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basic concept

1. Stone: Natural rocks with certain crushability, strength, stability, machinability and decoration are collectively called stone. (Existing form: block and board)

2. Decorative stone: refers to stone used for interior and exterior walls, floors, cylinders, countertops, etc. Buildings. Blocks and boards can be made into different facing stones by different processing methods. )

3. Classification of stone materials: (This refers to the classification of stone products). Divided into three categories: marble, granite and slate;

(1) marble (commonly known as "marble")

① Composition: mainly calcium carbonate minerals;

② Features: Brittle texture, low hardness, poor strength, easy to be broken, low specific gravity (2.6-2.8g/cm3), general cracks can be bonded, that is, patterns are complex and changeable, easy to process, and suitable for indoor walls, dried noodles, countertops, etc.

③ Defects: colored lines, spots and cracks, easily deformed and damaged, with yin and yang colors, easily faded, large color difference and large pattern difference. (Among them, white marble is most afraid of cracks and pollution, and it is difficult to stick. )

④ Color: The colors of the board are white, yellow, red and green.

② Granite (commonly known as "granite")

① Composition: mainly minerals such as quartz and feldspar (mainly silicate);

② Features: hard texture, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, good strength, not easy to be damaged and heavy specific gravity (2.6-3g/cm3); Color patterns are generally uniform and regular, with weak water absorption, difficult bonding and processing, good luminosity and durability, and are suitable for outdoor walls, indoor floors, cylinders, stairs, etc. Stone tablets, stone bridges, sculptures, etc. )

③ Defects: rust spots, black spots, cracks, chromatic aberration, etc.

④ Color: The plate colors are white, red, yellow, green, gray, black, etc.

4. The "objects" processed by stone industry: mainly waste materials and plates;

(1) blank: large plate or special shape (arc plate, cylinder, flower line, etc. ) sawed.

(2) Plate: (i.e. large plate) is cut into engineering plates (also called specification plates) with different specifications and sizes through processing.

5, stone commonly used units of measurement:

(1) Block: The length, width and height of the block are all measured in millimeters: mm ... The volume of raw materials (also called blockiness) is expressed in cubic meters: m? (three decimal places);

(2) The length, height and thickness of the plate are all expressed in millimeters: mm; All areas are expressed in square meters: ㎡;

6, China marble (marble) and granite (granite) code:

Marble: m, granite: g, (slate: s)

7, appearance measurement stone (marble, granite) after the decoration of the main signs:

(1) color: (personally better) (different countries: the United States is pure white, pure black, dark green, purple; France and Italy are redder; Some countries in Southeast Asia and Europe are green; White marble from South Africa, Arabia and North America; Islamic countries prohibit any yellow; The French taboo dark green; West Germany taboo color and dark blue; Switzerland is taboo against black; Egypt avoids blue and white; Japan is dark green, gray, black, red and yellow; Hong Kong is gray, dark green, crimson and black. )

(2) Gloss: that is, specular luminosity. Different varieties have different luminosity. (At present, some projects have thick external walls. )

(3) Patterns: The patterns on the chessboard are coordinated;

(4) Marble: crystal clear and delicate, granite: rough and generous;

(5) How to splice: straight, flat and uniform gap width;

Overall feeling: harmony, solemnity, nobility, elegance and luxury.

Scrap knowledge

1. The concept of waste: a cube or cuboid with certain specifications and no cracks can be used to process flat plates or irregular blocks.

Stone5A of Stone Research Institute

2. Production technology of raw materials:

Exploration → geological evaluation → trial mining → mass production → coarse materials → waste.

3. The raw materials are divided into:

(1) Sawed surface material: All six surfaces have been sawed.

(2) Cracking material: only a part of the six faces have been sawed.

4. Block shape: square or rectangular hexahedron.

5. Uses of raw materials: First, it is used to process large plates; Second, it is used to process special-shaped plates (arc plates, columns, flower lines) and other handicrafts.

6, raw materials are divided into:

(1) Imported raw materials: marble, granite (and a kind of sandstone) are made abroad;

(2) Domestic waste: domestic marble and granite;

7. Sawing method for processing raw materials into plates (i.e. large plates):

(1) big sand saw: (both imported and domestic) mainly saws big boards. (More than1.2m high)

(2) Circular saw: (imported and made in China) mainly saws 60, 70, 80 and 90 plates.

8, plate thickness classification:

(1) plate: the thickness is below 12mm, and the plate is generally sawn from scraps or small pieces of scraps. At present, the common specification in China is 305 * 305 *10 mm;

(2) Thick plate: the thickness is above 12mm, and the commonly used plate thickness at home and abroad is 20mm (actually, it is 18-20mm, which is different in China); The thickness of plate used for external wall dry hanging should be 25-50n.

