Unit 1 The invasion of the great powers and the struggle of the people of China

the opium war

First, no smoking.

Background:/kloc-In the first half of the 9th century, western capitalism developed rapidly and Britain became the most powerful industrial country in the world. Because Britain is in a super position in the trade with China, in order to reverse this situation and reap huge profits, Britain exports drugs-opium to China.

Measures: Arrest tobacco dealers, force foreign tobacco dealers to hand over all opium, and promise not to traffic opium to China again.

No smoking in Humen: June 3 ~ June 25 1839.

Significance: It has dealt a blow to the arrogance of the invaders, demonstrated the courage and strength of the people of China to ban smoking, and demonstrated to the whole world the strong determination of the people of China to safeguard national dignity and resist foreign aggression.

Second, the opium war.

Time: June1840 ~ August 1842

Process:1June, 840, the British fleet invaded the Guangdong Sea, and the Opium War broke out. During the war, Britain occupied Hong Kong Island and Guangzhou, and then captured Xiamen, Dinghai, Ningbo and Zhenjiang. 1842 in August, the Qing government was forced to sign the treaty of nanking. Patriotic official: Guan Tianpei, the first general of the Qing army who died in China in modern times.

"treaty of nanking" content: cutting Hong Kong Island to Britain; Open Guangzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo, Fuzhou and Shanghai as trading ports; Compensation 2 1 ten thousand yuan; China must reach an agreement with Britain on the taxes paid by British businessmen on imported and exported goods.

Impact: China's national sovereignty and territorial integrity were destroyed, and China began to become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. The Opium War was the beginning of China's modern history.

Lesson 2 The beacon light rises again.

1. Time of the Second Opium War: 1856, 10 ~ 1860, 10.

Objective: To further open the door to China and expand the rights and interests of aggression. Invaders: Britain and France; Russia and the United States are accomplices

Process: 1856 10 In October, Britain and France went to war; 1860 10, British and French invaders invaded Beijing, looted soldiers and burned Yuanmingyuan, forcing the Qing government to sign the Beijing Treaty.

Second, Russia took advantage of the fire to rob time: before and after the Second Opium War.

Charges: Embezzlement of more than 6,543,800 square kilometers in the northern territory of China.

Conclusion: Russia occupied most of China's territory in modern times.

Three. Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement Time: 185 1 year ~ 1864.

Course: 185 1 year, jintian uprising; 1853, with Tianjin as its capital; August 1860 and August 1862 defeated the foreign guns team; 1864, the movement failed.

Fourth, the left recovered Xinjiang.

Background: The border crisis in China has intensified. /kloc-In the 1960s of 0/9, Russia and Britain supported Agubo to occupy most of Xinjiang. 187 1 year, Russia invaded Ili.

Process: 1876, left led the army into Xinjiang; It took more than a year to recover the whole territory of Xinjiang except Yili; He also threatened to use force to force Russia to exchange Ili.

Historical significance: it consolidated the frontier defense in the northwest of the motherland and defended the territory and sovereignty of the motherland.

Evaluation left. Zuo was an important general of Xiang Army and later became an official of Qing Dynasty. He and Li Hongzhang are both important figures in the Westernization School, but Zuo and Li have very different attitudes towards foreign aggression. Zuo advocated resisting foreign aggression and was a famous resistance general. Zuo believes that Xinjiang is a barrier to the northwest, and if Xinjiang falls, it will be a disaster for the mainland. Therefore, he insisted on sending troops to Xinjiang, expelling foreign invasion, recovering lost ground and maintaining it.

Lesson 3 Sino-Japanese War Sino-Japanese War

1. Time of the Sino-Japanese War: July1894-April 1895.

Reason: Japanese imperialism deliberately provoked the war of annexing Korea and invading China.

Main campaign: < 1 > naval battle in the Yellow Sea: After this war, the Japanese fleet took control of the sea power in the Yellow Sea. < 2 > Battle of Lushun: Lushun fell, and Japan slaughtered peaceful residents of Lushun. < 3 > Battle of Ahava: Ahava was defeated and Li Hongzhang-beiyang fleet was completely annihilated. (4) Famous patriotic general: national hero Deng Shichang.

