There are two kinds of family names: self-proclaimed and nickname. She people call themselves "Shan Ha", and "Ha" is a guest in She language, and "Shan Ha" means a guest in the mountains. She nationality was originally distributed at the junction of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi provinces. During the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, they moved from their original residence to the mountainous areas in eastern Fujian, southern Zhejiang and eastern Jiangxi. First come, then arrive, first come, then arrive, the Han people regard these later She people as guests. She people call themselves "Shanha" because of their living environment and migration history.
She nationality and Lu nationality are the nicknames of the Han nationality for "Shan Ha". The word "she" has a long history. It has appeared in classics such as The Book of Songs and The Book of Changes. The word "she" has two pronunciations, pronounced yú (Yu), which refers to newly reclaimed fields; Read shē (luxury), which means slash and burn. The word "she" evolved into a surname, which began in the Southern Song Dynasty. According to Liu Kezhuang's "Zhangzhou Jade House", "The people are not happy (service), and the land of social fields is not taxed, so it has been here for a long time" and "She, slash and burn". As a national name, "She" is due to the fact that she people were farming everywhere at that time? Named after the characteristics of wandering farming economic life. Therefore, "Longquan County Records" said: "(People) take giving up as the name, and those who are good at farming are also". /kloc-the name "expert citizen" also appeared in the 0/3rd century. Wen Tianxiang's "Behavior of Mr. Cheng Dongyan in Zhichao Temple" said: "In the tidal world of Zhang Ting, salt bandits gather with the people." "Yun" is a popular Chinese character in Guangdong. What does the word "Bi" mean? Gu said in the book "Diseases of the Country under the World": "Guangdong people take bamboo and wood barriers in the mountains as their shelter." Obviously, taking the word "Bi" as the family name focuses on the form of living, which refers to people living in the mountains. Although the meaning of "Bi" is different from that of "She nationality", it does not refer to two different nationalities or two different stages of economic development of the same nationality, but the former refers to the She nationality in Fujian and the latter refers to the She nationality in Guangdong and Jiangxi. This is because the Han literati have different emphases on observing the economic life of the She nationality in Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi.
At the end of the Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, she people from all over the country organized insurgents to join the anti-Yuan struggle, and names such as "She Army" and "She Ding" appeared in yuan dynasty history. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was very common for local chronicles in Fujian and Zhejiang to refer to the She nationality as "She nationality", "She nationality people" and "She nationality visitors", while local chronicles in Guangdong, Guangxi and Jiangxi also referred to the She nationality as "Land Rover", "Lu Man" and "Shan Lu" everywhere. Since the Qing Dynasty, because many people don't understand the ethnic composition of the She nationality, some people call the She nationality Miao, Yao, Yao and Miao.
In short, the historical records of the ethnic names of the She nationality are quite confusing, and sometimes there are different names. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the government attached great importance to the national names of the She nationality. 1956 was officially announced and confirmed by the State Council. She nationality is a single minority with its own characteristics. Since then, "She" (written as "She" and pronounced as "shē") has become the legal national name.
There are different opinions on the origin of She nationality, but there are two theories in summary: foreign theory and native theory. Foreign commentators believe that the She nationality originated from "Changsha Wu Lingren" in the Han and Jin Dynasties. The main argument for this view is that "Wu Lingren" and the She nationality share the same totem belief in Pan Hu.
People who speak indigenous languages believe that the She nationality originated from the "people" of the Zhou Dynasty. "Min" is a native of Fujian, the earliest owner of Fujian, and its descendants are today's She nationality. There is a certain relationship between "Min" and "She". The main argument of this statement is that there is a close connotation connection between the people and the society, that is, the people, Manchu, Liaoning and the society come down in one continuous line. She nationality, a native of Fujian.
In addition, there are many sayings about the origin of She nationality, such as "descendants of Yue people", "descendants of Dongyi people", "a branch of Henan Yi people" and "a branch of Nanyi people". In a word, there are different opinions about the origin of the She nationality, which reflects the interaction, blending and blending relationship between the She nationality and other ethnic groups such as barbarians, Yue nationality, Min nationality, Yi nationality and Han nationality in its historical tortuous development and national formation.
