Basic introduction Chinese name: warehouse mbth: warehouse; Review and overview of warehouse movies, common classification, mini-warehouse, single-storey warehouse, multi-storey warehouse, cylindrical warehouse, bonded warehouse, three-dimensional warehouse, warehouse classification, by use, by goods characteristics, warehouse function: 1, warehouse storage function, 2, regulation of supply and demand function, 3, regulation of goods transportation capacity, 4, circulation and distribution processing function, 5. Summarized the main performance parameters of the warehouse, 1, warehouse capacity, 2, warehousing frequency. There is a phrase "seeking for thousands of warehouses" in The Book of Songs Xiaoya, which shows that warehouse architecture has a long history. Modern warehouses pay more attention to operating income than storage. This is the difference from the old warehouse. Therefore, modern warehouses attach importance to the rational layout of channels, the distribution of goods and the maximum height of accumulation from the aspects of transportation turnover, storage methods and building facilities, and allocate economical and effective mechanized and automated access facilities to improve storage capacity and work efficiency. The warehouse consists of warehouses for storing articles and transportation facilities (such as cranes, elevators, slides, etc.). ), transportation pipes and equipment in and out of the warehouse, fire control facilities, management rooms, etc. According to the shape of the stored goods, warehouses can be divided into warehouses for storing solid goods, liquid goods, gas goods and powder goods; According to the nature of stored goods, it can be divided into warehouses for storing raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products; According to the architectural form, it can be divided into single-storey warehouse, multi-storey warehouse and cylindrical warehouse. At present, there has been a prototype of mini warehouse in China, with temporary storage as its business. Some large warehouses provide small-area storage services. This kind of service is stacking goods in big warehouse. There is no obvious gap between things, and there is a lack of security and privacy. Most areas do not have the conditions to develop mini warehouses. At present, only some first-tier cities such as Shanghai, Beijing and Shenzhen are quietly popular in China. The warehouse atlas single-storey warehouse is suitable for storing metal materials, building materials, ores, mechanical products, vehicles, oil, chemical raw materials, wood and its products, etc. Single-storey buildings are often used in water transport terminal warehouses, railway transport warehouses and air transport warehouses to speed up loading and unloading. The general layout design of single-storey warehouse requires that roads should be connected, and loaded cars and forklifts can directly enter and leave the warehouse. This kind of warehouse generally adopts precast reinforced concrete structure, with a column grid of 6m and spans of 12m, 15m, 18m, 24m, 30m and 36m. A warehouse with a large ground load has a large span. The lifting capacity of the crane in the warehouse is determined according to the maximum weight of the stored goods. Single-beam crane or monorail crane can be used for lifting below 5 tons, and bridge crane can be used for lifting above 5 tons. The warehouse needs moisture protection. If it is used to store flammable materials, a flexible floor layer should be used to prevent sparks. The roof and walls should be watertight. Multi-storey warehouses generally store department stores, electronic equipment, food, rubber products, medicines, medical devices, chemicals, stationery, instruments and meters, etc. There should be a loading and unloading site on the basement level, and loading and unloading vehicles can enter directly. The vertical transportation of goods generally adopts a freight elevator of 1.5 ~ 5 tons. It should be considered that the loading trolley or forklift can drive into the elevator room to speed up the loading and unloading. Slides are usually used to unload goods in multi-storey warehouses. The slideway is mostly reinforced concrete structure, and terrazzo waxing is the surface layer; Metal skeleton and steel plate surface layer can also be used, but steel plate should be prevented from rusting or stainless steel plate should be used as surface layer. If the unit load of a multi-storey warehouse is more than 500 kg, a flat floor can be used. Generally, the warehouse is not painted, and the puree can be painted with white paint; Department stores, medicine, food and clothing shops should be painted to prevent insects from hiding in the cracks. The storage and transportation of "three-dimensional warehouse" in multi-storey warehouse are mechanized by using electronic computers. This kind of warehouse occupies a small area and saves manpower, but the goods stored have a certain range. Cylindrical silos generally store bulk cement, dry slag, fly ash, bulk grain, oil, gas and other gases. The architectural design of cylindrical warehouse is determined according to the type of goods stored and the way of loading and unloading. The top, wall and bottom of the reservoir must be waterproof and moisture-proof, and the top of the reservoir should have a dust suction device. In order to facilitate daily maintenance, it is necessary to set hanging holes, manholes (ladders are arranged on the warehouse wall), measuring holes and hooks. Cylindrical warehouse generally adopts cast-in-place prestressed reinforced concrete structure and adopts slip-form method for construction. Oil storage and gas storage are both metal structures. Attention should be paid to the ventilation of the warehouse, and shutters should be set on each outer wall of the warehouse, and metal nets should be added on the shutters to prevent birds from flying. Dangerous goods warehouses, such as warehouses storing oil (gas) or chemical raw materials, must be heat-proof and moisture-proof. The roof should be insulated or designed with explosion-proof roof, and the entrance and exit should be provided with fire protection zones. The floor should be made of materials that do not produce sparks, and asphalt floor can generally be used. Oil storage tanks shall be provided with oil storage pits. Food warehouses should be protected from ants and bees. Bonded warehouse Bonded