Second, China and Japan signed the treaty of shimonoseki:

(1) Signing date:1April 895. (2) Representatives of both parties: Li Hongzhang and Ito Bowen.

(3) Content: < 1 > The Qing government ceded Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan Province Province and Penghu Islands to Japan. (2) compensate the Japanese military for 200 million taels of silver; (3) Open Shashi, Chongqing, Suzhou and Hangzhou as trading ports. (4) Allow Japan to set up factories at trading ports.

(4) Impact: It marks that the invasion of China by foreign capitalism has entered an experience period, which has greatly deepened the semi-colonization of China and further deepened the national crisis in China.

Lesson 4 Eight-Nation Alliance's War of Aggression against China

First, the boxer movement.

(1) Reason: The imperialist aggression against China has intensified, and ethnic conflicts have intensified unprecedentedly.

(2) The object of struggle: imperialist aggression.

(3) Sports Center: Beijing-Tianjin area. (4) Main campaign: Langfang campaign.

(5) It failed under the joint suppression of the Qing government and Eight-Nation Alliance.

(6) Nature and significance: It was an anti-imperialist and patriotic peasant movement, which dealt a heavy blow to the imperialist forces of aggression, made the aggressors realize the greatness of the people's power in China, and also dealt a blow to the corrupt Qing government. Although the turbulent Qing government, together with imperialism, suppressed the Boxer Rebellion and concluded an unprecedented "Xin Chou Treaty" that humiliated the country and safeguarded feudal rule, it exposed the reactionary nature of the Qing government and enhanced the interests of the people.

Second, Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China:

Background: After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the great powers carved up China, which aroused strong opposition from the Japanese people.

The boxer movement rose.

Time: 65438+June 0900-65438+September 090 1 Purpose: To suppress the anti-imperialist struggle of China people.

The allied forces are composed of Britain, Russia, Germany, the United States, France, Japan, Italy and Austria.

Process:1June, 900, Allied formation, via Tianjin to Beijing. In Langfang and Yangcun, he was beaten out of the water by the Boxer Rebellion and the Qing army and fled back to the Tianjin Concession. Other allied forces occupied Tianjin and Beijing in August. In September, the Xin Chou Treaty was signed.

Third, the signing of the Xin Chou Treaty.

Content: The Qing government compensated 450 million taels of silver, which was paid off in 39 years, with more than 980 million taels of principal and interest. Dongjiaominxiang is designated as the border of the embassy, allowing countries to station troops for protection, and China people are not allowed to live on the border; The Qing government promised to prohibit people from participating in anti-imperialist activities; Demolish all fortresses from Tianjin to Dagu and allow foreign troops to station in Shanhaiguan from Beijing.

Influence: Through this treaty, the great powers further controlled China politically, economically and militarily, and the Qing government completely became a tool for the great powers to rule China, and China completely became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

★ Note: Important issues

1. The Hatred and Ugliness Treaty is the heaviest yoke imposed by imperialism on the people of China. Please talk about the harm it has brought to the Chinese nation in combination with its main contents.

A: 1. Huge compensation is an unprecedented large-scale extortion of China by the great powers. In order to pay this huge compensation, on the one hand, the Qing government plundered the people, making their lives poorer and their social economy more depressed; On the other hand, borrowing a lot of foreign debts has facilitated foreign powers to control China's economic lifeline by controlling loans. 2. The Qing government severely suppressed the anti-imperialist struggle of the people of China, making the Qing government a tool for imperialism to rule China. 3. The foreign invaders controlled the Beijing-Tianjin area, making the Qing government completely under the control of foreign troops, so that imperialism could directly send troops to suppress the anti-imperialist struggle of the people of China. 4. The establishment of an "embassy circle" in Beijing is actually a "country within a country", and it is the base camp for imperialist planning to invade China. The envoys of various countries became the "emperor's father" of the Qing government.

2. A western historical work holds that the destruction of opium by Lin Zexu and Humen led to the outbreak of the Opium War. If Humen had not destroyed opium, the Opium War would not have broken out. Do you agree with this view? Please write a 50- 150 word debate draft based on historical facts.