She nationality, 630378 people, mainly lives in the vast mountainous areas of Fujian and Zhejiang provinces, and the rest are distributed in Jiangxi, Guangdong and Anhui provinces. Most of its settlements are natural villages composed of dozens of families, forming a typical scattered and mixed feature.
She nationality area is located in the hilly area in the southeast of China. The mountains are not high but green, the water is not wide but vertical and horizontal, the climate is humid and the resources are rich. Besides many excellent crop varieties, such as rice and potatoes, mushrooms and Huiming tea in Jingning She Autonomous County are the most famous. The mountainous areas of She nationality are dominated by farming economy. In the past, hunting activities also had a certain economic status.
As early as the Tang Dynasty, the She nationality thrived in the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi. The names of the She nationality in the Southern Song Dynasty can be found in the history books. She people call themselves "Shanha" or "Sanda", which means "guests in the mountains". After the founding of New China, it was collectively called She nationality.
She nationality has its own national language, belonging to Sino-Tibetan language family, and most people speak local dialects. No mandarin, common Chinese.
From the Tang Dynasty to the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the struggle of the She people against class exploitation and national oppression never stopped, and they often rebelled with the local Han people and fought side by side. In the Tang Dynasty, an uprising led by Lei Wanxing, Miao Zicheng and Lan Feng lasted for nearly 50 years. In the Yuan Dynasty, the She nationality actively participated in the anti-Yuan struggle led by Zhang Shijie and Wen Tianxiang, resulting in Mrs. Xu, the leader of the women's uprising. /kloc-the anti-feudal struggle at the beginning of the 0/6th century had a great influence.
Exquisite knitting technique
Ribbon and bamboo weaving are the most praised weaving techniques of She nationality. Ribbon is a flower belt, also called a towel belt. She girls have been learning to weave ribbons with their mothers since they were five or six years old. The fineness of ribbon is an important criterion to measure the ingenuity of girls.
She nationality region is rich in carnation, bamboo, Dendrocalamus latiflorus and Phyllostachys praecox, which provides rich raw materials for the production of bamboo weaving crafts.
Women's dresses of She nationality are slightly different from place to place, and their * * * feature is that there are more embroidery on them. In particular, the blouses of Fuding and Xiapu in Fujian have various embroidery patterns, flowers, birds, dragons and phoenixes on their collars, lapels, clothes buckets and even cuffs. The most important dress of She women is "phoenix dress".
Unique national movement
She nationality has always attached importance to sports activities, and there are many sports activities, such as martial arts, mountaineering, large and small dramas, stone riding, riding seahorses and bamboo forest competitions.
The most famous martial art of She nationality is She nationality boxing, followed by sticks. She nationality boxing is an original creation of She nationality, which has a history of more than 300 years. The creator's name is Lei Wulong, and people respectfully call him "Oolong Gong". The main movements of She Boxing are rushing, twisting, pushing, releasing, cutting, grasping, poking, kicking, sweeping and jumping.
The Relationship between Hakka Culture and She Culture
Before the arrival of Hakka ancestors, the vast mountainous area at the junction of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong was originally the place where Baiyue people lived. The residents of these Baiyue nationalities have various names in the handed down literature:, Muke, Man,, Li,, Shanyue, Tongman, Tongmin and so on. These aborigines, collectively known as Baiyue, migrated, died, lived together and divided in later generations, but by the Southern Song Dynasty, the aborigines here had been called She nationality. After the Hakka ancestors came to this area, they first lived with Baiyue indigenous people, including the She ancestors, and after the Southern Song Dynasty, they mainly lived with the She people, struggling with each other, blending and assimilating with each other. Therefore, Hakka culture has the closest relationship with She culture, almost to the point where you have me and I have you, and it is difficult to compete.
