maturing Fuji with long branches, Yuhua is better at getting rich early and bearing fruit early. Under normal management conditions, the average yield per plant of high grafting trees in the second year is 3.5kg, equivalent to 667 ㎡ 280 kg; ; The flowering rate of 4-year-old rootstock is 3 1%, and that of 5-year-old rootstock is 100%. The flowering rate of M26 young trees with intermediate rootstock reached 45% in the third year and 100% in the fourth year.

200 1 After the flower promotion measures were implemented for the 8-year-old Yuhua Zaofu tree with two-year high grafting, the proportion of axillary, long, medium and short fruit branches in 2003 was 30: 35: 65 438+02: 23; In 2004, the ratio of axillary branches, long branches, middle branches and short branches was 20: 10: 2 1: 49, which indicated that the long, middle and short axillary branches of this variety could bear flowers and fruits, among which the long branches and axillary flower buds were the main ones in the early stage of fruiting, followed by short branches and middle branches.

Yuhua Zaofu has a high fruit-setting rate, with the average natural fruit-setting rate of inflorescence of 68% and the fruit-setting rate of flowers of 24% in two years, and there is no fruit drop before harvesting. The continuous fruiting ability of the secondary branches of fruit table is stronger than that of late-maturing Fuji, and the fruiting phenomenon is not obvious in different years, with high and stable yield. According to the statistics of the yield of mother trees in this hospital for six consecutive years, it is obviously higher than that of the adjacent Qingfu 13 varieties, with a cumulative yield increase of 23.2% (see table 1).

3.3 phenology

On April 7th, the leaf buds germinated in loessial soil District in the middle of Tongchuan area, and began to blossom in June 5438+05, blossomed in June 5438+07, fell off in June 2 1, began to color in early September and matured in June 5438+04. On April 5th, leaf buds germinated in Lou land area in the south of Tongchuan, and began to blossom in June 5438+02, blossomed in June 5438+05, fell off in June 5438+08 and matured in September 12. The fruit growth period is 145 days.

3.4 Resistance and adaptability

Compared with late-maturing red Fuji, this variety has accumulated more nutrients on trees and a wider suitable area. Introduced in Fengyuan Town, Baishui Xigu, Liquan Beitun, Luochuan Shitou Town and Fufeng Juliang Farm in Linwei District successively, no branch pulling and freezing injury were found, with few fruit diseases, high excellent fruit rate and good effect. According to the investigation, the disease index of deciduous disease in early 2004 was 1.9, and the leaf rate was 7.65%, which was more resistant to golden moth than mature red star varieties in the same period.

4. Botanical characteristics

Qiao Hua variety, with high crown, upright young tree posture, strong growth potential, rapid crown expansion and large growth of new shoots, has a tree opening posture after fruiting, which is similar to Fuji. Perennial branches are thick, yellow-brown, lenticels are oval, most of them are slightly convex and yellow-brown. The new shoots are long, medium thickness, yellowish brown to reddish brown, lenticels are round, reddish brown, slightly convex, irregular in size, with many hairs, and the average length of internodes is 2.58 cm. Dense lenticels at the base of branches, less hair.

The leaves are large, with an average length of 7.87cm and a width of 5.28cm, oval, and the louver weighs 89.4g, ranging from green to dark green. The leaves are smooth, the apex is tapered, the leaf base is round, the leaf margin is deeply serrated, the back of the leaves is hairy, yellow-brown, the veins are protruding, the petiole is medium-long, medium-thick, light purple, with small stipules, and the petiole is purple when it falls off.

Leaf buds are large, conical, hairy, appressed and dark reddish brown. The top flower bud is conical, medium in size, with loose scales and more fluff. Axillary buds are mostly born at the top of stout new shoots, which are fuller, fatter and more fluffy than ordinary leaf buds. Generally, there are 5 flowers in each inflorescence, and the flowering period is neat. The central flower blooms about 1 day earlier than the lateral flowers.

5. Key points of cultivation techniques

5. 1 Garden site selection and planting

Yuhua Zaofu is a mid-late maturing variety, which is suitable for planting at an altitude of 600 ~1100 m. All localities should adjust the variety structure and focus on planting areas with 600 ~ 900 m, good soil site conditions and convenient transportation.

