This is a physical phenomenon. When an object vibrates, it produces sound waves, which pass through the air to the eardrum and are perceived as sound after being reflected by the brain. The sound that people can hear vibrates about 16-2000 times per second, while the sound used in music (excluding sound) is generally limited to 27-4 100 times per second. The size, strength, length and timbre of sound depend on the vibration of the object.

2. Tone-color

Sensory characteristics of finger sounds. The vibration of the pronunciation body is composed of many harmonics, including pitch and overtones, and the timbre is determined by the number of overtones and their relative strength. People's ability to distinguish timbre is innate, and the color of music can be divided into vocal timbre and instrumental timbre. The timbre of the voice is divided into high, medium and low tones, male and female; The timbre of instrumental music is mainly divided into stringed instruments and wind instruments, and the timbre of various percussion instruments is different.

3: * * Sound (resonance)

* * * Ming refers to a vibration. When a pronunciation body vibrates, it will cause other objects to vibrate, produce sounds and produce * * * sounds.

4. Pitch

When an object vibrates, the lowest frequency sound is pitch, and the rest is overtone. Pitch determines pitch.

5. Harmonic overtone

Except pitch is the lowest sound produced by the whole vibration of the pronunciation body, other parts such as 1/2, 1/3 and 1/4 also vibrate at the same time, which is overtone. The combination of overtones determines the specific timbre, which can make people feel the loudness of pitch obviously. Musical instruments and all sounds in nature have overtones.

6: Pitch (Pitch)

Pitch is expressed by the number of vibrations in one second. More frequency leads to pitch, less frequency leads to bass. At present, the international standard sound "A" is the sound that vibrates 440 times per second.

7: Pitch name

Phonetic name refers to the name that represents a fixed pitch in the western music system. These names are not uniform, and they are different in different countries. Widely used are: C D E F G A B.

8: roll call (syllable name)

Roll call refers to the names of the notes on the scale. General use 1do, 2re, 3mi, 4fa, 5sol, 6la, 7si. Major tonic 1do, minor tonic 6la.

9: Compass

The range between the lowest pitch and the highest pitch that a human voice or an instrument can reach is called the range. The range can be divided into general range and personal range, vocal range and instrumental range.

10: tonality

Tonality refers to the mode category and tonic height. In music, the tonic is the core of melody and harmony, and other sounds are subordinate to it, ending in the tonic. This kind of music is tonal music.

1 1: scale

Refers to the tone in the mode, starting from a certain pitch, that is, the tonic, and arranging the notes from low to high in pitch order. Such a musical order is called a scale. The scale from low to high is called rising, and from high to low is called falling. The scales we are talking about today are mainly major scales (major) and minor scales (minor).

12: pentatonic scale

A scale consisting of five notes. It is mostly used in the mode of national music. Such as do, re, mi, sol, la, (do). 13: main mode

A pattern. Seven-tone scale, the interval between two adjacent tones is divided into whole tone and semitone. Its scales are all full tones except for the semitones between the third and fourth tones and between the seventh and eighth tones. The colors in major are clearer.

14: Secondary mode

As a mode, the seventh scale has four forms: natural minor, harmony minor, melody minor and modern minor scale. The color of minor is generally darker than that of major, and it is often used to express sadness and melancholy. Natural minor (minor scale) is a semitone between two or three tones and five or six tones.

Just intonation.

Different from the law of twelve averages. The relationship between each tone and the tonic in a scale is a pure interval. Because the semitones formed in this way can not be divided evenly and can not be transferred casually, they have been eliminated by history.

16: Important note

The first note in a mode scale. One of the twelve temperaments. Divide an octave into twelve semitones, the intervals of which are all equal. Piano, harp and other musical instruments are tuned according to this law.

17: semitone, whole tone

Divide an octave into twelve equal parts, each part is a semitone, and two semitones are equivalent to a whole tone. A semitone is equivalent to two degrees, and a whole tone is equivalent to two degrees.

