Walnut soaked in Yangbi is a medium-sized tree with open posture, round crown, early germination, male first type, many terminal buds and medium maturity. The fruiting branches are medium and short branches, and the fruiting branch rate is 52.6%. The average fruit setting per branch is about 2.3. Nuts are oblate and spherical, with narrow suture, obvious bulge and smooth shell surface. Single fruit weight 1 2 ~16g, shell thickness1mm, easy access to nuts, kernel yield of 53.5% ~ 57.6%, and kernel oil yield of 70%. The nucleolus is full, plump, milky yellow in color and fragrant in taste. The grafted tree began to bear fruit in the seventh year, with high yield, good quality and strong adaptability. Leaves germinate in mid-March, male flowers open in late March, female flowers open in early April, fruit is formed by pollination, fruit matures in late September and leaves fall in late June. It takes 230 days from germination to defoliation.

1. Seedling raising technology: Ten thousand tons of grain fields with sunny leeward, deep and fertile soil and convenient irrigation and drainage are selected as seedling raising sites. The soil should be deeply ploughed to improve soil fertility and eliminate pests. Before raising seedlings in spring, some work should be done, such as crushing, applying organic fertilizer to cultivated land, leveling and building high beds. Disinfect the soil two weeks before sowing, spray 50 ml of 40% formaldehyde on the seedbed evenly on 10 liter of water, then cover it with agricultural film for 4 ~ 7 days, then open the agricultural film and sow after all the medicinal materials are lost. You can also use Su Hua 9 1 1 or Dixintong to disinfect the soil.

(1) rootstock seedling refers to the seedlings that are propagated by seeds and used as rootstocks of grafted seedlings. Seeds of Juglans regia, Juglans mandshurica, Juglans mandshurica, Juglans mandshurica and Juglans mandshurica can be selected for seedling. The seeds of Juglans mandshurica and Juglans mandshurica are mainly selected in Yunnan Province.

(1) Seed collection and storage: select a tree (20-40 years old) with strong growth, full seeds and no diseases and insect pests as the seed collection mother tree, and harvest it in time when the nuts are ripe (the green skin turns from green to yellow and cracks). Uncovered nuts can be piled up and peeled or treated with ethephon, and the green peel can be removed after 3 ~ 5 days. After peeling, put the seeds in a ventilated and dry place to dry, and store them in a cool and dry place when the skin color changes from white to yellowish brown and the diaphragm is fragile. Seeds should not be exposed to direct sunlight on cement floor, slate or iron plate, and can be refrigerated where conditions permit.

(2) Disinfection of seed germination: put walnut and hickory seeds into a warm water tank at 45℃ ~ 60℃, stir, naturally cool, soak for 5 ~ 7 days, change water every day, take them out and expose them to the sun for about 2 hours, and sow when most seeds crack, or soak them in 10%- 15% quicklime water for 7 ~. The above two methods not only have the effect of accelerating germination, but also have the effect of killing pathogenic bacteria in walnut seed coat, and the effect is good.

(3) sowing: sowing is started in March, furrowing is carried out on the seedbed according to the row spacing of 20-30cm, and sowing is carried out according to the plant spacing of 10- 15cm; It is required that the seeds are placed horizontally and the suture line is vertical to the ground, so that the seedlings are the best; After sowing, cover the soil with 5- 10 cm, cover the grass or pine needles tightly, and drench them with water. The sowing amount is about 200 kg /667 square meters, and 7000- 10000 seedlings can be produced.

④ Seedling management: it germinates about 65,438+00 days after sowing, reaches its peak in 25 days and emerges in 35 days. Topdressing nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer at the early growth stage, topdressing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer at the fast growth stage, and spraying BR- 120 or Bao for three times; At the end of growth, topdressing phosphorus and potassium fertilizer can improve the lignification degree of seedlings and enhance the cold resistance. In order to improve the quality of rootstock seedlings, topping should be carried out when the seedling height is 50-60 cm in the fast-growing period, so as to inhibit the high growth and promote the ground diameter growth, so that rootstock seedlings can reach the grafting standard as soon as possible. The Miao Di diameter of 1 annual rootstock is 1-2.5cm, which is the grafting standard.