M26 first-class seedlings and intermediate rootstock were selected as the seedlings, the row spacing between plants was 3 m× 4 m, and the pollination trees were arranged according to 1: (5 ~ 7). The pollination trees were Gala, Xinnonghong and Hongao. The planting method of deep planting and shallow burying in small pits is adopted, and the exposed height of intermediate anvil is 65,438+00 ~ 65,438+05㎝ in irrigation area and 5 ㎝ in non-irrigation area. The first soil covering should be carried out in mid-August in autumn. Topdressing can effectively shorten the seedling stage, reduce the damage degree of soil structure and ensure the total absorption of groundwater. After planting, dry it in time, and how much to cut depends on the degree of root damage when digging and planting seedlings, so as to achieve a balance between the ground and the ground.

5.2 Plastic dressing

Free spindles or slender spindles should be used. In the process of plastic surgery, we should pay attention to the absolute advantage of cultivating the central trunk, and the thickness of small main branches should be controlled below 1/3 of the thickness of their growth parts to ensure that the age of the central trunk is more than 2 years and the main branches are more than 1 year. Small main branches are cultivated with beaded drooping small and medium-sized fruit branches by carving, pulling, picking, changing and cutting, and the height of the tree is controlled at about 3 meters, and the crown width is 2-2.5 meters, so that the lowest small main branch has more than 3 hours of direct light every day.

5.3 Flower and Fruit Management

Yuhua Zaofu inherited some characteristics of Fuji and demanded high fertilizer and water. If the load is too large, it will lead to large and small fruits. Therefore, it is necessary to strictly sparse flowers and fruits, and it is required to leave 20 ~ 25 cm 1 fruit and 8000 ~ 12000 fruit in 667m2. Bagging of fruits should be advocated, and the bagging time should be around May 10. Bagging should be picked on August 20, and the rest should be carried out according to the bagging technical regulations. Conditional orchards can also be covered with reflective films.

5.4 Fertilizer and water management

Based on the principle of "applying nitrogen fertilizer before, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer after, applying base fertilizer early, appropriate topdressing, and combining organic with inorganic". After apple harvest, base fertilizer should be applied in time, mainly farmyard manure, with appropriate amount of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer and phosphorus fertilizer. Generally, 2000~3000kg of organic fertilizer is applied in the first fruiting period of 667㎡, 3000~5000kg in the full fruiting period of 667㎡, 20 ~ 50 kg of mixed ammonium bicarbonate and 30 ~ 50 kg of calcium superphosphate. Topdressing is usually twice a year, that is, topdressing before flowering and topdressing during flower bud differentiation. Before flowering, nitrogen fertilizer was mainly used, supplemented by phosphorus fertilizer, diammonium or ternary compound fertilizer was selected, and 20kg was applied to young trees of 667㎡, and the fruit-bearing trees were about 40kg, which mainly promoted the growth of fruits in that year. Topdressing during flower bud differentiation can improve the quality and quantity of flower bud differentiation, and increase fruit hardness and sugar content. The fertilizer is mainly phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and nitrogen fertilizer is also applied. It is suggested to apply about 30kg diammonium and 50 ~ 70 kg potassium sulfate or potassium chloride to 667㎡, and it is best to water after fertilization. Foliar spraying fertilizer, combined with spraying medicine about 6 times a year, mainly supplements a large number of elements phosphorus and potassium, medium elements calcium and magnesium and trace elements boron, iron and zinc.

5.5 Pest control

Yuhua Zaofu, like other late-maturing Fuji, has weak resistance to early defoliation. Sheng Da, Polycyclic Serine and Nongkang 120 should be used alternately in the early stage, and Bordeaux mixture should be sprayed after bagging to strengthen disease control. In addition, the sepals of Yuhua Zaofu were semi-closed. In the irrigation area below 700m above sea level, about 2% of the fruits were found to have fungal heart disease. It is suggested that spraying 1 time before and after flowering can effectively control the disease.