There are three kinds of guidance systems for guided weapons and more than ten ways.
Autonomous guidance system
This system is characterized by complete autonomy, and the guidance signal for controlling the missile's flight is generated by the missile's own guidance equipment, which has nothing to do with the target or command station and is not easily disturbed. This guidance system, because the program is predetermined, is only suitable for attacking fixed targets. It includes:
According to the inertia of the object, the acceleration of the missile motion is measured to determine the inertial guidance of the missile flight path;
Terrain matching guidance, which guides the missile to fly to the target according to the terrain characteristics;
Astronomical navigation based on the relative positions of some stars in space and the earth;
According to the pre-installed program, the scheme guidance of missile flight is controlled.
Remote control guidance system
This system relies on the guidance station to provide guidance signals for missiles, and can also change the flight trajectory at any time according to the movement of the target, which is suitable for attacking moving targets. There are command guidance and beam guidance.
Radio command guidance
Radio command guidance, the most commonly used is radar, tracking targets and missiles. Parameters such as position, distance and speed are calculated by the computer, and instructions are formed and sent to the missile. This guidance method has high guidance accuracy within a certain distance, but its disadvantage is that it is easy to be found by the enemy and its anti-jamming ability is poor.
radar beam riding
Radar beam guidance uses the directional radiation of radar radio to form a narrow cone-shaped rotating beam in space. The beam automatically tracks the target, and the missile flies along the beam axis until it hits the target. This guidance method is rarely used now because it is easily separated from the beam by radio interference.
Automatic homing guidance system
Automatic homing means that the missile finds and tracks itself until it finally destroys the target. It usually uses some energy radiated and reflected by the target, such as infrared rays, electromagnetic waves, optical radiation, sound waves and other signals, and relies on the equipment installed on the missile to detect and calculate, forming instructions to make the missile fly to the target. There are active, semi-active and passive types, including:
Radar homing guidance, the missile head is equipped with radar, which emits electromagnetic waves to the target and guides the missile to fly according to the target echo.
Infrared homing guidance, using infrared seeker, converts the infrared radiation emitted by the target into regularly changing electric energy, which is shaped and amplified by electronic circuit to form a guidance signal to guide the missile to fly to the target.
TV homing guidance, there is a TV camera, which uses electron beam scanning to convert the light images of the target and background into electrical signals to guide the missile to track the target.
The working principle of millimeter wave homing guidance is the same as that of radar homing guidance, but the difference lies in the wavelength. The radar works in the microwave band with the wavelength of 10 ~ 1cm, and millimeter wave refers to the electromagnetic wave band with the wavelength of10 ~1mm. It is unaffected by weather and smog, except for heavy rain, fog, clouds, snow and hail. Millimeter waves can also penetrate, and "all-weather capability is limited."