(2) Collecting and processing grafted seedlings. Select excellent mother trees that are robust, well-developed, free from pests and diseases, and have entered the initial fruit-bearing stage or full fruit-bearing stage as mother trees. Early spring selection 1 year, 1 ~ 1.5 cm thick, well developed, and small pith branches at the outer edge of the crown. About 40 cm slices were sealed with paraffin and stored in a cool, dry and ventilated place. The room temperature is controlled below 65438 05℃.

(3) There are many methods of grafting. Yunnan Province mainly adopts two methods: seedling rootstock grafting and sub-seedling rootstock grafting, and the grafting work was completed in March.

(1) rootstock grafting: in the rootstock nursery, cut the rootstock 5-8 cm from the ground, and cut it vertically in the cortex from one side of the section, so that the length of the cut is the same as that of the scion section. Scions were cut from wax-sealed cuttings, each scion was about 10 cm long, and it was cut horizontally 2 ~ 3 cm above the bud, with only 1 bud (2 weak buds); Cut an inclined plane with a length of 3-4cm on one side of the base of the scion, then cut a small inclined plane with a length of 1cm on the other side, insert the large inclined plane inward into the rootstock incision, and align with the formation layer; Then the joint and scion are tightly bound with plastic strips (only buds are exposed), and the survival rate is above 85%. There are also quite a few places and counties that dispatch rootstocks and scions from areas with abundant seedlings. After indoor grafting, the rootstock was soaked with auxin and then planted in outdoor seedbed, and the survival rate was over 70%.

(2) Seed (bud) rootstock grafting: firstly, walnut and walnut seeds are germinated and sown on a sand bed or a perlite bed, which is required to be placed horizontally, and the suture line is vertical to the ground, covered with 5 cm thick sand or perlite, drenched with water, covered with a plastic shed for heat preservation and moisture preservation, ventilated and cooled when the temperature exceeds 28℃, and grafted when the germ grows to 5 ~ 10 cm. When grafting, take out the seedlings and cut them at 1 cm above the petiole, and cut the straight petiole along the center of the embryo, about 2 cm long; Then cut the lower end of the scion into a wedge shape and insert it into the rootstock interface, taking care not to hurt the petiole. After connection, tie the joint and seal the scion with plastic strips (exposed buds). The radicle was soaked in 50 mg/kg ABT3 rooting powder for 30 minutes, and then planted on the seedbed.

③ Management and protection of grafted seedlings: Management and protection include a series of conventional water and fertilizer management measures, such as anti-collision, sprouting, releasing bundles, etc. In properly managed nurseries, more than 50% of the grafted seedlings of 1 year meet the national standards, and almost all the others meet the standards of 1 year. 1 class 5000 ~ 8000 plants /667 square meters.

2. Land preparation and afforestation sites should be selected in valleys with abundant sunshine, deep soil, loose and fertile soil and good drainage, middle and downhill slopes, terraces and "four sides", and should not be selected in dry-hot valleys, barren hilltops and low-lying lands with heavy soil and poor drainage. Planting in gentle land can be combined with forest-grain intercropping for comprehensive soil preparation; Terraced fields should be built on slopes above 16. The planting hole size is 1m× 1m× 0.8m, and the topsoil and subsoil are separated.

3. Planting density and configuration Walnut has developed root system, dense crown and large head, which is suitable for sparse planting. The plant spacing is 8m× 8m or 10m× 10m. Plane square configuration, make full use of sunlight and soil fertility; The isosceles triangle configuration in mountainous areas is beneficial to soil and water conservation.