18: consonant, dissonance

According to the degree of harmony, it can be divided into complete harmony intervals (pure 1, 4, 5 and 8 degrees) and incomplete harmony intervals (3 and 6 degrees big and small). Other than that, there are dissonance intervals.

19: interval

Refers to the distance between two sounds. The unit for calculating intervals is called "degree", and several syllables between two sounds are called degrees. Homochromatic intervals can be divided into pure, large, small, increasing and decreasing because of the different number of semitones and whole tones.

20: Twelve-tone system (twelve-tone system)

One of the techniques of modernist composition. Founded by Austrian composer Schoenberg in 192 1 year. The composer abandoned the traditional mode, tonality and harmony system, randomly arranged the twelve tones in the chromatic scale into a one-year musical system, and then handled it by transposition and retrograde. Unless all the tones have appeared, none of them can be repeated. Berger and Weber (1883- 1945) inherited and developed this method. Other composers influenced by this method include Dallapiccola, Stravinsky, Wolff, Britten, Sindmitt and Shostakovich.

2 1: Preconic scale

There are five tones in octave, which is called pentatonic scale.

22: Seven-tone scale (diatonic scale)

An octave has seven tones, which is called a "seven-tone scale".

23: Dynamic

Strength refers to the intensity of sound when playing and singing music. Expressed by strong and weak symbols, such as F (strong), P (weak), (fading) and so on.

24: Grand Opera

/kloc-a historical opera popular in France in the 0 th and 9 th centuries. Needless to say, the performance site is rich and luxurious.

25: operetta

Opera is also called operetta. Beginning in the19th century, it is a drama with overtures, songs, dialogues and dances. Music only plays a role in setting off the atmosphere. In the 20th century, operetta was usually called "musical comedy".

26: Uncertain pitch

The sound with uncertain pitch used in music is called indefinite pitch. In fact, it is noise, which does not belong to the category of sports. Modern composers often use it, such as sawing wood, folding paper, typing, sweeping the floor, knocking at the door, booing, whistling and so on.

27. Asymmetric rhythm (asymmetric rhythm)

Also known as "polyrhythm". In the same phrase or bar, the rhythm of each voice is inconsistent; Or in the same bar, the duration of each beat is different. Broadly speaking, polyphonic music belongs to strange rhythm. The strange rhythm used by modernist composers is a highly complicated rhythm.

28: Weather Overview (Weather Overview)

Change the rhythm of the position of the strong and weak beats in the bar. Its format is as follows:

(1), the weak beat continues to the strong beat position;

(2) The position of the rest racket;

(3) The weak beat is changed to the strong beat.

29: atonality (a tonality)

Refers to a musical work without a certain tonal basis.

30: Six people (Les Six)

It refers to six French composers in the early 20th century, namely Auric, Dire, Oniger, Mi Yue, Planck and Lefel. It was first put forward by French music critic Collet in 1920. Sixth, from * * *, he regarded Sadie as a master, opposed the unpredictable brushwork of Impressionism in his creation, advocated concise and distinctive style, and occasionally had a tendency of retro.

3 1: recitative

The tune similar to recitation in large-scale vocal music works such as opera, oratorio and oratorio is called recitation. Its rhythm is free and accompaniment is simple, which often plays the role of "introduction" before aria. In the18th century, there was a narrative tone of "Parlando", which was characterized by expressing words and phrases quickly and clearly on the same sound. Due to the lack of lyricism, this narrative tone is also called "Secco".

32: Classic form

Common musical forms in the classical period in the history of western music. Such as variations, suites, sonata suites.

33: Classic Period

Usually refers to the evening of western music (that is, the eighteenth century) from Bach to Beethoven. It is said that the period from the end of18th century to the beginning of19th century, that is, the period of Vienna Music School activities, was a classical period.

34: Five degrees parallel.