9. Plate rate: (also called raw material output rate) refers to the number of plates with a thickness of 2cm sawed per cubic meter of raw material.

Daily terminology of scrap and plate

Color difference, patterns, color lines, stains, rust spots, cracks, trachoma, holes, luminosity, thickness, hardness, flatness, glue spots, horizontal placement, parallel lines, chase lines, waste, etc. ;

1, color difference: color difference of stone, including background color and design color. Describe the extreme and different degrees of chromatic aberration.

2. Patterns: Images presented by different stone compositions, structures and constructions are qualitatively expressed by "big difference, big difference and stability", regardless of whether the patterns are evenly distributed or not.

3. Color lines and color spots: substances that are striped, banded or dotted and incompatible with the basic colors and patterns of stone.

4. Rust spots: rust-like spots, blocks and strips in brass or brown.

5. Cracks: Some raw materials are intuitive, and some need to be cleaned before they can be seen.

6, sand holes, holes: naturally formed pits with a certain depth.

7. Brightness: (i.e. glossiness) The degree of reflection of visible light by the stone surface. There are specular luminosity and matte; We often say that the mirror luminosity is "good (above 80), average (70-80) and poor (below 70)".

8. Thickness: refers to the thickness of the plate in millimeters (mm).

9. Hardness: refers to the ability of stone to resist scratching, corrosion, cutting or pressing into the surface by other substances.

10, flatness: refers to the flatness of rough board or rough board.

1 1. Glue patching: In the process of glue patching, there are three kinds of glue patching difficulties: difficult glue patching, easy glue patching and easy glue patching, due to the defects such as cracks, sand holes, holes, falling corners and missing edges. All marble slabs are covered with fiber mesh.

12, transverse texture: the texture of the stone is basically consistent with the width direction of the processed blank (blank).

13, along the grain: the grain of the stone is basically the same as the length direction of the machined body.

14, back grain: when splicing plates, the grain of several plates is inconsistent.

15, grain tracking: after cutting a large piece of plate, put the cut plates together, and the stitched grain is still connected end to end, which is basically the same as the grain before cutting. This is a good way to solve the problem that the color difference of stone affects the installation effect. This processing technology is often used in stone production.

16. waste waste: if the waste volume is less than 0.4m? Some of them are scraps.

17, scrap quantity: such as 908 15H0 1, 90815h02; ; After cutting, the residual material is more than 0.3m? , the serial number is 90815h01.1,and the license plate number is 91225h01; (press "tie").

18, "binding": several boards are bound together, usually 8- 12 at a time, and each binding is about 40m2.

Name of stone variety

1, imported marble:

1) White: Jazz White, Fish Belly White, Medium White, Carrara White, Sheep Fat White, Galaxy White, Scenery White, Mesh White, Fine White, Snowflake White, Jasper White, Crystal White, Yugoslavia White, Star White, Australia White;

2) Yellow: Spanish beige (short for sago), crystal beige, Betty beige, old beige, new beige, new sago, Dubois beige, Italian beige, Turkish beige, silver beige, red beige, pearl beige, white sand beige, Egyptian beige, resplendent, Jinlong, Huanglongshi, royal gold and wood grain.

3) Red: Wanshou Red, Hyatt Red, Coral Red, Champagne Red, Norwegian Red, Orange Peel Red, Xishi Red, Xinshi Red, Camellia Red, Ziluo Red, Lisa Red and Koka Su Hong;

4) Green: green jade, taichung green, taichung dark green, apple green, Italian big flower green and striped green;

5) Other colors: Lauren Black Gold, Italian Grey, Italian Kethleen, Black Golden Flower, Deep Coffee Net, Light Coffee Net, Coffee Net and Golden Mocha; Stone Research Association (micro-signal stone5A)

2. Imported granite:

1) white (grey): American white hemp, American grey hemp, white pearl white hemp, pearl white hemp and Iranian grey;

2) Red: Indian red (large, medium and small flowers), Brazilian red, South African red, tiger skin red, Jaeger red, magic Ayabeni, American kenaf, Sarich red, red diamond hemp, pink hemp, Luyou red, Columbus red, Longfeng red and desert rose;

3) Yellow: Golden Hemp, Golden Diamond Hemp, dobbs Golden Hemp, Shubulun Golden Hemp, Entertainment Golden Horse;

4) Green: dark green hemp, magic color green, forest green, golden pine green, Qingyun green, green star stone and volcanic green;

5) Black: Bashu Mahei, Jinsha Hei and Bath Hei;

6) Other colors: World Trade Hemp, California Hemp, Golden Sesame, Brown, Brown Pearl, Fine Brown Pearl, Coffee King, Non-diamond, Golden Green Hemp, Magic Color Hemp, Red Amethyst, Purple Hemp, Amethyst, Golden Diamond, Shugui Ice Flower and Snow Red.