4. Return pond 15 ~ 30 days before planting. When returning the pond, the surface soil should be filled first, and then the core soil should be filled. Shi Gen should be picked out, and 30-50kg of decomposed organic fertilizer and 0/000g of calcium superphosphate/kloc should be applied in the middle and lower part of each pond, and mixed with the soil. The suitable planting period is from late winter to early spring, before seedling germination or after seedling dormancy in late autumn; Choose 1 grade seedlings for afforestation, and pay attention to protecting seedling roots. When planting, the trunk of seedlings should be placed in the center of the pit, the root system should be stretched, straightened and planted, the soil should be filled, the root water should be poured, and then a layer of loose soil should be covered to repair the pit into a plate shape. Water the seedlings in time to ensure their survival.

5, cover afforestation seedlings planted within 3 years, did not form a forest circle, natural circle or people, livestock interference is weak, should be closed to facilitate afforestation, prohibit people, livestock trample, to prevent the harm of mountain fires. Make sure that the end of the walnut turns into a forest soon.

6. Management of young trees Due to diseases and insect pests, young trees often die 1 ~ 2 years after planting. They can be cut off about 15 cm from the ground to promote their germination.

7. Soil management should be combined with forest-grain intercropping, and corn, soybean and buckwheat should be planted in large lines; Planting peas and wheat between rows; You can also interplant medicinal materials and green manure. Combined with soil ploughing, 45,000 kilograms of farmyard manure is applied per hectare every year, and 5438+00 is applied in April-May and June, and weeding is carried out in intertillage for 2-3 times in July-August when weeds are flourishing. In addition, according to the growth and strength of the tree, topdressing and foliar fertilization should be carried out in a timely and appropriate manner. Results In the first 3 ~ 5 years, 50 ~ 60 grams of nitrogen fertilizer and 65,438+00 ~ 20 grams of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer were applied per square meter of crown area, and the amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer was appropriately increased in the fruiting period. In order to meet the special needs of walnut for some macro and trace elements in different growth stages, foliar fertilization must be carried out according to the needs of the tree. For example, spraying 0.3% ~ 0.5% urea solution or 1: 10000 times solution during the rapid growth period of new shoots to promote the growth of branches and leaves; Spraying 0. 1% ~ 0.2% boric acid at flowering stage can obviously improve the fruit setting rate; Spraying 0.3% ~ 0.5% zinc sulfate when the trees are short of zinc; Spraying 0.5% ~ 1% manganese sulfate when manganese is deficient; When copper is deficient, 0.3% ~ 0.5% copper sulfate is sprayed. The foliar fertilizer can be mixed with a variety of pesticides, and the operation can be carried out all day on cloudy days before 10 or after 17.

8. When the young trees with fixed stem and pruning grow to 1 ~ 2 meters high, the top can be broken and fixed. There are two ways of shaping and pruning, one is layered trunk shape, and the other is open heart shape. If the soil is deep and fertile, the management conditions are good and the trees are strong, the trunk can be layered and divided into three layers. Select 3 main branches in the first layer, 2 main branches in the second layer and 1 ~ 2 main branches in the third layer. When selecting the main branches, in order to take care of the ventilation and light transmission in the inner cavity of the tree, the distance between the main branches of each layer should be appropriately larger; The spacing between the first and second floors is 1 ~ 1.5m, and the spacing between the second and third floors is about1m. In order to avoid "neck sticking", the main branches of the first layer should be staggered, with a spacing of 20 cm between layers, and the directions of the main branches of each layer should not overlap. Select 3 ~ 4 main branches on both sides of the main branch of the side branch. The first side branch is selected at a distance of/~1.5m from the trunk, and the first side branch of each main branch should be in the same direction to the left; The second lateral branch is about 1 m away from the first lateral branch, and the direction is opposite. The farther away from the outer edge of the crown, the spacing of lateral branches should be reduced appropriately, and attention should be paid to prevent the lateral branches at the same level from meeting. In the process of plastic surgery, we should always adjust the growth of branches at all levels to maintain the growth advantage of the central trunk and make the main branches at all levels stronger than the side branches. Even if the affiliation of branches at all levels is clear, the tree potential should be balanced to prevent the upper branch from being strong and the lower branch from being weak. In places with poor soil conditions, it is often difficult for walnuts to form a strong central trunk, and the way of shaping can be the happy shape of two or three main branches. After the terminal bud is removed, 2 ~ 3 lateral branches are selected as main branches, and 2 ~ 3 lateral branches are selected on each main branch. The first lateral branch is 70 ~ 100 cm away from the trunk, with the same direction; The first lateral branch is 50 ~ 70 cm away from the first lateral branch, and the direction is opposite; According to the situation, 1 ~ 3 secondary side branches are selected for each level of side branches. In the early stage of walnut fruiting, it is necessary to continue to complete plastic surgery and give consideration to the results. Except for the main branch, lateral branch and secondary lateral branch, other branches are thinned or retracted, and the branches that are retracted and utilized should be strengthened to keep the advantages of the main branch and lateral branch and continue to expand the crown. After the full fruit period, the tree shape is basically fixed. Pruning in full fruit stage of walnut should, in principle, control the branches to extend outward to prevent the fruiting parts from moving outward; Retract and rejuvenate the descending fruiting branches, and treat the drooping branches to improve the angle, make them grow sturdily and prolong the full fruit period.

