According to the ecological habits of plants and the requirements of garden layout, various plants in the garden (trees, shrubs, flowers, lawns and ground cover plants, etc. ) should be reasonably configured to give full play to its garden function and ornamental characteristics. The arrangement of garden plants is an important link in garden planning and design. The configuration of garden plants includes two aspects: on the one hand, the configuration of various plants, considering the selection of plant species, the combination of trees, the composition, color, seasonal phase and garden artistic conception of plane and facade; On the other hand, it is the configuration between garden plants and other garden elements such as rocks, water bodies, buildings and garden roads. Selection of Plant Species Plants are alive, and different garden plants have different ecological and morphological characteristics. Their stems, leaves, flowers and fruits are different in posture, size, shape, texture, color and phenology. They (mainly trees) have completely different landscapes in childhood, maturity, old age and all the year round. When arranging plants, we should adjust measures to local conditions, make them grow normally and give full play to their ornamental characteristics. The selection of garden plants should be based on native tree species to ensure the normal growth and development conditions of garden plants and reflect the plant styles of various regions. At the same time, we can't ignore the introduction and domestication of fine varieties. Plant Configuration Mode The plant communities in hills and rivers and lakes in nature have natural plant composition and natural landscape, and are the source of artistic creation of natural plant configuration. In China's classical gardens and large parks and scenic spots, plants are usually arranged naturally, but in some areas, especially near the main buildings and along the main roads, they are also arranged regularly. The configuration methods of garden plants mainly include solitary planting, opposite planting, row planting, cluster planting and group value. Solitary planting mainly shows the individual beauty of trees and is often used as the main scene of garden space. The requirements for solitary trees are: graceful posture, bright colors, slightly larger size, long life and distinctive features. Other trees should be arranged around and a suitable viewing distance should be maintained. Other trees and shrubs should not be planted around precious ancient and famous trees to maintain their unique charm. Shady and solitary tree planting requires a wide crown, dense branches and leaves, large leaves and few pests and diseases, and spherical and umbrella crowns are preferred. Opposite planting refers to the symmetrical planting of roughly the same number of trees, which are mostly used in garden gates, building entrances, squares or bridges. In natural planting, absolute symmetry is not required, and morphological balance should be maintained when planting. Row planting, also known as strip planting, is to plant trees in rows and belts, which are mostly used on both sides of streets, highways or around regular squares. If it is used as the background or isolation measure of garden scenery, it should be densely planted to form a tree screen. The combination planting of more than three different tree species is a widely used way in gardens, which can be used as the main scene or landscape, or as a background or isolation measure. The arrangement should be natural and conform to the law of artistic composition, which can not only show the group beauty of plants, but also see the individual beauty of tree species. The group combination of planting the same tree species has a large number of trees, which mainly shows the beauty of the group and has the interest of "forest" In the garden space, the artistic technique of plant arrangement, whether taking plants as the main scene or isomorphizing plants with other garden elements into the main scene, should emphasize the main body in the selection of plant species, the determination of quantity, the arrangement of location and the adoption of methods, so as to distinguish between primary and secondary, thus showing the characteristics and styles of garden space landscape. Contrast and set off the different morphological characteristics of plants, express certain artistic ideas and set off a beautiful plant landscape by using the contrast methods of height, posture, leaf shape and color, flower shape and color. When combining trees, we should pay attention to the coordination between them, and it is not advisable to combine tree species with great differences in shape and beauty. Dynamics and balance: The postures of various plants are different, and some of them are regular, such as heather and Ailanthus altissima. Some have dynamic trends, such as pine, elm and locust. In configuration, we should emphasize the harmony between plants or between plants and other elements in the environment; At the same time, we should also consider the changes of plants in different growth stages and seasons, so as not to cause imbalance. In the plant arrangement on both sides of the undulating and rhythmic road and in the long and