This view is wrong. The destruction of opium by Lin Zexu and Humen was a just action of China people against foreign aggression. British colonists used this as an excuse to launch the Opium War. The Opium War was by no means an accident, but a historical necessity, because after the Industrial Revolution, the level of industrial development in Britain was very high. In order to open up foreign markets, promote industrial products and plunder cheap industrial raw materials, the bourgeoisie directed its aggression at China.

3. After the signing of the Xin Chou Treaty, it was pointed out that the Qing government had become a "foreigner's court". Is this statement reasonable? Why?

A: This statement makes sense. The great powers carried out another appalling economic plunder on China through the Treaty of Xin Chou. Moreover, the Qing government was completely under the military supervision and control of imperialism: according to the requirements of the treaty, the Qing government promised to prohibit people from participating in anti-imperialist activities, which made the Qing government officials become the "land guards" of imperialism, and Cixi even obeyed foreigners. All these indicate that the Qing government has become a loyal running dog of the imperialist powers. It is no exaggeration to say that the government has become a "court for foreigners".

Unit 2 The Beginning of Modernization

The rise of modern industry

I. Westernization Movement

Background: The Second Opium War and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement made the internal affairs and diplomacy of the Qing government difficult, and the great power of western powers' foreign guns deeply shocked Qing officials.

Time: 65438+11960s-1mid-1990s Purpose: To strengthen the strength of the Qing Dynasty and maintain its rule.

Representative figures: Central Committee-Yixin, Local Committee-Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zuo and Zhang Zhidong.

Slogan: 65438+Early 1960s: "Self-improvement"; Since the 65438+1970s, "seeking wealth"

Advocacy and measures: advocate learning advanced production technology and training methods from the west and establishing some modern military industries and civilian enterprises; Reform the military, diplomacy, etc.

The bankruptcy of Westernization Movement was marked by the total annihilation of beiyang fleet in the Sino-Japanese War.

Evaluation of Westernization Movement: Westernization Movement was a self-help movement of failed feudal rulers, which did not make China rich and strong, but introduced advanced western science and technology, objectively promoted the emergence and development of Chinese national capitalism and opened the way for China's modernization.

The reason for the failure of Westernization Movement: The Westernization School didn't realize that it was impossible to make China rich and strong just by learning advanced western science and technology without touching the feudal system. With the failure of China in the Sino-Japanese War, the Westernization Movement also went bankrupt. Therefore, the Westernization Movement failed to save the ruling crisis of the Qing Dynasty, and it was a self-help movement of failed feudal rulers.

Second, the champion runs the enterprise.

Background: After the signing of treaty of shimonoseki, foreign capitalists have invested and set up factories in China to carry out larger-scale economic development.

Economic plunder, all walks of life eat the trend of "saving the country through industry". Representative: Zhang Jian, the top scholar.

Lesson 2 1898 Reform Movement

First, the books on the bus

Background:1In the spring of 895, China was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War, and was forced to sign the treaty of shimonoseki, which humiliated the country. The Chinese nation is facing a serious national crisis. Leaders: Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao

Process: Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao jointly wrote a letter to Emperor Guangxu in Beijing, opposing peace talks and demanding political reform. However, due to the obstruction of die-hards, the letter failed to reach Emperor Guangxu.

Significance: It has produced great repercussions in the society and opened the prelude to the reform and political reform movement.

Second, other reformist activities: Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, etc. Establish newspapers and periodicals such as Chinese and foreign news and current affairs news to publicize reform ideas and political reform; Establish powerful associations and other organizations to form reformist political groups.

Third, the Hundred Days Reform.

Background: During the period of 1897, Germany and Russia occupied Jiaozhou Bay and Lushun Port, respectively, and the situation that the great powers carved up China was extremely serious, which further deepened the national crisis. The time was1898 June11-September 2 1, which lasted only 103 days.

Content: Promote the development of agriculture, industry and commerce; Allow the establishment of newspapers and periodicals, open speech, abolish redundant staff and appoint reformists; Editing and practicing the new Lu Haijun; New schools have been established everywhere, and Shi Jing University Hall has been established in Beijing.

Process:1898 June 1 1 day, Emperor Guangxu promulgated the reform and began the reform; In September, Empress Dowager Cixi staged a coup, imprisoned Emperor Guangxu and arrested reformists. Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao fled abroad, Tan Sitong and others were killed, and the political reform movement failed.