9. Putting pulp People in walnut producing areas in Yunnan Province have the habit of peeling bark and putting pulp, commonly known as "releasing water". In the case of good site conditions, some walnut trees grow vigorously, but bear little or no fruit; By discharging pulp, the up-and-down exchange of nutrients is partially blocked, the tree potential is adjusted, and flowering and fruiting are promoted. Specifically, in the fruiting period, cut some transverse injuries on the trunk or main branch with a sharp knife, which is as deep as the xylem and obliquely cut to prevent the rain from invading the wound and getting sick; You can also peel the branches into a circle (1 ~ 3 cm) to promote the fruit.

1, pest control should follow the principle of forest management measures focusing on prevention and adhere to the principle of "combining biological control, artificial control and chemical control". The main pests and diseases of walnut soaked in Yangbi are seedling root rot, parasitic loranthus, walnut leaf beetle, scarab, Anoplophora maculata, camphor tree, many kinds of thorn moths and so on. Please refer to related books and literature for control methods. Walnut soaked in Yangbi has many excellent characteristics, such as early fruiting, high yield, long development and excellent quality. It is an excellent oil-bearing tree species with less investment, quick effect and great income. The grafted seedlings bear fruit in 3 ~ 5 years after planting, and enter the high-yield period in 8 ~ 10 years. After 10 years, the tree vigor gradually decreases and the yield decreases. There is a huge walnut tree in Qingkou Village, Rao Township, Binchuan County, Dali Prefecture, Yunnan Province. The age of the tree is about 100 years, the trunk DBH is 4.2m, and the crown width is 31m× 31m. Since 1976, the average annual output of walnuts is about 30,000, and the oil can be squeezed 103 kg, which is rare at home and abroad.

Walnut soaked in Yangbi (1955) became the first product in Dali, Yunnan Province to enter the international market. Because of its "big head, thin shell, white kernel, delicious taste and rich nutrition", it is very popular in Europe, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, Chinese mainland, Taiwan Province Province, Hong Kong and Macao. The national walnut held by Shanxi 65438-0979 is the largest economic forest tree species in Yunnan Province, with 68 counties in the province as its main producing areas, with an annual output of more than 52 million kilograms and an output value of nearly 400 million yuan, ranking first in the country in terms of output and export. The series of products processed by it, such as honey walnut, amber walnut and walnut milk, have won many gold medals in health food fairs at home and abroad, and have been listed as "Yunnan Province 18 Biological Resources Development Project".