In order to illustrate this problem, we might as well give a few typical examples for a simple analysis. Let's look at the influence of She nationality on Hakkas;
1, clothing
The costumes of Hakka people are very different from those of Central Plains people in Tang and Song Dynasties, but they are similar to those of She people. Obviously, in their long-term contact with the She nationality, they have been influenced by the She nationality and absorbed the beneficial nutrients of the clothing culture of the She nationality.
The description of She nationality in historical documents, like the description of other nationalities, all say that "men and women are tied in a bun and their clothes are still blue." Men's coat, no towel and no hat; Women's high bun tassels, wearing bamboo crown cloth, decorate the road. "This kind of decoration is similar to that of Hakkas decades ago. Take women's bun as an example: "In the past, Hakka women mostly put their braided hair in a high bun, which looked like a canoe and was called a boat bun. It was tied with red rope and inserted with silver instead. A cool hat can be placed on a bun, with the end of the bun exposed and leaning forward. About five inches of colored cloth hung around the bun. The breeze blows and the colored strips flutter, which really has a charm. " (Wang Zengneng's The Relationship between Hakka and She Nationality) Tie the braided hair into a high bun and tie it with a red rope, like a canoe. This is the so-called "vertebral bun" with a cool hat, and the edge of the hat should be decorated with colored strips of cloth, which is the so-called "wearing a bamboo crown to cover the road". In contrast, the consistency between the two is really obvious. Take women's clothing as an example. In the past, "Hakka women wore a right-side cardigan with lace around the right edge and tail of the shirt, which was one inch wide." The trousers are wide at the head, deep at the crotch and decorated with lace at the hem. Wearing cloth shoes, the upper is made of two pieces of colored cloth, and the toe is slightly upturned, which looks like a boat. It is embroidered with colorful flowers, wearing an apron and a silver necklace. The skirt is in a convex shape, with flowers or patterns embroidered on the upper part, and so on. Wear a silver collar around your neck and a silver bracelet on your wrist when visiting relatives on holidays. You look like a She woman. "As for the color of clothes, until a few decades ago, Hakka people especially liked a kind of cloth called Yin Dan Shilin, whose color was in the blue-green range. Obviously, this kind of dress of Hakka women has also been influenced by the She nationality, or it can be said that it was learned from the She women.
Step 2 prescribe diet
Hakka food culture is also widely and profoundly influenced by She culture. Let's talk about the raw materials of diet first. The rice that Hakka people attach great importance to is learned from She nationality. Yang Lan's "Lin Ting Hui Kao", Volume 4 ((Property Kao)) contains: "Ting people ... have a side rice, also called Shemi. Xie Ke began to plant trees, dig weeds, burn weeds and warm the soil. There are two kinds of sticky wood, which are planted in April and harvested in September. " It shows that rice was originally a specialty of She nationality, and later became one of the important food crops of Hakka people in Tingzhou. In terms of eating habits, Hakkas like to eat potatoes and taro, and "green fried rice" and "bamboo rice" are popular, which should also be learned from the aborigines including the ancestors of She nationality. For example, Liu Zongyuan's poem "Liuzhou Embarrassed" in the Tang Dynasty wrote: "The county is connected with Jinnan, and different clothes are not amiable. Green is wrapped in salt, and green fried rice takes advantage of virtual people. " It shows that "green boiled rice" is an important custom of Baiyue nationality in ancient times, and it is one of the evidences that Hakka "green boiled rice" originated from She nationality or its ancestors.
The Hakka-style snack "Tingzhou Bagan", which is famous at home and abroad, is also related to the customs of her ancestors. For example, a mouse in Ninghua cooked a delicious meal, which is incredible to the Central Plains people. Its origin also comes from the ancient Lingnan. In the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Wencheng's "Gold in the Ruling and Opposition" recorded: "The people in Lingnan are kind and sweet, that is, if the mouse fetus is not instantaneous and the whole body crawls red, it will be eaten with honey, nailed to the feast, and feared, squeaking from the clip and quiet, so it is called honey." It turns out that the "Tiemin" in Lingnan in the Tang Dynasty had long liked to eat mice. "Mi Qing" was a little mouse that was fed honey before one eye was opened, and it was one of the ancient methods of eating mice recorded in the literature.