The two parts of music are separated by a pure five-degree parallel. Since the fifteenth century, it has been stipulated that counterpoint and harmony should avoid parallel five degrees.

35: parallel MINUS seven.

One of the ways of chord progression. The negative seventh chord consists of four continuous minor degrees, which is characterized by no clear tendency. The continuous appearance of negative seventh chords without solving them is "parallel negative seventh chords".

36: Opera (opear seria)

"Solemn" opera. Popular in17th century to18th century. Often with myths or history as the theme, they sing in Italian, with delicate arias and colorful aria. Handel is an innovator in opera creation. By the time Mozart arrived, the opera was drawing to a close.

37: rhythm

There are three basic factors that make up music: the height of music, the duration of movement (including pause) and the intensity of music. It is expressed by duration and intensity, that is, the regular priorities of music are called rhythm.

38: Defeat

A rhythmic sequence that appears periodically in music.

39: Impressionism (Impressionism)

Active in/kloc-0, one of the French art schools from the end of 9th century to the beginning of 20th century. Its representative figures are painters Monet, Manet, Renoir and composer Debussy. Debussy was influenced by impressionism and impressionism poems of Wei Erlun and Malamei in music, and created impressionism. Themes are often taken from poems and natural scenery, with hints instead of statements, colors instead of strength, subjective impressions in feelings, and a large number of variable chords, parallel chords, diatonic scales, etc. After Impressionism, there are Ravel, Duca, Russell, Dili'esi, Faria, Lespiki and so on.

40: Musical

Wagner named these operas "lohengrin Musicals". It is emphasized that musicals must pay equal attention to music, drama and stage scenes and be integrated into one.

4 1: theme

The central idea of music is called theme. Music must be interpreted, developed and changed from the theme. Formerly known as "subject", its meaning is basically the same as "theme", but the former has a relatively complete structure. Some music usually contains several themes.

42: tonic tone

The central tone of the mode is called the "main tone".

43: homophonic

Symmetry between polyphonic music and monotonous music. A multi-part music. Take one part as a melody (tune), and the other part is in a harmonious position.

44. Leadership motivation

One of Wagner's opera writing skills. It refers to the use of musical motivation to express characters, scenes, ideas or things in drama. For example, the "ring" motive and the "Excalibur" motive in The Ring of Nibelungen.

45: chromatic scale

The interval between two adjacent tones is a chromatic scale.

46: counterpoint music (counterpoint)

Popular from 16 to 18 centuries, it is basically the same as polyphonic music, but it must abide by the strict "sound-to-sound" rule.

47: Tone of extreme range

The sound produced by the two extreme parts of the vocal range. Marginal sounds are not commonly used in music, and modernist composers occasionally use them in order to seek novel effects.

48: Music form

There are seven forms of music organization: paragraph, two-part, three-part, Rondo, Variations, Sonata and Suite.

49: Avantgarde

In the field of literature and art, it generally refers to works and their styles that break all traditional norms and dare to be unconventional. Musically, the representatives of this genre are Bryce, Stockhausen, Cage, Cowell, Clem, Peng Dereschi, and Nuo Nuo.

50: full-tone sacale

The distance between two adjacent tones is a whole tone, which is called a "whole tone scale".

5 1: Polyphony, Diptonality)

Polytonicity refers to people who are based on two tonalities at the same time.

52. Polyphony harmony

One of the characteristics of modernist music works. In the process of chord progression, two or more tones are displayed at the same time.

53: cadenza (cadenza)

A wonderful impromptu passage inserted at the end of the music. Originated from the impromptu singing of opera singers at the end of aria in18th century, it is often used in concertos, and soloists improvise their playing skills. Composers and performers often write colorful paragraphs for other people's works. The cadenza written by the composer himself began with Beethoven's Piano Concerto No.5. Generally, cadenza is not accompanied, but there are exceptions. For example, the cadenza in elgar's violin concerto is accompanied by a band.

54: Novel key signature.

