The export development strategy of primary products is actually adopted by backward countries after long-term colonial rule and independence in unfavorable international division of labor and unequal international economic relations. (1) The primary product production department developed for export is often an "enclave" in the economic development of backward countries. It is not integrated with the national economy of the country and cannot drive other departments to achieve substantive development. On the contrary, it will form or aggravate the abnormal economic structure. It is impossible to promote the modernization of production technology and the improvement of production efficiency in a wide range of economic fields by relying on the production and export of a single product. Take Thailand as an example. In the early 1950s, Thailand's industrial level was very low. 195 1 year, the manufacturing industry only accounts for 10.3% of the national GDP, while the agricultural economy dominated by rice accounts for 50. 1% of the national GDP. The population engaged in agricultural production accounts for 88% of the total population, and the agricultural economy is dominant. (2) The economic development of Southeast Asian countries is often restricted by the world market. The biggest feature of the export trade of primary products is that its export volume is controlled by the requirements of the industrial world, and the export of primary products is greatly influenced by the demand and price changes in the international market. However, the level of import is inevitably linked to the level of national economic growth. In addition, domestic consumption depends on imports from developed countries, and the industrialization and agriculturalization plan requires increasing imports of machinery, equipment and fertilizers. Therefore, economic growth will inevitably lead to changes in the import structure, that is, from meeting the needs of private consumption to meeting the needs of capital goods and intermediate goods, that is, the former's import mode is lower and the latter is higher. Therefore, these countries are increasingly dependent on the world market, especially importing manufactured goods from the United States, Europe and Japan in the process of economic growth. From ordinary food, clothing and toys to automobiles, electrical appliances, machinery and computer chips. In addition to cheap domestic labor, we also rely on foreign capital and technology. For example, in the early 1950s, 70% of rubber plantations and more than 60% of tin products in Malaysia were controlled by foreign companies, and 60% to 70% of exports and 75% of imports were also controlled by foreign companies.
Limitations of SRT technology in SRT
From the test point of view, SRT technology seems infinitely beautiful. Unfortunately, at least under the current capacity of SSD 3 1 1 20GB, once more diversified applications are used, when the cache needs to make room for new data, the performance will not be so optimistic. The conclusion of SRT technology is: Simply put, SRT is not enough to replace your high-end SSD. If you use a large-capacity (above 80- 160GB) solid-state hard disk, manually install the operating system and programs directly on the SSD, and save other media files on the HDD hard disk, you can still get better overall performance. The significance of SRT technology is that it is a scheme that does not require users' attention to management. You don't need to pay attention to whether this is a software execution program or a high-definition movie, and whether it should be saved on a solid state drive or a traditional hard drive. Although you can't achieve the performance of a pure solid state drive, you can really improve the storage performance of the system to a great extent. Figuratively speaking, with the 20GB SLC SSD cache, you can make the old 1TB hard disk you bought four years ago 4 1% faster than VelociRaptor. If you want to install a small white user who doesn't know what the partition is, SRT technology is very suitable. Similarly, as long as the installed budget can bear the cost of SSD 3 1 1 about $00, it is also a good choice to greatly improve the storage performance. Especially for those users who only like to play one or two games and run some small-capacity applications, SRT technology combined with traditional hard disk and small-size SSD can make your storage performance close to X25-M G2 solid-state hard disk. Even for high-end gamers, it makes sense to divide part of your large-capacity SSD into SSD cache. When you install more games and can't store them all directly on SSD, SRT acceleration for game installation partition can also improve the speed of game startup and level loading. In addition, since SRT technology can support SSD products from any manufacturer, it is also a good way to reuse the old SSD as SRT cache when you upgrade a new SSD. With the popularization of SRT technology to Intel's more mainstream chipset (7 series will be fully supported next year) and the decline in the price of solid state drives, I believe SRT technology will have a bright future.
What are the significance and limitations of the international product cycle theory?
Vernon put forward the product life cycle theory in the article "International Investment and International Trade in the Product Cycle" published in 1966, trying to reveal the laws of foreign direct investment and international trade of American enterprises after World War II by using the product life cycle hypothesis.
(1) basic ideas
The theory divides the product life cycle into innovation, maturity and standardization stages, which shows that countries have different positions in international trade at different stages of the product life cycle, and makes a systematic dynamic analysis based on the location choice of enterprises and overseas production and export. This theory divides countries in the world into three types, namely, innovative countries (generally referred to as developed countries), underdeveloped countries and underdeveloped countries.
1, innovation stage
The innovation stage refers to the initial stage of new product development and production. Enterprises in innovative countries rely on their strong R&D strength to carry out technological innovation, develop new products and put them into their own markets. Due to the need to invest a lot of R&D strength and human capital, the product has high technical content, unstable production technology and low output, so the cost is high. Production is mainly concentrated in innovative countries, because the demand price elasticity of new products is small, and innovative enterprises can obtain high monopoly profits in China by monopolizing the technology and technology of new products. Innovative enterprises can meet the occasional small demand of underdeveloped countries with similar economic development level through exports, so there is no need to make overseas direct investment at this stage.