"Lingnan Liao Min" is an indigenous minority in the vast Lingnan area. In Zhang Wencheng's era, Fujian belonged to Lingnan Road, and "Lingnan arousing people" naturally included Fujian's indigenous people. At that time, Ninghua area was one of the most concentrated areas of "teasing". Because Lingnan aborigines, including Ninghua, have had the habit of eating mice since ancient times. The origin of modern dried rats is in Ninghua, so we have reason to speculate that the method of making and eating dried rats in Ninghua should be learned by Hakkas from Manliao, that is, the indigenous people along the border of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi in ancient times, including the ancestors of She nationality. Of course, this kind of learning is a kind of reference and transformation. Eating "honey" is eating raw blood. Hakka mouse breast is an exquisite food, which contains rich scientific knowledge of cooking, nutrition and medicinal diet.
2 The relationship between Hakka culture and She culture
3, production technology and methods
As mentioned earlier, "She people cut down mountains to plant trees, dig and burn weeds, and use soil to keep warm" is a common production technology of She people, which is called "planting She people" or "planting She people's fields". Its origin is very ancient, and it is described in a series of poems by Liu Yuxi, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, who sang "Don't Shake" and "Wandering" in the mountainous area of Hunan and Guangdong. For example, "Journey to Social Fields" wrote: "Where is a good social field? Grab the mountainside in groups. Drilling turtles can get rain and firewood on the mountain. ..... Plant warm ashes and sprout them in the sunshine. After the rain, the ash is like a cloud. Ba people sing hand in hand, regardless of farming. Topographically, the diameter is larger than gold. " This is a typical production and life style of She people who use soil fertility to burn mountains and plant She people. When the soil fertility declines, they will abandon it, so they will move to another place indefinitely. Another example is the ninth of the nine poems in Lianzhou Zhi Zhu Ci: "There are layers of peaches and plums on the mountain and fireworks in the clouds. Gold and silver chai came to carry water and burned her with a long knife and a short hat. " This article is dedicated to the planting of She nationality by local indigenous women, highlighting the mountain environment, costumes and tools used. All these are the same as the way she is planted by the She nationality today, and similar situations can be seen in the lives of Hakka villagers, especially in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, when a Hakka villager named "Shemin" burned her and planted her, just like the She nationality. It can be seen that the production and lifestyle of She nationality have a profound influence on Hakka people.
In addition, hunting is a special skill that Hakka people learned from She nationality or their ancestors. Hakka ancestors came from the Central Plains and Jianghuai, with many plains and few mountains, so hunting did not occupy a prominent position in their lives. However, since moving to the mountainous area at the junction of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong, I have been in contact with the She nationality for a long time, and the environment has the possibility and need for hunting. Therefore, Hakka people have learned to be good at hunting, and the combination of farming and hunting has become the basic structure of Hakka economy in many areas.