Xishan Township, Eryuan County, Yunnan Province, known as the "hometown of walnuts", firmly established the idea that "you have to rely on mountains to eat, and only when the mountains are green can you get rich", increased the cultivation of pickled walnuts and promoted the rapid development of regional economy. Xishan township has a wide forest area and many wild iron walnut forests. Previously, the township only used pickled walnuts as an incidental industry. In recent years, the township party committee and government regard walnuts as an industry to enrich the people and revitalize the countryside. Based on rural areas, combined with reality and local conditions, the grand blueprint for the development of pickled walnuts was planned, and the overall plan for the development of pickled walnuts was formulated. All rural cadres should further unify their thinking, renew their ideas, do a good job in planting pickled walnuts and take the road of industrialized development of pickled walnuts. It laid a solid foundation for making walnut industry bigger and stronger. Only in this way can we make full use of resource advantages and turn them into economic advantages. Xishan township took effective measures to conduct a general survey of walnut original seeds in groups and pieces. On the basis of the existing 6,543,800+walnut forest in Yinggu, combined with the implementation of the project of returning farmland to forest and natural forest protection, 200,000 walnut trees were developed with high standards and standardization, and 6,543,800 wild walnut trees were transformed, and attention was paid to the management and protection of walnuts. Fertilization, insecticide spraying, pruning and leaf cutting are done regularly, and every step of soaking walnuts is done well, so that pieces of soaked walnuts can grow sturdily. Walnuts are ripe this year, and foreign bosses have rushed to Xishan Township to buy pickled walnuts. Because the walnuts in this township are big, white, thin-skinned and delicious, they have always been loved by bosses. Walnuts were robbed by bosses as soon as they were listed. By the end of June, 65438+1 October1,* * * had sold 450,000 Jin of pickled walnuts. According to the market price per kilogram 16 yuan, farmers' economic income reached 7.2 million yuan.

In recent years, Lincang municipal government is also doing a good job in the development of mountain resources, adhering to the development idea of soaking walnut industry combining ecological construction with industrial development, doing a good job in supporting projects such as green poverty alleviation, comprehensive mountain development, product forest base construction, dried fruit base construction, and returning farmland to forests, and strictly implementing the planting regulations, so that the survival rate of soaking walnuts has been continuously improved. The whole city's soaking walnut industry has achieved leap-forward development, and many "soaking walnut markets" have emerged in Lincang. By the end of 2005, the city had 93,000 hectares of walnut soaking base, of which 20,000 hectares were put into production, with a total output of1.110 million tons and a total output value of over 100 million yuan. Walnut soaking has become a "cash cow" for farmers in mountainous areas. Facing the broad market prospect, Lincang Municipal Party Committee and Municipal Government have listed the walnut-soaking industry as the key industry in the construction of new countryside in the city. It is planned to build a walnut-soaking base of/kloc-0.07 million hectares on the basis of the existing 93,000 hectares during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, so that the walnut-soaking area in the city will reach 200,000 hectares, forming the largest industrial raw material base in the province, and realizing the output value of/kloc-0.07 million yuan. In the first half of the year, the construction area of soaking walnuts in the whole city was1.65,438+0.4 million hectares, which was 6.9 times of the task assigned by the province. At present, the annual output of Lincang walnut is 12032 tons, ranking first in the province.

Li Xun, a villager of Xinhe Formation in Chaoyang Village, Shili Township, Fengqing County, has developed 230 walnut soaking plants and put them into operation for 30 years. In 2005, his family realized that soaking walnut trees could achieve a maximum income of more than 4,000 yuan. Because planting walnut trees is more economical than growing grain, soaking walnut trees has become a "cash cow" for mountain people. Pickled walnut has high nutritional value and is a green food that consumers like. In recent years, Lincang has vigorously developed mountain resources. With the support of green poverty alleviation, commercial forest base construction, dried fruit base construction, returning farmland to forests and other projects, the walnut soaking industry in this city has achieved leap-forward development and gradually become a major characteristic industry. Since 2005, the output value of soaking walnuts in Lincang has exceeded 100 million yuan, making Lincang a "big market for soaking walnuts", and many farmers earn more than 10,000 yuan just by soaking walnuts. At present, Lincang's pickled walnut products have been sold to Guangdong, Shanghai, Zhejiang and other places, and even exported abroad.