narrow area, we should pay attention to the vertical three-dimensional contour line and spatial transformation, so as to achieve high and low collocation, ups and downs, produce a sense of rhythm and rhythm, and avoid rigid layout. Levels and Background In order to overcome the monotony of the landscape, trees, shrubs, flowers and ground cover plants should be arranged at multiple levels. Layered arrangement of plants with different colors and flowering periods can make the plant landscape colorful. Generally, the background tree is higher than the foreground tree, and the planting density is higher. It is best to form a green barrier, and the color is darker, or it is quite different from the foreground in color and chromaticity, so as to enhance the foil effect. Colored and seasonal plants have rich colors of stems, leaves, flowers and fruits. The color composition of garden scenery can be realized by different configuration methods, such as monochrome expression, multi-color collocation, contrast color treatment, and layer-by-layer transition between hue and chromaticity. Grading leaf color and flower color is helpful to organize beautiful plant color composition. It should reflect the plant seasons in spring, summer, autumn and winter, especially in spring and autumn. In the same plant space, the seasonal phase of one or two seasons is generally reflected, and the effect is more obvious. Because the flowering period or color leaf change period of trees is usually only one or two months, there is often a phenomenon of partial dryness and partial glory. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt layered arrangement of flowers and trees with different flowering periods to prolong the flowering period; Or flowers and trees with different flowering periods are mixed with flowers and trees showing seasonal phases; Or use herbaceous flowers (especially perennial flowers) to make up for the short flowering period of woody flowers. Large gardens and scenic spots often show the characteristics of a season, giving tourists a strong seasonal feeling. The people of China have a tradition of enjoying certain flowers at a specific time and place, such as "exploring plum in Lingfeng" and "Red Leaves in Xishan", which are very popular. In the small garden, there are also cherry blossom forests and magnolia forests, which produce artistic effects with seasonal characteristics. Garden Plant Space Garden takes plants as the main body, and through artistic layout, it forms a space environment that meets the requirements of garden function and beautiful plant landscape. The design of garden plant space is to divide the space by plants according to the landform conditions, and to create a certain landscape or special environmental atmosphere. This kind of creation, like other artistic creations, is "thinking first". The rafter design in plane composition and the crown design in vertical composition of plants are the necessary means to realize the artistic conception of gardens. Through the design of forest edge lines, lots with the same area are divided into large or small spaces for plants to form; Or divide a small space in a large space, or organize perspective lines to increase the depth of field of the space. Through the design of canopy line, colorful three-dimensional contour lines can be organized; On a tree with little fluctuation of crown line, for example, highlighting an ultra-high isolated tree can play a role of marking and guiding. At the same time, because the branches of trees are high or low, in the design of crown line, we can also create open or closed plant space according to the height of human body. The designed plant space is usually dominated by landscape, mostly trees or shrubs with high ornamental value. When trees are the main scenery, they are generally planted separately, in clusters or in rows; When shrubs are the main scenery, they are usually planted in groups or clusters. There are also natural flower beds that combine architecture with rocks. In the plant space, paving the ground with turf can unify the tone of the whole space. Shade-tolerant ground cover plants can be planted locally or under trees. The arrangement of plants on the edge of plant space should be dense and alternate, tortuous, high and low, and the color should be appropriate. The combination of evergreen trees and deciduous trees can make the scenery in winter and summer quite impressive. When it is necessary to form a quiet and closed space, evergreen trees and shrubs are arranged in layers and densely planted to play an isolation role. In a larger plant space, in order to increase the interest of plants, various garden sketches can be set up appropriately. For example, on a slightly undulating lawn, half-buried stones or a beautifully carved Taihu stone are erected; In the dull season, potted flowers can be arranged to form various patterns. An example is the garden plant space in Huagang Guanyu Park, Hangzhou, China, with an area of 265,438+0.50 square meters. The terrain inclines to the southeast and is surrounded by trees. The main scene is five freely planted acacia trees, which are located at the highest place in the space. There are nine sycamore trees under the slope opposite the main landscape tree, and