4. Beliefs and customs
The mutual integration and assimilation of life and mode of production will inevitably be reflected in the level of beliefs and customs. The main examples of Hakka beliefs and customs influenced by She nationality are:
(1) Folk beliefs
God hunting belief. Because hunting occupies a prominent position in the life of the She nationality, the belief in hunting gods has been one of the main beliefs of the She nationality since ancient times. Influenced by She nationality, Hakka people generally believe in hunting gods. According to the ethnologist Guo Zhichao's folk religious investigation of several Hakka communities in Nanjing County and Yongding County, Fujian Province, the belief in hunting gods is widespread in Hakka communities such as Zhang in Taxia Town of Nanjing County and Li in Hukeng Town of Yongding County. Under the pagoda, a steep stone wall on the bank of the stream is regarded as a symbol of hunting gods. "The villagers believe that the steeper the wall, the faster the water flows, and the more they can inspire the' hunting god'. Pray before hunting, and be grateful with your prey after hunting. If the mountainous countryside is invaded by wild animals, pray for' hunting and shooting gods'. " In Hukeng, "more than half of the villages have' shotgun masters'. The symbol of' Master of Hunting and Shooting' is either a stone wall beside a stream or a small stone altar with a stone erected behind it. Before hunting, burn incense and pray before hunting gods, sacrifice with prey after hunting, and sacrifice with three beasts when hunting is sufficient. If you want to hunt tigers and wild boars, kill the pigs first and then hunt the gods. " (Guo Zhichao's Comparative Investigation and Research on Folk Religions in Hakka Communities in Fujian)
King Sanshan believed it. Sanshan King is one of the most influential gods among the Hakkas in eastern Guangdong, and many people think it is unique to Hakkas. In fact, however, the Fu old people, the She nationality in eastern Guangdong and the immigrants from eastern Guangdong who moved to Taiwan Province Province, Hainan Island and Southeast Asian countries all believed in Sanshan King. For example, in Chaoan Wanyao, Li Shan, Ligongkeng and Raoping Shiguping, all the She people worship the Three Mountains King God, and a ceremony to welcome the Three Mountains King God is held in the first month of each year. Among them, the Wanyao in Chao 'an and the She nationality in Li Shan also put Sanshan Wang Shen at the top of the gods that must be met. In the Li Pavilion of the National Museum in Tongshi City, Hainan Province, a triangular red flag with the words "King of Three Mountains" is still on display. These are the proofs that the She and Li nationalities believe in Sanshan King.
Judging from the characteristics of the times, the belief in Sanshan God was originally the belief of the indigenous people in eastern Guangdong who were mainly Danes in Sui Dynasty. At that time, the indigenous people in eastern Guangdong should be one of the ancestors of She and Li nationalities. Therefore, the belief of Sanshanwang was also passed down to Hakka by She nationality.
Snake worship. Snake is one of the totems of Baiyue nationality. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Xu Shen explained the word "people" in Shuo Wen Jie Zi, saying: "people, snake species." It means that the Baiyue people in Fujian and Vietnam take snakes as totems. The border areas of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong belonged to Baiyue in ancient times, and most of them were within the scope of Fujian and Vietnam. Most of the natives here take snakes as totems and have reverence and cordial feelings for them. Take Tingzhou as an example. There is a snake palace in Luohanling outside the west gate of Changting County. The ancient legend "There is no Tingzhou government, there is the Snake Palace first." It can be seen that this snake palace existed before the arrival of Hakka ancestors, and it is one of the physical evidence of local aborigines worshiping snakes. In addition, at the junction of Changting and Shanghang counties, there is a Lingshe Mountain and a Sheteng Temple at the foot of the mountain. There is a snake god in the temple, which is a beautiful image of the White Snake Empress and a relic of the snake worship of indigenous people in Tingzhou.
3 the relationship between Hakka culture and She culture
Originally, the Han people did not worship snakes. On the contrary, the average Han people have a feeling of being afraid of poisonous snakes and beasts. However, after the Hakka ancestors settled in the border area of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong, they spent a long time with the aborigines and gradually accepted and accepted the custom of snake worship. The outstanding performance is that the Snake Palace has also become the object of Hakka worship, and the Snake Rattan Temple in Lingshe Mountain has also inserted Hakka incense. The imaginative Hakka ancestors also made up two beautiful fairy tales for the Snake Palace and Lingshe Mountain, which endowed the Snake King with the character of punishing evil and promoting good, and the judgment was clearly a god; Personalize Lingshe Mountain into a beautiful and kind white snake empress. This shows that the snake worship of Hakkas is indeed inherited from the She nationality, and that the religious beliefs of Hakkas are indeed transformed and evolved with the religious beliefs of indigenous people as the main body.
(2) Customs and habits
In terms of customs and habits, there are also many examples of Hakka people being influenced by the She nationality. Here, we only take marriage customs, burial customs and women's habit of not binding their feet as examples to see the general situation.