The symbols used to express modes and tonality are called key signature. The key signature of a staff is usually represented by an ascending sign and a descending sign to the right of the clef. If there is no lifting mark, it is C major; One liter, that is, G major; Two liters, that is, D major; Wait a minute. Modern music is often not limited to major and minor programs, even if it shows tonality, it is always changeable. Therefore, we can't use the usual key signature to express tonality, so we have to record the temporary rising and falling marks directly in front of the multi-notes. This symbol is called abnormal key signature.

55: Voice, Voice)

Refers to the melody lines that are carried out simultaneously in duet, chorus, ensemble and ensemble music. For example, a string quartet has four parts: the first violin, the second violin, the viola and the cello. The mixed chorus has four parts: soprano, contralto, tenor and bass.

56: Conflict rhythm

Also known as "rhythmic rhythm" or "asymmetric rhythm". In the same phrase or bar, the rhythm of each voice is inconsistent; Or in the same part. The time values that make up each beat are inconsistent. Polyphonic music belongs to strange rhythms. The strange rhythm used by modernist composers is a highly complicated rhythm.

57: modulation

Music changes its tone in development. Tuning is one of the important composing techniques. Simple tone sandhi often turns between intimate relationships.

58: Defeat

The unit time value of the segment. The beat structure of bars is represented by a time symbol.

59: Expressionism.

One of the art schools popular in Europe in the early 20th century. Expressionist music was formed under the influence of German performance painting (its representative figures are Nold, Kirchner and Ernst). Contrary to impressionist music, its creative feature is to create themes through the artist's subjective introspection and the use of change, exaggeration and symbols. The representative figures of expressionist music are Schoenberg and Weber.

60: Rome Grand Prix

1803 Music Award set by the French Academy. Awards are awarded once a year. The candidate is a student majoring in composition at Paris Conservatory of Music. Those who won the first prize (also known as the Rome Prize) were sent to Rome to study for four years, and those who won the second prize won a gold medal.

6 1: fixed idea (idee fixe)

The basic theme that runs through the whole song in large-scale music works. Created by Berlioz. "Fixed concept" is the original medical term, which means "illusion or delusion that promotes some abnormal behavior". Berlioz studied medicine, so he named this special theme in his music creation.

62: Harmony

Music of different heights produces sound at the same time, which is called harmony. The research objects of harmony and acoustics are: the structure of chords, the continuity law of chords, and the functional attributes of chords in music. Acoustics is an important part of composition techniques.

63: Chords

The structural unit of harmony. In the harmony system of diatonic scale, chords are formed by the superposition of notes on the scale three times in a row. The superposition of three sounds, that is, the triad, consists of three sounds: C, E and G; It belongs to the seventh chord and consists of four sounds: G, B, D and F.

64: A firm melody

Melody handed down from ancient times. Its sound lasts for a long time and is often used as the constituent material of polyphonic music (including vocal music and instrumental music). Plainsong in the Middle Ages was a kind of music with a fixed melody. In modern times, melody music is more common in organ music based on hymn tunes. The practice of strict counterpoint is often based on ancient songs.

65: changed chords, chromatic chords)

There are discontinuous sounds in the composition of chords, which are called variable chords. Changing chords is often used as preparation for tone sandhi.

66:[ Monotone Music] (Monotone)

Music with only one melody. Symmetry between polyphonic music and tonic music. That is, there is no counterpoint voice, set-off sentence and accompaniment, only simple melody line. Ancient music and most folk songs are monotonous music.

67: Program Music

Instrumental music describing plots, literary artistic conception, natural scenery, etc. There is usually a title that reveals the content of music. Title music was all the rage in the19th century. Berlioz, Liszt, Tchaikovsky, Richard Strauss and others are all famous composers of title music.

68: coolidge Prize

Mrs Coolidge, an American pianist and composer, founded the Berkshire Chamber Music Festival in Decheng, Picl, Massachusetts on 19 18. Coolidge Award is awarded once a year to outstanding chamber music works. The festival has now moved to Washington.