warehouse is a warehouse that specializes in keeping import and export goods imported from abroad that have not been taxed according to the relevant laws and regulations of import and export trade. Three-dimensional warehouse definition shelves automatic three-dimensional warehouse referred to as three-dimensional warehouse. Generally speaking, it refers to a warehouse that uses several, dozens or even dozens of shelves to store unit goods, and uses corresponding material handling equipment to carry out goods warehousing and warehousing operations. Because this kind of warehouse can make full use of space to store goods, it is often called "three-dimensional warehouse". Automated three-dimensional warehouse, also known as automated three-dimensional warehouse, is a new concept in logistics warehousing. High-level rationalization, automatic access and simple operation can be realized by using three-dimensional warehouse equipment. Automated three-dimensional warehouse is a form with high technical level at present. The main body of the automatic three-dimensional warehouse is composed of shelves, roadway stacking cranes, warehousing workbench and automatic warehousing and operation control system. Shelf is a building or structure with steel structure or reinforced concrete structure, and there is a standard size space in the shelf. The roadway stacking crane passes through the roadway between shelves to complete the storage and pick-up of goods. Management adopts computer and bar code technology. Characteristics 1, the three-dimensional warehouse is generally high. Its height is generally more than 5 meters, up to 40 meters, and the common three-dimensional warehouse is between 7 and 25 meters. 2. The three-dimensional warehouse must be a mechanized warehouse. Because the shelf is more than 5 meters, it is difficult to load and unload the shelf manually, so it is necessary to rely on machinery for operation. Automatic warehouse in warehouse is a form with high technical level at present. 3. The three-dimensional warehouse is equipped with multiple shelves. Because the shelves are high, it is also called high-rise shelf warehouse. Classification 1, classified according to shelf height. According to different shelf heights, it is subdivided into high-rise warehouse (15m or more), middle-level warehouse (5 ~15m) and low-level warehouse (5m or less). Due to the high cost of high-rise three-dimensional warehouse, special requirements for mechanical equipment and difficult installation, the construction is relatively small; The bottom three-dimensional warehouse is mainly used for the transformation of the old warehouse, which is a feasible way to improve the technical level and storage capacity of the old warehouse. There are many intermediate three-dimensional warehouses. 2. According to the shelf structure, it is divided into three-dimensional warehouse with unit cargo format, straight-through warehouse, automatic cabinet warehouse and strip shelf warehouse. 3. According to the building structure, it is divided into integrated warehouse and separated warehouse. 4. According to the types of machinery for loading goods, the warehouse can be divided into shelf forklift warehouse and roadway stacker warehouse. 5. According to the operation mode, it can be divided into 1) manual addressing and manual loading. Manually operated machines operate on high-rise shelves and identify addresses, and then the goods are taken out or loaded into the shelves by manpower. 2) Automatic addressing and manual loading. The machine will automatically run to address and identify the address according to the input instructions, stop automatically when it reaches the predetermined storage space, and then manually load or pick up the goods from the shelf. 3) Automatic addressing and loading are unattended. According to the instructions of the controller or according to the instructions of the computer. The above three methods, manual addressing and manual loading, are mainly suitable for middle and low-rise warehouses, and the other two methods are suitable for middle and high-rise warehouses. 6. Classification by function 1) Warehouse-type three-dimensional warehouse, with a large number of goods as its main function, has a small number of goods, but a large number and a long shelf life. Three-dimensional warehouse with dense shelves is suitable for storage warehouse. 2) The picking warehouse is a three-dimensional warehouse with the main functions of bulk purchase, multi-user, multi-category and small batch delivery. This kind of warehouse often adopts automatic addressing to create convenient and fast picking conditions. Because of the great difference of users' needs, it is difficult to get in and out, so it is not suitable to adopt automatic unmanned operation mode, but to adopt manual picking. Pick-and-place warehouses are mainly used in distribution centers. Classification of warehouses can be divided into the following categories according to their functions in commodity circulation: (1) Wholesale warehouses are mainly used to store goods transferred from purchasing and supply warehouses or purchased locally. This kind of warehouse is generally close to the commodity sales market, and its scale is generally smaller than that of the procurement and supply warehouse. Thallium is engaged in wholesale supply and spare parts supply business. (2) Purchasing and Supply Warehouse The purchasing and supply warehouse is mainly used for centralized storage and international import and export of goods purchased by production departments. Such warehouses are generally located in large and medium-sized cities where commodity production is concentrated, or where commodity transportation hubs are located. (3) Before dealing with the warehouse, the processing delay function of the warehouse has been discussed after the function of the warehouse. Generally, warehouses with product processing capacity are called processing warehouses. (4) Transit Warehouse The transit warehouse is located in the middle of the cargo transportation system and stores the goods waiting for transshipment. General goods are only temporarily parked here. This kind of warehouse is generally located near the stations of roads and railways and the ports and docks for waterway transportation, which is convenient for goods to be transported here. (5) Retail Warehouse Retail warehouse is mainly used for short-term storage of goods