Marriage customs. Some scholars reported, "In the past, Hakka women got married at night, and men lit steamed buns or torches in Song and Ming Dynasties to welcome their relatives. On the third day after marriage, women return to their parents' homes and call them' turnstiles' ". (The Relationship between Hakka and She Nationality by Wang Zengneng) This practice is quite similar to that of She Nationality. It is probably that the so-called "Man Liao" of the She ancestors retained the remnants of the original marriage custom of robbing relatives, and when the Hakka ancestors lived together with Man Liao, the environment was unsafe, so they borrowed the practice of marrying women at night as a residual form of robbing relatives in ancient times.
Burial custom Hakka people have the custom of "bone examination and burial", which is very popular in Tingzhou, Meizhou, Gannan and Minnan areas adjacent to Hakka people. The main point is that "before and after the severe cold, you should take a hoe and hold a basket, go to the grave together and open your eyes by yourself." If the bones are few and good, they are still in the same place, otherwise they will be examined and taken elsewhere. " This time next year, let's take a look again. (Ming and Zeng wrote "Collected Works of Tuosu Zhai") Because the emphasis is on bone examination and rebury, there are "people who have not been buried for decades" and "people who were first buried do not have to choose a place. After five or six years or seven or eight years, he will open the coffin, take out the bones, store them in a jar and bury them again. " (Records of Jiaying County (volume 1, volume 63) is also called "second burial" because it was buried at least twice; When the bone is examined and reburied, it must be used to clean the bone. This is called bone washing, so it is also called "bone washing".
The origin of this custom is mostly attributed to the Hakka people's strong concept of respecting ancestors and the historical reasons of moving many times, or the dispute of Feng Shui. This custom is actually an old custom of ancient Jingchu Man, Wuxi Man and Baiyue people, such as Jin Zhanghua's Natural History and Nanchang History. Biography of Gu Xianzhi, Sui Shu? There are related records in Geography, Xi Man Cong Xiao and Zhu Fu in Song Dynasty. In the Central Plains, the Han people are always buried in the earth, and the "Zhou Li" has a system of "no burial, no marriage". This custom of Hakkas originated from common customs and ancient Yue customs, and it is the product of mutual integration and assimilation between Hakka ancestors and ancient Hunan, Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong aborigines, including She ancestors. The custom of women not binding their feet. In the past, scholars often attributed Hakka women's failure to bind their feet to the fact that Hakka ancestors were often exiled and could not live without a pair of big feet. In fact, the fact that Hakka women don't bind their feet is caused by customs, which is related to the fact that Hakka women undertake most of the production affairs, or the so-called Hakka "women are strong and men are loose" problem. In the Qing Dynasty, Qu Dajun's Xinyu in Guangdong, Hao's Lingnan Magazine, Qianlong's (Tai Po County Chronicle Customs, copying? Tai Po customs, women's diligence, etc. They all recorded the customs of Hakka women in charge of housework and contracting labor and materials. What is the cause of this custom? According to our investigation, it is probably a relic of Baiyue matriarchal society. Both Professor Hao and Professor Liu Zuoquan discussed this. It can be seen that the industriousness and ability of Hakka women in both eastern Guangdong and northern Guangdong are influenced by the customs of Liao people in history. There are similar situations in western Fujian and southern Jiangxi, and the reasons are similar. Since Hakka women undertake such heavy production and living affairs, of course, they can't be girls with small feet, but only "pretty girls" with big feet.