2. Mature stage
Maturity refers to the stage when new products and their production technologies gradually mature. With the development of new product production and the intensification of market competition, a series of changes have taken place in the market: the production technology of new products is becoming more and more mature, and mass production has begun; The product value has been recognized by consumers in underdeveloped countries with similar economic development level, and the demand abroad is strong; With the increase of demand price elasticity, enterprises began to pay attention to reducing production costs; Production technology and methods have matured and spread abroad, the importance of research and development has declined, and products have gradually changed from technology-intensive to capital-intensive. At the same time, with the increase of innovative countries' exports to underdeveloped countries, local enterprises in importing countries began to imitate production, while in order to protect newly-growing infant industries, importing countries began to implement import barriers and restrict the import of innovative countries' products, thus greatly limiting the export capacity of innovative countries. Therefore, enterprises in innovative countries began to invest and establish overseas subsidiaries in underdeveloped countries to directly engage in local production and sales, so as to reduce production costs, break through market barriers and occupy the local market.
3. Standardization stage
Standardization stage refers to the finalization stage of products and their production technologies. With the further development of production technology, products and production have been completely standardized, the proportion of R&D expenses in production costs has decreased, and capital and unskilled labor have become the main parts of product costs. The competition of enterprises is mainly manifested in price competition, and innovative countries have completely lost their monopoly advantage. Therefore, enterprises in innovative countries transfer standardized production processes to underdeveloped countries with low-cost comparative advantages through foreign direct investment, and produce them offshore, and then sell them back to the home market and underdeveloped countries' markets. Finally, when technology is no longer profitable, enterprises in innovative countries will transfer technology through licensing.
It can be seen that with the evolution of product life cycle and production technology, the comparative advantage presents the characteristics of dynamic transfer, the international trade pattern changes accordingly, and the trade status of countries changes accordingly. Innovative countries change from exporting countries to importing countries, and underdeveloped countries with low labor costs eventually change from importing countries to exporting countries. According to this theory, countries should decide the choice of production location and trade direction according to the dynamic transfer of comparative advantage.
(2) Theoretical evaluation
For the first time, product life cycle theory integrates foreign direct investment, international trade and product life cycle into an analytical framework, effectively combining static analysis with dynamic analysis, so it has a certain theoretical position. The characteristics of this theory are as follows: firstly, the monopoly advantage and location choice are combined to make a comprehensive analysis, and the dynamic relationship between the motivation, opportunity and location choice of foreign direct investment is fully explained. Secondly, it shows that the comparative advantage of enterprises will change dynamically with the development of product life cycle, aiming at encouraging countries to adapt to product life cycle and carry out transnational production and international trade according to their own resource endowments and comparative advantages. ......
What are the limitations of current firewall technology?
D, firewall will reduce network performance.
What are the limitations of RFID? 5 points
Problems faced by RFID
In the popularization and application of RFID, there are many challenges, mainly in cost, standard, accuracy and application mode. Mainly manifested in the following aspects: lack of mature application models and industry standards, as well as related product standards are not uniform.
Standardization is a big problem.
Standardization is a necessary measure to promote products to be widely accepted by the market, but the technologies of RFID readers and tags are still not unified, so they cannot be integrated. Tag communication protocols developed by different manufacturers use different frequencies and have different packet formats. Unlike bar codes, the frequency range of RFID technology is * * *, but manufacturers can change it by themselves. In addition, there is no uniform standard for chip performance, memory storage protocol and antenna design convention on the label. Although the related standards of RFID are gradually developing and improving, different countries have their own rules. Some insiders worry that it is more difficult to formulate bar code standards than other countries. If a country sells a certain frequency right to a commercial enterprise, it will be difficult for the country to supervise and manage the use of this frequency band in the case of interference with other systems.
The price problem is one of the huge bottlenecks that restrict the development of RFID tag popularization and application market.
RFID systems, whether tags, readers or antennas, are very expensive. Before the popularization of new manufacturing technology, high-cost RFID tags can only be used for some high-value products. At present, the price of an RFID tag in the United States is about 0.30 ~ 0.60 dollars. For some low-priced goods, it is obviously not cost-effective to use high-grade RFID tags. In addition, for customers who use RFID system, their equipment investment is also very expensive. According to related reports, the cost of installing an RFID and EPC (Electronic Product Code) reading device in each store is at least 654.38 million dollars. For an institution, the investment in this area may reach 3000 ~ 4000 dollars.
technological breakthrough
RFID technology is not yet fully mature, especially when it is applied to some special products, such as liquid or metal cans. , a large number of RFID tags can not work properly. The reliability of labels is also a big problem. At present, the widely used transmission distances of 134KHz and 13.56KHz are too short, which limits the transmission distance between the reader and the RFID tag, resulting in some tags being unable to be read effectively and the tag failure rate is very high. In addition, RFID tags and readers are directional, and RFID signals are easily blocked by objects, which is also a big challenge for the development of RFID technology. Even if there are double labels, there are still 3% labels that cannot be recognized.