69: Polyphony Music

Symmetry between monotonous music and tonic music. Music composed of two or more independent parts, played simultaneously according to the law of harmony. Its nature is basically the same as the "counterpoint method".

70: Compound counterpoint method

Where the voice of counterpoint music can be shifted high and low, it is collectively called counterpoint. Multi-counterpoint method can be divided into double counterpoint method, three counterpoint method and four counterpoint method according to the number of parts.

7 1: compass

The pitch width of a human voice or an instrument is usually represented by its treble and bass. The sound quality of each part of a range is different. This part is called register, and it is called vocal area in human voice.

72: Interval

The pitch difference between two notes. Interval is usually measured by the number of tones between the two tones of the diatonic scale (including the marginal poles).

73: Pitch

The absolute height of notes in a scale. Such as c, d and so on. Physiologically, the pitch is determined by the vibration frequency of the pronunciation body, and psychologically, the pitch is less affected by the loudness of the sound.

74: Tone (Idiom)

The unique musical style of a certain era, nation, region, genre and composer. For example, the tune of a nation or a folk song.

75: proportion

The sounds used in music are arranged in high and low order within octaves according to certain rules, that is, into scales. All the nationalities and regions in the world have their own unique scales.

76: Mysterious Chords

A chord composed by scriabin, composed of four degrees. Its constituent sounds are produced according to the law of overtone series. Chamber music originally refers to music played indoors (not churches, theaters, concert halls). Modern chamber music refers to an instrumental ensemble in which performers play part of the music. What everyone plays has no priority in music. Chamber music is usually divided into duets, trios and quartets according to the number of players.

78: Bel Canto

One of the vocal performance styles. /kloc-It was very popular in Italy in the 0/8th century. Singers pursue the beauty of sound quality and the naturalness and magnificence of singing performance, but ignore the expression of words and feelings. Composers who are famous for using Bel Canto include Bei Lini, Donizetti, Rossini and others. Their operas are usually called "Bel Canto Opera".

79: Rococo Period

Rococo, originally meaning "shell-shaped". Architectural and artistic style. It is characterized by advocating magnificence and delicacy. Prevalent in the period of King Louis XV of France. In the history of music, the music between 1725- 1775 is called rococo music. This period inherited the baroque period and then the classical period.

80: arrangement

One of the components. Refers to the coordination of various musical instruments in instrumental ensemble. The main points of its content are the performance of various musical instruments, the comparison and coordination effect of timbre of various musical instruments, and the unified effect of music original sound. Orchestration is not only used for initial creation, but also often used for ready-made music orchestration, such as adapting piano music and ensemble music into orchestra.

8 1: mode

So as to form the basic music series of music. One of the sounds is the center tone, and the other sounds depend on the center tone. The central tone of the mode is called the "main tone". Tone is expressed by the pitch of the main melody, which is called tonality. Music works without a certain tonal basis are called "atonality"; Based on two tonalities at the same time, it is called "multiple tonality".

82: Sustained Bass (Digital Bass)

That is "digital bass". Brief score of music accompaniment. The chords used in it only record a bass, and the numbers represent the nature of the actually played chords.

83: Melody

Tones with different heights and different lengths are connected before and after, which is a melody. The elements of melody are pitch and rhythm. More primitive music has a common melody, even only rhythm. Modern music also has the novel effect of summarizing sound and orchestration, while ignoring melody.

84: oratorio

Large stereo music. With religious deeds or epics as the theme, it consists of soloists, choruses and orchestras, and is held in concert halls or churches, without scenery, costumes and physical performances. But the earliest oratorio (1mid-6th century) also used scenery and costumes. Oratorio is mostly composed of recitation, aria and chorus, but there is no dialogue and dance. Mass, Requiem and Passion are similar in genre to oratorios, but only limited in religious content. Oratorio is also similar to oratorio, but its length is smaller.