5. Language
Nowadays, except for a few people living in Luofushan District, Guangdong Province, she people basically speak Hakka, or she language very close to Hakka. Of course, this reflects the great influence of the language of Hakka ancestors on the language of indigenous people at that time, but on the other hand, the language of indigenous people also influenced the language of Hakka ancestors. For example, in terms of vocabulary, according to linguists' research, there are 14 vernacular words in Hakka dialect, such as the suffix "Wei", which means the address of female elders. Such words can't be found in Chinese dictionaries, or although there are words with different meanings, they are similar in pronunciation and meaning to Dong-Thai. So these words may have been borrowed by Hakkas from aborigines. Grammatically, the word order of Hakka dialect is opposite to that of Putonghua, which means "going back and forth" and only means "going". It is different from ordinary Chinese, but similar to some southern minority languages such as Thai and Miao. All these phenomena can be regarded as influenced by Baiyue language. In other words, the languages of Hakka ancestors were influenced by indigenous languages and merged into Hakka dialect.
4 the relationship between Hakka culture and She culture
The above is an overview of the influence of She culture on Hakka culture. As for the influence of Hakka culture on She culture, it is even more obvious. The ancestors of Hakkas came from the Central Plains and Jianghuai, and they were more advanced than the aborigines (including Jin ancestors) in economy and culture. The advanced production tools and technologies they brought have been accepted by the She nationality for a long time, and their culture-including language, literature, customs, habits, religion, beliefs, clan organizations, patriarchal clan system, etc. -It has had a huge, multifaceted, strong and profound impact on the She nationality. For example, religious belief, after the Hakka ancestors moved to the border areas of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong, they brought Buddhism and Taoism to fight against the folk beliefs of the aborigines, that is, the so-called "land gods" and "obscenity". As a result, Buddhism and Taoism have been widely spread, and even many indigenous people have accepted them, but Buddhism and Taoism have changed their original inherent features and added a lot of witchcraft factors, which has become an inherent adaptation to the local area. For example, Dingguang Buddha in folk Buddhism and Tulaiduk in folk Taoism are two typical examples of religions brought by Hakka ancestors being accepted by indigenous people in the process of assimilation.
In terms of social customs, the influence of Hakka culture on She culture is most obvious with the feudal ethics of family and the orthodox concept of the Central Plains, which is briefly described as follows.
1, the concept of family status
The concept of family status is the product of the Tu nationality system. At the end of the Tang dynasty, the gentry withdrew from the historical stage, but the concept of the gentry's family status remained stubbornly, which dominated people's thoughts for a long time, especially the thoughts of the bureaucratic class.
Among the Hakka ancestors, only a few are officials and scholar-bureaucrat families, but these people have cultural and social status, and their concepts naturally become the dominant concepts in Hakka society. As a result, the concept of family status is particularly popular in Hakka society, which is mainly manifested in two aspects: being proud of counties and relying on officials and dignitaries as their ancestors. As far as the origin of surnames is concerned, every surname has many sources, such as Liu, Liu, and Luoyang Liu Yi Lu surnames; Like Xie, there are Chen, Xie Huiji and Southwest Man Xie. Li has two parts: He Zhao, and Li's surname is Qidan. Most other surnames are like this. However, almost all the Hakka genealogies and hall numbers are famous families, such as, Fan, Taiyuan Wang, Chen, Rongyangzheng, Yingchuan Chen, Tianshui Zhao, etc., which reveal the deep-rooted Hakka family concept. In order to be attached to a noble family, they do not hesitate to resort to deceit and forge their ancestors.
