3300-2200 BC (early bronze age)
2200- 1550 BC (middle bronze age): the invention of spokes, wheels and chariots.
Onag's Description-Sumerian Trolley "The Battle Flag of Ur" (about 2500 BC)
The culture of Khalaf _ 6500-5 100 BC is sometimes regarded as the earliest description of wheeled vehicles, but this is doubtful because there is no evidence that khal AFI people use wheeled vehicles or even pottery wheels.
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The predecessor of the wheel was called "tournettes" or "slowwheels", which was not known in the Middle East until the 5th century BC. One of the earliest examples was found in Tepe Pardis, Iran, dating back to 5200-4700 BC. They are made of stone or clay, and the middle is fixed on the ground with nails, but they need a lot of strength to turn. The real pottery wheel, which can rotate freely and has a mechanism of wheel and shaft, developed in Mesopotamia (Iraq) to 4200-4000 BC.
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The oldest existing example, found in Ur (modern Iraq), can be traced back to 3 100 BC.
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Before 4000 BC, miniature clay wheels were found in the northern part of the Black Sea, which is the oldest indirect evidence of wheel movement. Since the middle of the 4th century BC, evidence has been concentrated in toy cars, portraits or ruts all over Europe.
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In Mesopotamia, descriptions of wheeled trucks were found in hieroglyphics on clay tablets, which can be traced back to 3500-3350 BC in uruk, Ianna and Sumerian civilization.
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In the second half of the 4th century BC, the evidence of wheeled vehicles appeared almost simultaneously in the north (Mekop culture), South Caucasus (early Kurgan culture) and Eastern Europe (Ku Coutney-Tripi culture). From 36365438 BC to 3380 BC, descriptions of wheeled vehicles appeared in Bronocice pottery pots, and settlements in southern Poland were discovered in funnel cup culture.
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A 2.2-meter-wide door was built for the truck entrance near Nika in Osa; This barn is 40 m long and has three doors, which can be traced back to 5000-7000 BC and belongs to the Neolithic line pottery culture.
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The evidence of the survival of the axle combination comes from Stare Gmajne (Ljubljana swamp wooden wheel) near Ljubljana, Slovenia. The date is within two standard deviations to 3340-3030 BC and the axis to 3360-3045 BC.
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Two kinds of early Neolithic European axles are known; Around the mountain _ the structure type of freight cars (wheels and axles rotate together, such as the wheels in Ljubljana swamp), the Baden culture in Hungary (axles don't rotate). They all date back to 3200-3000 BC.
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Some historians believe that wheeled vehicles spread from the Near East to Europe in the middle of 4th century BC.
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The solid wheels on the heavy-duty temple car are in sharp contrast with the lighter spoke wheels. The black sports car is in the foreground.
The early wheels were simple boards with a hole in the axle. Some of the earliest wheels were made of horizontal tree trunk slices. Because of the uneven structure of wood, wheels made of transversely sliced trunks are often not as good as those made of circular longitudinal plates.
The spoke wheel is a recent invention, which allows the construction of lighter and faster vehicles. The earliest known examples of wooden spoke wheels can be traced back to 200 BC, in the context of Sin Dasta culture. 2000 BC (Lake Krivoye). Shortly thereafter, the horse culture in the Caucasus used horse-drawn chariots for most of the three centuries. They went deep into the Greek Peninsula, and together with the existing Mediterranean people, finally after the collapse of Minos, the rule and consolidation of classical Greece led by pre-classical Sparta appeared, and in BC 1000 Athens introduced the iron rim-Celtic chariot.
In China, the wheel and rail tracks around 2200 BC were discovered in Pingliangtai, Longshan Cultural Site.
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Yanshi, Erlitou Cultural City, also found similar traces, which can be traced back to around 1700 BC. The earliest evidence of spoke wheel in China comes from Qinghai. It comes from the place between 2000 BC and 1500 BC in the form of two wheels.
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In Britain, a large wooden wheel with a diameter of about 1 m(3.3 feet) was discovered in 20 16 at the Must Farm in East England. The history of this specimen can be traced back to BC 1 year and BC 100 to 800 BC. It is the most complete and earliest specimen of this kind found in Britain. The hub also exists. The spine of a horse found nearby indicates that the wheels may be part of the carriage. The wheel was found in a stilt settlement on the wetland, which indicates that the settlement has some connection with the dry land.
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A wheel independently invented by a figurine featuring the new world.
Although the wheel was not widely used in America before it came into contact with Europe, many small wheel artifacts identified as children's toys were found in Mexican archaeological sites, some of which can be traced back to around 1500 BC.
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It is believed that the main obstacle to the large-scale development of wheels in the United States is the lack of domesticated large animals that can be used to pull wheeled wagons.
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Bison, a close relative of cattle, appeared in America before Columbus and was difficult to domesticate. Native Americans never domesticated it. Several kinds of horses only existed about 12000 years ago, but they all died out in the end.
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The llama, the only domesticated large animal in the Western Hemisphere, is a pack animal, but it is not suitable for being used as a tractor for towing wheeled vehicles.
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When Europeans arrived, the use of camels did not extend beyond the Andes.
Around 400 BC, Nubians used wheels to rotate pottery and waterwheels.
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It is thought that Nubian waterwheels may be driven by cattle.
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As we all know, Nubians use horse-drawn chariots imported from Egypt.
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Before the19th century, few people used wheels except in the Horn of Africa and sub-Saharan Africa, but with the arrival of Europeans, the situation changed.
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Until the1870s, spoke wheels were used without major modification, when steel spoke wheels and pneumatic tires were invented.
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Pneumatic tires can greatly reduce rolling resistance and improve comfort. The steel wire spokes are in tension, not compression, which makes the wheel hard and light. The early radial spoke steel wheels produced tangential spoke steel wheels, which were widely used in automobiles in the late 20th century. Cast alloy wheels are now more commonly used; When weight is important, use forged alloy wheels.
The invention of the wheel is also very important to technology. Generally speaking, important applications include waterwheels, gears (see also antikythera mechanism), spinning wheels and astrolabes or torques. The descendants of more modern wheels include propellers, jet engines, flywheels (gyroscopes) and turbines.
Ljubljana swamp wheel, about 3 150 BC (the oldest fully radioactive carbon dating model of wooden wheel parts in the world).
20th century solid wheel, made of wooden board with metal rim.
In the second quarter of 6th century BC, the Monteleon chariot with spoke wheels of ancient Etruscans [contradiction].
Where does the bronze spoke wheel come from? Bedsheets in Rocaglia began around 1000 BC.
Radial (left) and tangential (right) steel spoke wheels are equipped with pneumatic tires.
Cast alloy wheels on folding bicycles with pneumatic tires.