Influence: First of all, it is pointed out that the nature of the movement is a patriotic national salvation movement initiated by the reformists to safeguard national independence and develop capitalism when the nation is in danger; Secondly, it reflects the will of the nation, conforms to the requirements of the development of the times, marks the western bourgeois thoughts and theories advocated by the Chinese nation, impacts the shackles of feudal ideology and culture, plays the role of ideological enlightenment, and has an important and positive impact on China's modernization.

Six Gentlemen in the Reform Movement of 1898: Six reformists, Tan Sitong, Yang Rui, Liu Guangdi and Kang, were killed by the Qing government, and were called "Six Gentlemen in the Reform Movement of 1898" in history.

Lesson 3 Xinhai Revolution

1. Xingzhonghui Time:1894165438+10 Month Location: Honolulu.

Objective: To overthrow the autocratic rule of the Qing Dynasty and establish a bourgeois democratic republic.

Second, the league time: 1905 August location: Tokyo, Japan

Platform: "Expulsion of Tatars, Restoration of China, Establishment of the Republic of China, Equal Land Rights"; Later, it was summarized by Sun Yat-sen as the Three People's Principles of nationality, civil rights and people's livelihood.

3. Wuchang Uprising Time: 1 912 65438+10/0/.

What happened: On the first day of the month, the revolutionaries in Wuchang New Army fired the first shot of the uprising. After a night of fierce fighting, the rebels occupied Wuchang city. Two days later, the insurgents occupied the whole three towns in Wuhan.

Impact: After the victory of Wuchang Uprising, various provinces responded in succession. Within a month or so, many provinces in China 10 declared their independence one after another, and the rule of the Qing Dynasty fell apart.

Four. * * * * Date of establishment: 1 912 65438+1October1Location: Nanjing.

Influence: The feudal autocratic monarchy system that lasted for more than two thousand years was ended, and the concept of democracy and harmony was deeply rooted in the hearts of the people.

Lesson 4 New Culture Movement

First, the rise of the new culture movement.

Background: ① After the establishment of * * * *, the ideas and concepts of democracy, freedom, equality and fraternity in the West were welcomed by intellectuals, especially young students, and democracy * * * and concepts were increasingly deeply rooted in people's hearts; (2) Yuan Shikai stole the fruits of the victory of the Revolution of 1911, and his ambition was expanding day by day, constantly strengthening autocratic rule and stepping up the restoration of monarchy; The ideological circle has also set off a counter-current of respecting Confucius and restoring ancient ways.

Representatives: Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao, Hu Shi, Lu Xun, etc. Main positions: New Youth magazine, Peking University.

Two banners: "Democracy" and "Science"

Advocacy: advocate democracy and oppose autocracy; Advocating science and opposing superstition; Advocate new morality and oppose old morality; Advocate new literature and oppose old literature.

Influence: It launched a fierce attack on feudal ethics and Confucianism and set off a vibrant society.

The trend of ideological emancipation has liberated people's minds as never before.

Second, the spread of Marxism.

Background: 19 17. The victory of the Russian October Revolution made China's advanced intellectuals see the dawn of national liberation.

Spreading Marxism has become the mainstream of the New Culture Movement.

Main contributions: 19 18. Li Dazhao published "Victory of the People" and "Victory of Bolshevism", which was warmly praised.

October revolution; 19 19 In May, he published My View on Marxism, which systematically introduced the basic theory of Marxism for the first time.

Lesson 5 Changes in Social Life

I. Changes in cultural life

Photography: It was introduced to China in the 65438+40s; /kloc-at the end of 0/9, it was integrated into people's lives.

Movie:/kloc-introduced to China at the end of 0/9; 1905, China filmed the first film "Dingjun Mountain"; At the beginning of the 20th century, Xinmin Company and many other film organizations founded and filmed "It's hard for a husband to find a wife". After 1930s, movies began to appear in China.

Newspaper: 1872, Shanghai, the most famous Chinese newspaper in modern times.

Publication: 1897, Shanghai Commercial Press, the largest publishing institution in modern China.

Second, changes in social customs.

Braid-cutting: After the establishment of the Nanjing Provisional Government, Sun Yat-sen ordered men all over the country to cut their braids within a time limit.