3. Imported sandstone: teak sandstone, Australian sandstone, Italian white sandstone, Spanish white sandstone and French white sandstone;

4. Domestic marble:

1) white: white marble, snowflake white, Guangxi white;

2) Red: sunset red and agate red;

3) Yellow: rosin yellow and wood grain yellow;

4) Green: big flower green, beauty green and emerald green;

5) Other colors: black and white root, coffee net, Hangzhou grey;

5. Domestic granite:

1) Red: Xinjiang Red, Tianshan Red, wulian red, Guifeihong, Sanbao Red, Shuangjing Red, Cenxi Red, Sanbao Red, Guilin Red, Huidong Red, Xilihong, Fenma, Yongfu Red, Anxi Red (No.635), Sanxia Red, Qilu Red, Pomegranate Red, Jieyang Red, etc.

2) Yellow: Chrysanthemum yellow, Karamailijin, Golden Hemp, Loulan Golden Diamond, yellow rust stone, Golden Ephedra, Willow yellow, Jinsha yellow, etc.

3) Black cyan: Taibai Black, Fenghuang Black, Jianping Black, Chifeng Black, mongolia black, Hainan Black, Sichuan Black Hemp, Jinan black, Fogangqing, etc.

4) Gray: 693#, 633#, 640#, 6 14#, 654#, Dabaihua (439#), Xinjiang white hemp, Shandong white hemp, etc.

5) Green: Tianshan Green, China Green, Forest Green, Yanshan Green, Peacock Green and Postal Green;

6) Other colors: leopard skin flower, Tianshan orchid, Panxi blue, Roman diamond, tree pattern, etc.

Characteristics of stone varieties: select representative (board surface)

1, jazz white: the background color is white, the patterns are mostly light purple, the texture is obvious, and the luminosity is average;

2. Yinhe white: the background color is white, the pattern is less gray stripes, it is not obvious, and the luminosity is consistent;

3, the landscape is white: the background color is white, there are evenly distributed light black patterns (like watercolors) and the luminosity is good;

4, the mesh is large and white: the background color is white, with gray mesh or strip pattern, and the luminosity is good;

5, Wanshouhong: deep red in color, yellow in pattern, average in luminosity and easy to stick;

6, coral red: the background color is dark orange red, the roots are white, the luminosity is good, and it is easy to stick;

7, orange peel red: orange peel is dark, with flowers, good luminosity, easy to stick;

8, Norwegian red: red background, white flowers, green edges on both sides, large, medium and small flowers, average luminosity, can be glued;

9, purple Luo Hong: the color is purple, the root is white, the stripes are white, the luminosity is good, and it is easy to stick;

10, sago yellow: the background color is beige, there are a few thin red lines, and the luminosity is good, so it can be mended with glue;

1 1, old beige: beige background, red lines and bean curd, good luminosity, easy to stick;

12, golden flower beige: divided into yellow and white background, circular pattern, divided into large, medium and small flowers, good luminosity, glue repair;

13, beige color of silver wire: low beige color, full of regular cracks, average brightness, easy to stick;

14, Shana beige: beige background, white flowers, good luminosity, not easy to stick;

15, taichung green, apple green: the background color is green, with shades, average luminosity and easy adhesion;

16, deep coffee net: dark brown background, white flowers, good luminosity, easy to stick.

17, light coffee net: light brown background, a small amount of white flowers, good luminosity, easy to stick;

18, Indian red: dark red at the bottom, divided into large, medium and small flowers due to different structures, with stable color and hard texture;

19, tan: dark brown background with orange-red lines on it;

20. California golden hemp: generally red and black, with light red stripes and black stripes interlaced;

2 1, amethyst: light purple background, red and white crystal spots;

22. Entertainment golden hemp: generally light yellow with red and purple spots on it;

23, dark green hemp: the background color is green, sunny;

24. Jinsha Black: Black at the bottom, with golden spots on it, which are divided into large, medium and small spots, and have obvious directionality when cutting.

* * * Granite

1, the color and pattern of punctate and granular granite are generally uniform and stable;

2. The color patterns of granite with the word "magic" or "color" in the general variety name are endless and vary greatly;

3. White granite is generally sensitive to external stimuli, easy to pollute, and some have yellow spots;

4, granite cracks are generally not allowed to bond (difficult to stick), and the luminosity is generally good;

5. Some granites have obvious grain direction, and different cutting directions have different patterns.

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