85: dense cluster

Also known as tone cluster. A chord. It consists of several tones that are continuously superimposed in semitones. In notation, its Fu Tou forms a cluster, hence its name. Modernist composers often use it. The way to play the piano is to press the keyboard with your arm.

86: Vienna School

Also known as "Vienna Classical Music School". It refers to several classical composers who lived in Vienna from the end of18th century to the beginning of19th century, such as Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven and Schubert. Several twelve-tone composers living in Vienna in the early 20th century, namely Schoenberg, Berger, Weber and so on. Also known as Vienna Conservatory of Music.

87: Opera fan

/kloc-the opera genre popular in Italy in the 0/8th century. Contrary to orthodox operas, cross talk often takes the daily life of the people as the theme, and its voice is lively and light, including the spoken language used to sing "dry recitation". Another kind of opera, comedy, was popular in France in the19th century. Its plot was humorous and plain, and its music mostly used pop songs. For example, Bizet's Carmen.

88: angular melody

In music creation, modernist composers often use lines to mark the direction of sound and its height change, without the usual notes. When the high and low tones alternate, the spectral lines are often angular, which is a prismatic melody.

89: A powerful minority

Also known as the "five-person group". It refers to five representatives of Russian folk music school in the19th century, namely Guy, Balakirev, Bao Luoting, Musorgskiy and Rimsky-Korsakov. It was named "Powerful Group" by Russian music critic Stasov in 1867.

90: digital opera ($ number operas)

An opera consisting of recitation, aria, duet, chorus and ballet. The whole play includes several sub-scenes, and each sub-scene is marked with numbers, hence the name. Most operas from the seventeenth century to the middle of the nineteenth century belong to this type.

9 1: Opera

Italian abbreviation for "Opera in Musical" (musical composition). Generally speaking, it refers to a drama with opera as the main part, an orchestra, stage scenery, makeup and dance movements. Sometimes monologues and dialogues are added. Opera is a comprehensive art including music, drama, poetry, dance and stage design. Artistic elements such as makeup and lighting. Modern opera began at the beginning of17th century, and after a long period of development, it produced many types, such as orthodox opera, grand opera, comic opera, operetta, mini opera and musical.

92: Imitation counterpoint method

The structure of every part of polyphonic music is based on theme imitation. Cannon, fugue, etc.

93: Jazz

A kind of pop music. At the beginning of the 20th century, it became popular in New Orleans, St. Louis and other cities in the southern United States, and soon spread to Chicago, new york and all over the country. Its predecessor was Ragtime. Later jazz music included blues, Bibpop, swing and so on. The rhythm is complex and syncopation is often used. The instruments used are trumpet, trombone, clarinet, saxophone, piano, guitar, double bass and drums. Most musicians are black.

Jazz can be divided into two styles:

(1), a "hot school", has a fast and enthusiastic beat and often improvises with melodic instruments;

(2), "Sweet School", the beat is slow, the free beat is commonly used, and the lyrical color is strong.

94. The basic means of expression of music

The basic means of expression of music are:

(1). Melody, rhythm, beat and speed;

(2) timbre and harmony;

(3). Strength;

95: Music Classification

(1) Music can be divided into monophonic music, polyphonic music and tonic music according to the voice and voice state.

96: Classification of Music

(2) Music can be divided into pure music, title music, light music and jazz music.

97: Music System

The sum of notes with fixed pitch used in music is called musical sound system.

98 tone signature

If a diacritical mark is used in the whole piece of music, so that every designated note in this piece of music will rise or fall, then this diacritical mark is called key signature.

99: Defeat

Uniform alternation of strong beat and weak beat. There are many different combinations of beats, called "beats", and the normal rhythm is carried out according to a certain beat.

100: melody

Also known as tone, it is a line of sounds formed according to a certain high-low length and strong-weak relationship. It is the most important means to shape the image and soul of music.