Easy clothing: suits are popular in big cities; In the early years of the Republic of China, Zhongshan suit became the most distinctive men's wear, and cheongsam was the most fashionable women's wear.

Foot-binding: 19 12. Sun Yat-sen instructed all provinces to prohibit women from foot-binding, and launched a large-scale foot-binding movement in various places.

Rename: 19 12. Sun Yat-sen issued an order to abolish the old titles such as "Your Excellency" and "Master" in the officialdom of the former Qing Dynasty, and officials were commensurate with their official positions.

Change etiquette: abolish the old etiquette such as bowing and bowing, and replace it with bowing and taking off your hat; Adopt western handshake etiquette in the communication between Chinese and foreign personnel.

Unit 3 The Rise of the New Democratic Revolution

The May 4th Movement and the Establishment of China Producers' Party.

I. May 4th Movement

The fuse: the failure of China's diplomacy at the Paris Peace Conference.

After that:1965438+broke out in Beijing on May 4, 2009, with Beijing college students as the main force; National students support Beijing students' anti-imperialist and patriotic struggle; Workers went on strike, businessmen went on strike, and supported the struggle of Beijing students.

Slogan: "strive for state power abroad and exclude * * elements at home"; "Abolish Article 21"; "Refuse to sign a peace treaty with Germany"

Results: Three initial victories were achieved: Beiyang government was forced to release the arrested students; Recall Cao Rulin and other positions to sell * *; Refused to sign a peace treaty with Germany.

Significance: This is a patriotic movement against imperialism and feudalism and the beginning of China's new-democratic revolution.

Second, the birth of China * * * production party

Conditions: theoretically: the spread of Marxism; Organizationally, pre-production party organizations have been established in various places.

* * * First National Congress: Time:1921July 23rd.

Venue: Shanghai (Jiaxing Nanhu cruise ship) Participants:, Dong, Li Da, etc. 13.

Content: Adopt the first party program of China; Determine that the central task of the party is to lead the workers' movement; Elected Chen Duxiu as the Secretary of the C.O. China * * * Production Party was born.

The Historical Significance of the Birth of China * * * Production Party: The establishment of China * * * Production Party is an epoch-making event in the history of China. Since the birth of the * * * Production Party in China, the China Revolution has taken on a new look.

★ In World War I, China was also a victorious country. Why can't we get rid of the fate of sovereignty being violated?

After the Revolution of 1911, the social nature of China has not changed, the Beiyang government still practiced feudal autocracy, and imperialism still enjoyed many privileges in China. China has not got rid of poverty and backwardness, and China's comprehensive national strength is still very weak. Therefore, even if it is a victorious country, China cannot escape the fate of its sovereignty being violated.

Lesson 2 Cooperation between Countries

First, the formation of the first ethnic cooperation.

BACKGROUND: After the Revolution of 1911, Sun Yat-sen repeatedly failed in the struggle against the northern warlords, and the Soviet government and China extended a helping hand to him. * * * also recognizes that imperialism and warlords are relatively powerful, and forming a revolutionary United front with the Kuomintang is the correct way to overthrow warlord rule and foreign powers.

Time: 1924 65438+ 10 The symbol of the formal establishment of cooperation: the convening of the "First Congress" of the Kuomintang.

Second, the establishment of Huangpu Military Academy:

Time: 65438+May 0924 School Address: Huangpu, Guangzhou.

Main leaders: Sun Yat-sen, Prime Minister of Military Academy, President Chiang Kai-shek, Party Representative Liao, and Director of Political Department.

Features: Political education and military training are equally important.

Reasons for running a school: Sun Yat-sen never had his own revolutionary army. In the past, the revolution relied on the Huimin Party, the new army and various warlords, which was also one of the reasons for the failure of the revolution. Therefore, he hoped that Huangpu Military Academy would establish a revolutionary army to save China from peril.

Iii. Northern Expedition: July 1926- 1927.

The purpose of the Northern Expedition is to overthrow the rule of the northern warlords supported by imperialism and unify the whole country.

Objects of the Northern Expedition: Wu, Sun and Zhang Warlords.