there is a cypress forest behind the sycamore trees. There are cherry blossoms in the south and various spring flowers and shrubs in the north. On the west side of Albizia Albizia is a triangular maple forest. In spring, there are cherry blossoms in the south and various spring flowers and shrubs in the north. In summer, among the surrounding green trees, the acacia tree with the main scene of safflower is particularly bright and dazzling; In late autumn, acacia leaves fall, and the red leaves of triangular maple forest and the yellow leaves of Platanus acerifolia reflect each other. In winter, in front of a green cypress forest, nine white and green buttonwood trunks are set off and do not fade. Well-designed plant configuration makes this space have beautiful scenery all year round. Landscape and plant configuration are described as follows: The plant configuration of waterscape plants in various water bodies in the garden, such as lakes, rivers, ponds, streams and branches, should meet the requirements of water ecological environment, and attention should be paid to the role of dikes and islands in dividing the water surface and increasing the depth of field when creating waterscape. Waterfront plants should choose trees and shrubs with water and humidity resistance, graceful posture and bright colors, or constitute the main scenery, or decorate the revetment with flowers and lakes. Choose flowers and trees or colorful trees to enrich the waterscape. When planting tall trees beside large water bodies, we should pay attention to the ups and downs of crown lines and the widening of landscape lines. It is not suitable to plant aquatic plants on the scenic water to expand the sense of space, and form an "ink painting" with distant mountains, nearby trees and buildings. Roadside plants should pay attention to creating different garden landscapes, such as mountain roads, bamboo roads, flower paths and wild roads. In the natural garden road, in order to break the planting pattern of common street trees, the same tree species can not be planted on both sides, but a balanced effect must be achieved. The spacing between plants should be combined with the roadside scenery, leaving a transparent line to create conditions for "shifting scenery". Brightly colored solitary trees or bushes can be planted at intersections, and they can also be used as scenic spots or signs to play the role of tour guides. In the pavement of secondary garden roads or paths, turf can be embedded to enrich the landscape of garden roads. Regular garden roads should also have two or three kinds of trees or shrubs alternately, forming a sense of ups and downs. The plant configuration next to the building must first conform to the nature of the building and the theme to be expressed. For example, next to the pavilion of "Autumn Moon in Pinghu" in Hangzhou, there is a big Qiu Shu with a crown of trees. Next to the "Smelling Osmanthus Fragrant Hin", osmanthus trees surround it. Secondly, it is necessary to coordinate the building with the surrounding environment. If the number of building objects is too large, the building form is rigid, or the location is inappropriate, plants can be used to cover or make up for it. Thirdly, it is necessary to strengthen the planting of the foundation of the building, and plant flowers or shrubs on the wall foundation, so that there is a transitional space between the building and the ground, or to stabilize the foundation. The corner of the house is decorated with flowers and trees, which can overcome the monotony of the building. Climbing plants can be planted on the wall, and evergreen trees with appropriate height should be densely planted next to the statue as the background. Shady and fragrant flowers and trees should be planted next to the chair. The arrangement of plants beside rockeries generally focuses on the shape and texture of stones, and it is not advisable to arrange too many plants. Sometimes one or two small trees or shrubs can be arranged beside the stone. Climbing plants can be planted when covering is needed. Half-buried beside the stone, books and grass or low flowers are often used to match. All kinds of aquatic plants are often planted on the stones beside the stream to increase the interest of nature. Arrangement of Ancient Garden Plants in China The arrangement of ancient garden plants in China was first recorded in the books on flower spectrum and artistic flowers in Song Dynasty, which were all discussed in Qunfangpu, Yuanye and Changwuzhi in Ming Dynasty, and detailed in Guangqunfangpu and Huajing in Qing Dynasty. Judging from the preserved gardens and ancient and famous trees, the configuration of ancient garden plants in China has the following characteristics: a deep understanding of the theme of garden plants can lead to temperament. From the ecological habits, external forms and internal characters of plants, they are anthropomorphic, so there is a saying that "plum blossoms are pure and elegant, bamboo is tall and straight, orchids are quiet and elegant, and chrysanthemums are leisurely and elegant", which is called ". Or pine, bamboo and plum are matched together, which is called "three friends of old cold". Or use peony as a metaphor for wealth and crape myrtle as a metaphor