in commercial retail, and generally provides storefront sales. The retail warehouse is small in scale, and the stored materials have a fast turnover. (6) Reserve Warehouse This kind of warehouse is generally set up by the state to keep the national emergency reserve materials and combat readiness materials. Goods will generally be stored in such warehouses for a long time, and the stored materials will be updated regularly to ensure the quality of materials. (7) Bonded Warehouse A bonded warehouse refers to a warehouse established within a country for the needs of international trade, but outside the customs clearance. Goods of foreign enterprises can enter and leave such warehouses duty-free and go through customs declaration procedures. After approval, the goods can be processed and stored in bonded warehouses. Raw material warehouse according to commodity characteristics (1): Raw material warehouse is used to store raw materials used in production, and this kind of warehouse is generally relatively large. (2) product warehouse: the function of product warehouse is to store finished products, but these products have not yet entered the circulation field. This warehouse is generally attached to the product production factory. (3) Cold storage: used to store goods that need to be refrigerated, usually agricultural and sideline products, medicines and other items that need to be stored at a temperature. (4) Constant temperature warehouse: Constant temperature warehouse is also used to store products with storage temperature requirements, just like cold storage. (5) Dangerous goods warehouse: Literally, dangerous goods warehouse is used to store dangerous goods, which is easy to understand. Because dangerous goods may cause danger to people and the environment, there are generally specific requirements for the storage of such goods. For example, many chemicals are dangerous goods, and their storage has special regulations. (6) Surface warehouse: Articles that can float on the water, such as logs and bamboo rafts, can be stored on the water. Warehouse function: 1, warehousing function The warehouse has a certain space to store articles, and is equipped with corresponding equipment according to the characteristics of the articles to keep the articles in good condition. For example, the warehouse storing volatile solvents must be equipped with ventilation equipment to prevent the explosion caused by the high content of volatile substances in the air. The warehouse for storing precision instruments needs moisture-proof, dust-proof and constant temperature. Therefore, it is necessary to set up air conditioning, constant temperature and other equipment. Another basic requirement for working in a warehouse is to prevent items from being damaged or crushed during handling and stacking. Therefore, it is necessary to constantly improve and perfect the handling equipment and operation methods, so that the warehouse can really play the role of storage and custody. 2. The function of regulating supply and demand and creating time utility of materials is one of the two basic functions of logistics, which is completed by the warehouse of logistics system. Modern mass production takes many forms. From the continuity of production and consumption, each product has different characteristics. The production of some products is balanced, while the consumption is unbalanced. Others are unbalanced production, but consumption is balanced. In order to coordinate production and consumption, it is necessary for the warehouse to play the role of "reservoir". 3. Adjust the transportation capacity of goods. The transportation capacity of various modes of transportation is different. Ships have great transport capacity. Generally, ocean ships are 10,000 tons, and inland ships are hundreds to thousands of tons. The transportation capacity of the train is small, each wagon can carry 30 ~ 60t, and the maximum amount of clouds transported by a train is several thousand tons. The transportation capacity of cars is very small, generally each car is loaded with 4 ~ 10t. The transportation connection between them is very difficult, and this difference in capacity is also adjusted and connected through the warehouse. 4. The function of circulation, distribution and processing The function of modern warehouse has been in the process of changing from storage type to circulation type, that is, the warehouse has changed from the center of storing and keeping goods to the center of circulation and sales. The warehouse should not only have the equipment for storing and keeping goods, but also increase the settings for sorting, matching, binding, distribution and information processing. In this way, it not only expands the business scope of the warehouse, improves the comprehensive utilization rate of materials, but also facilitates consumption and improves the service quality. 5. The information transfer function is accompanied by the changes of the above functions, which leads to the requirements of the warehouse for information transfer. When dealing with various transactions related to warehouse activities, it is necessary to rely on computers and the Internet to improve the transmission speed of warehouse information through EDI and barcode technology, so as to timely and accurately understand warehouse information, such as warehouse utilization level, frequency of entering and leaving the warehouse, warehouse transportation, customer demand and warehouse staffing. 6. Support function of product life cycle According to the definition of logistics issued by American Logistics Management Association on June 5438+ 10, 2002, in the operation of supply chain, in order to meet the requirements of customers, goods, services and related information are planned, executed and controlled, so as to realize efficient and low-cost forward and ideal reverse flow storage. It can be seen that modern logistics includes the whole process of production, circulation and service of products from "birth" to "death" Therefore, the warehousing system should support the product life cycle. The main performance parameter of the warehouse is 1, and the capacity of the warehouse refers to the number of items that the warehouse can hold. It is the maximum number of items that can be stacked after removing the necessary passages and gaps in the warehouse. 2. Frequency of goods entering and leaving the warehouse per unit time.