Process:1July, 926, the National Revolutionary Army began its northern expedition; Defeat Wu on the battlefield of Hunan and Hubei; Then he moved to Jiangxi, annihilated Sun's main force, and took Nanjing directly; On the other hand, Fujian invaded Zhejiang and Shanghai, and the Northern Expedition won a great victory.

The main reasons for the successive victories of the Northern Expedition are as follows: ① The Northern Expedition was a just revolutionary war against imperialism and feudalism, which reflected the wishes of the broad masses of the people. (2) To realize ethnic cooperation and establish a revolutionary united front. (3) With proper strategy and tactics, * * * party member and * * Communist Youth League members played a vanguard and exemplary role, and the soldiers of the Northern Expedition fought bloody battles without fear of sacrifice. ④ The active cooperation and support of workers and farmers. (5) * * * generate international and Soviet aid. ⑥ The Northern Warlords were politically corrupt and disorganized.

Fourth, the Nanjing National Government was established.

Background: Chiang Kai-shek and Wang Jingwei betrayed the revolution, the first cooperation between countries broke down and the national revolutionary movement failed.

Time:1April 927 18 nature: the government representing the interests of the big landlords and the big bourgeoisie.

Lesson 3 The Establishment of Red Regime

A, nanchang uprising:

Background: After the Kuomintang Rightists rebelled against the revolution, they massacred the * * * production party and the Kuomintang leftists.

Time: 1927 August 1. Leader: China Former Enemy Committee headed by Zhou Enlai.

Significance: The first shot of armed resistance against reactionary Kuomintang rule was fired, which became the beginning of China's independent leadership of armed struggle and the establishment of the people's army.

Second, the autumn harvest uprising:

Time: 65438+September 0927 Person in charge: Mao Zedong.

Process: When the uprising broke out in September, the insurgents suffered serious setbacks on their way to Changsha, and turned to the countryside. In June+10, 5438, they arrived in Jinggangshan and established the Jinggangshan base area.

Significance of the establishment of Jinggangshan Revolutionary Base: The establishment of Jinggangshan Revolutionary Base has opened up a new road for China's revolutionary countryside to encircle cities and seize political power by armed forces.

3. Jinggangshan Meeting: Time: April 1928.

Process: Zhu De and Chen Yi led their troops to Jinggangshan, joined forces with Mao Zedong, and formally established the first new people's army-the Fourth Army of the Chinese Workers and Peasants Red Army.

Lesson 4 The Red Army is not afraid of expedition.

Time:1934 65438+1October-1936 65438+1October.

The Long March began: The Red Army failed in its fifth counter-campaign against "encirclement and suppression". 1934, 10 In June, the Central Committee and the Central Red Army were forced to withdraw from the Central Revolutionary Base and implement a strategic shift. From: Ruijin, Jiangxi (Central Revolutionary Base)

Results: We broke through the enemy's four blockade lines, crossed the Xiangjiang River, and lost more than half of the people. The revolution was in do or die, and Mao Zedong made a major decision. Give up going to Xiangxi, change to Guizhou where the enemy's strength is weak, cross the Wujiang River and liberate Zunyi.

Zunyi Meeting: Time: 1935+0.

Results: The military and organizational "Left" errors of Bo Gu Kailai and others were corrected, Mao Zedong's thought was affirmed, and the correct leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Mao Zedong at the core was established at the turn of the century.

Significance: It saved the Party, the Red Army and the revolution at a critical moment, which was a turning point in the history of China's * * * production party.

Victory of the Long March: Process: After Zunyi Conference, the Red Army crossed Chishui River four times, skillfully crossed Jinsha River, forcibly crossed Daliangshan, forcibly crossed Dadu River, flew over Luding Bridge, climbed the snowy mountain and crossed the grassland, and arrived in Wuqi, northern Shaanxi on June 1935+00 to join forces with the Red Army in northern Shaanxi; 1936, 10 In June, the three main forces of the Red Army (the Red First Army, the Red Second Army and the Red Fourth Army) joined forces in Huining, Gansu, and declared the victory of the Long March.

The significance of the victory of the Long March: It shattered the attempt of the Kuomintang reactionaries to destroy the Red Army, preserved the backbone of the China Communist Party and the Red Army, and sowed the seeds of revolution along the way.