for harmony. It is often given a personalized metaphor according to the ecological habits and manifestations of plants. Therefore, in the garden, the individual beauty of plants is emphasized, and the single planting method is adopted more, and pruning is less. Learn from nature and imitate the natural plant landscape into the park. Even in a small garden, it simulates "35% to 35% forest" and creates the artistic conception of "forest near the mountain". Even according to the description in Tao Yuanming's Peach Blossom Garden, he created Wuling Chun in the garden. Or move the rural scenery into the garden and build a "Xiang Tao Village". I like to plant a certain kind of plants with characteristics or loved by the masses, and become a characteristic garden. For example, the Fuli Palace in Shanglinyuan in the Western Han Dynasty, the Peony Garden in Luoyang in the Song Dynasty, the Loquat Garden, Bamboo Garden, Lixiangyuan and Bajiaowu in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. This form has been passed down to the present. Plants are closely integrated with other elements in the garden. No matter rocks, water bodies, gardens and buildings, they are all set off by plants, and even named after plants, such as Wansongling, Cherry Valley, Taohuaxi, Haitangwu, Meiyingpo and Furong Stone, which strengthen the plant atmosphere of the scenic spot. Buildings named after plants, such as Lotus Champs, Magnolia Hall, Wanju Pavilion and Eighteen Datura Pavilion, are all fixed, while plants change with seasons and years, which strengthens the dynamic and static contrast in garden scenery. Ancient gardens in China won by scenery, and many people named plants in the names of scenery. For example, the wind blowing in the ravine, the pear blossoms accompanying the moon, the autumn wind cut by tung trees, the secluded bamboo, the fragrant snow in Luogang and so on. , extremely common, fully embodies the characteristics of "poetry into the garden" in ancient China. In the long history of garden construction, the configuration procedures of garden plants in China have been formed, such as planting plums in front of houses, bending dikes to make willows, placing towers in courtyards, moving bamboo as windows, hanging kudzu vines and hanging radishes. These all reflect the unique style of garden plant configuration in China. The arrangement of foreign garden plants is quite different from that of ancient garden plants in China. The arrangement of plants in representative French gardens and Italian gardens in western Europe is mostly regular, or plants are trimmed into geometric figures. /kloc-in the 0/6th century, Italian garden trees were mostly evergreen trees, which were densely planted along the garden road and the fence and trimmed into green corridors or green walls. The terrace is also covered with a green altar, trimmed into squares with boxwood or cypress. /kloc-After the 0/8th century, English natural landscape gardens with open grasslands, naturally planted trees and winding paths appeared. In modern western European countries, due to the increasingly serious environmental problems and the requirements and influence of urban ecology, plant allocation tends to be natural, so we should pay attention to the role of plants in environmental protection. In plant selection, we should not only consider economic benefits, but also pay attention to the visual artistic effect of plant configuration. Most plants in Japanese gardens are natural, but attention should also be paid to pruning plants. The choice of tree species is mostly evergreen trees. Pine trees, in particular, are often trimmed into certain shapes, forming a unique style in Japan, and also creating a method of shaping and pruning trees-"mowing grass"; At the same time, pay more attention to the allocation of autumn tree species, such as planting maple forests in pieces. Trees are often arranged in three to one, two to one and five to one ways, so that visitors can see every tree in the whole tree from any angle. Palm plants and big-leaf plantains are often planted beside the house to obtain the garden artistic conception of "listening to the rain". Some trees or shrubs are usually planted at the entrance of the waterfall to block part of the waterfall and increase the sense of depth. The ground in the garden is often covered with fine grass, small bamboo, vines, ferns and mosses. The Soviet Union paid more attention to the arrangement of plants in Soviet gardens. First of all, Soviet gardeners classify garden plants according to their ornamental characteristics, such as oval, oval, spherical, conical, pagoda-shaped, umbrella-shaped, natural, drooping and creeping. Green leaves are divided into cyan, yellow-green and gray-green according to chromaticity; Inflorescences are divided into six categories. When arranging plants, we should consider the artistic composition and style of plants from the aspects of plane, three-dimensional, color and shrub density. At the same time, from the perspective of forestry, we also pay attention to the ratio of trees to shrubs, the ratio of conifers to broad-leaved trees, and the ratio of tree density to tree species, forming the theory of garden plant allocation.

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