The historical tradition and cultural background of indigenous people are different from those of Han nationality. There is no concept of family status similar to that of the Han nationality, especially there will be no county prestige and official position of the Han nationality. But I have lived in a mixed place with Hakkas for a long time and have been influenced by the Hakka family concept. I don't even think I'm from a noble county, and my ancestors never held any positions in the Han nationality. I'm even ashamed of my indigenous ancestry, trying my best to forge my genealogy and whitewash myself as a famous Han family. But since it is forged, it can't be perfect, and there will always be traces of fighting. For example, Matsuguchi Zhong's "Mei County Spectrum Copy" says that "now, bandits are like bees, and many people (refer to) pack up gold and copper treasures to avoid the south of the Yangtze River" (Luo Xianglin's "Hakka Historical Materials Collection") is very intriguing. First of all, there is nothing wrong with saying it is a bee, but many of the "Kou" at that time were from the south of Jianghuai, such as Li Zitong, Lin, Shen Faxing, Xiao Xian, Du Fu Hong and so on. Therefore, the theory that Bao Zhong moved from Yingchuan to Jinling in the south of the Yangtze River to avoid soldiers cannot be established; Second, the so-called "gold and copper treasure map" should be an ancestral map that the She nationality regards as a family heirloom. She nationality and its ancestors regard their ancestral land as the honor of the clan, and it is also a sign of mutual recognition and recognition of the clan, so they can't leave immediately. Of course, when they move, they should pack their bags and bring their peers. Therefore, it is false that the Zhong family moved from Yingchuan to Jinling, but it is true that their family probably moved with their ancestral land in the early Tang Dynasty. It can be seen that the Zhong family is a golden family, not comparable to the Zhong family in Yingchuan. Obviously, the reason why Zhong and other aborigines want to fabricate genealogy and cling to the famous Han family is influenced by the Hakka family concept and forced by social fashion to alleviate the pressure of ethnic discrimination.
2. Central Plains orthodoxy
Another popular fashion in Hakka society is the orthodoxy of the Central Plains, which is proud of being from the Central Plains and ashamed of being born in a barbarian or other areas outside the Central Plains. This is also the concept of the official scholar-bureaucrat class, which has been educated by feudal orthodoxy for a long time, and the scholar-bureaucrat class has influenced the ordinary people and then the indigenous people. Hakka families all think that they yearn for the Central Plains (the concept of the Central Plains is very broad, including Fanyang, Longxi, Jiangxia and Pengcheng, etc. ), and all claim to have moved from the Central Plains through the Ninghua Stone Wall, which is the product of the orthodoxy of the Central Plains. Similarly, the genealogy fabricated by indigenous people always agrees with a county in the Central Plains, and the ancestral migration route is tortuous, passing through Ninghua County no matter where they come from. For example, the previous quotation "Songkou Zhongpu Copy" is not only attached to Yingchuan County, but also far-fetched and said, "I live in Baihu Village, Ninghua County, Fujian Province, and live and work in peace and contentment." In order to prove that his ancestors were famous families in the Central Plains. It can also be seen that the orthodoxy of the Central Plains is closely related to the concept of family status, and these two concepts can be said to be mutual.
3. Feudal ethics.
The aborigines have just crossed the social development stage of clan tribal system, but they have not been influenced by feudal ethics, and their interpersonal relationship is not as good as that of the Han nationality, and the relationship between men and women is relatively open and free. Later, due to the influence of the social consciousness of Hakka ancestors' bureaucrats and the rectification movement of some local officials, many indigenous people also accepted the feudal ethics of the Han nationality and put it into practice. For example, in Shaozhou in the Song Dynasty, according to the "A Study of Wang Jiayuan in Qingyuan", "Fifty-three generations of benefits, good words, when I was a scholar ... I know Shaozhou. Lingnan's habits are quite bad, and there is no difference between men and women. Life is long and strict, and soon, male and female walkers go their own ways. " Accustomed to "evil", the aborigines in northern Guangdong, after being governed by state officials who attach importance to feudal ethics, can achieve "men and women go their separate ways", which is indeed a bit of a refined country. This is a remarkable example of the influence of Hakka feudal ethics on aborigines.
In a word, the interaction, mutual absorption and assimilation between Hakka culture and She culture are extensive and profound. However, the influence of Hakka culture on She culture is obvious and easy to be understood and accepted by people. The influence of She culture on Hakka culture has disappeared in the historical process and is hard to detect. Some people even have the idea of being the host of Han nationality. Deliberately obliterating the influence and contribution of She culture to Hakka culture is incorrect and should not be done. The reason why Hakka culture is profound and vigorous lies in its openness and compatibility, and it constantly absorbs beneficial nutrients from She nationality and other nationalities and ethnic groups in the process of its formation and development. To promote Hakka culture, we must first understand this truth.