Involving unemployment, privacy protection and security issues.
After enterprises adopt RFID system, many jobs that were originally done by hand will be replaced by this system, and the derivative problem is that many workers will face the crisis of unemployment. At the same time, the large-scale application of RFID will also involve privacy protection and security issues. At present, passive RFID system has no reading and writing ability, so it is impossible to use key verification method for identity verification. If the tag is active and will receive the ever-changing authentication key, it will greatly improve its security, but it will increase its cost. Because of this, there are still obstacles for the current RFID technology to be applied to the fields with confidentiality requirements for information.
Limitations of Porter's Competition Theory
Porter's competitive strategy theory originates from the mature and structured market environment in developed countries such as the United States, and is supported by the S-C-P analysis paradigm of Harvard School. However, with the rapid development of the new economy, emerging markets in China are constantly emerging and the industrial structure is changing rapidly, which directly determines the obvious limitations of Porter's competition theory. Taking "Five Forces Model" as an analytical tool, the total cost leading strategy, differentiation strategy and specialization strategy are not "universal" strategies for enterprises to gain competitive advantage. First of all, under the new economic conditions, the industrial structure is changing rapidly, and it is increasingly becoming the key to the success of enterprises to obtain competitive advantages through the innovation of business formats and business models, and the "universal" strategy is severely challenged. The core of Porter's three "general strategies" is still the choice of business scope. However, in the rapidly changing market environment, for many China enterprises, "how to do" has become more important than "what to do", and the innovation of business model and format has become the core of modern enterprise strategy. A good business model and format will affect or even change the rules of the industry game and help enterprises occupy the high-end link of the value chain. Secondly, Porter regards cost leadership and differentiation as irreconcilable contradictions. Enterprises must sacrifice cost advantage if they want to innovate, and give up differentiated products and services if they want to adopt cost leadership. However, with the rapid development of China's economy, emerging markets are constantly emerging, personalized demand is strong, and the industrial market can even be infinitely subdivided. The products provided by enterprises to consumers are the organic combination of elements (carriers of function realization) and elements (cultural derivatives of products). By changing factors and changing the combination of factors, enterprises can effectively unify cost leadership and differentiation. For example, Huaqi information in Zhongguancun endows MP3 with traditional cultural elements in China, effectively combines differentiation with cost leadership, and opens the international market in one fell swoop, which has achieved great success. Finally, the formation of product modular structure directly promotes the formation of industrial structure modularity, standards become the commanding heights of industrial competition, and unconventional strategies are challenged as never before. After IBM introduced Model 360 computer with modular technology, the modularization of products attracted worldwide attention, and quickly spread to many industrial fields such as automobile parts, mobile terminals and even finance, and the universality and compatibility of modular products attracted much attention. In the actual industrial development, industrial standards have become the core of industrial development, and producers of modular products must follow industrial standards, and the space for products to be unconventional is greatly curbed. In a word, with the rapid development of new economy and the rapid change of industrial structure, the application limitations of Porter's competition theory in China are increasingly obvious. Therefore, while studying the classic theory of the master, we should also analyze the specific problems.
What are the main limitations of adopting financial analysis?
The Provisions on Financial Accounting Reports of Enterprises clearly points out that annual and semi-annual financial accounting reports should be composed of accounting statements, notes to accounting statements and financial statements, while accounting statements and notes to financial statements should clarify the financial status and operating results of enterprises. The future development direction and forecast of enterprises mainly depend on financial analysis. At present, there are two intuitive, convenient and operable methods, one is comparative analysis and the other is ratio analysis.
Comparative analysis method refers to an analysis method that compares a financial index with the index standard with the same nature to reveal the financial situation and operating results of an enterprise.
Ratio analysis is an analytical method that compares various indexes by calculating their relative numbers. This method can change some incomparable indicators into comparable indicators under different conditions.
First of all, the limitations of using two analytical methods
The essence of the two methods is to compare and analyze the financial situation and operating results of enterprises, and the comprehensive use of the two methods can further explain the financial situation. Both methods compare the data formed by the current enterprise with previous annual data or the same index standard in the same industry, or compare the data formed by the current enterprise with different related projects. The source and generation of data are influenced by many factors, so there are the following limitations.
1. The data mainly comes from past events.
The accumulation of economic business. The data on which the two methods are based is accounting data, which is the result and summary of the past economic activities of the enterprise, and is only of reference value for controlling the present and predicting the future financial analysis for the enterprise to make some decisions.
2. The data may not reflect the real situation.
Financial statements are compiled according to accounting standards and norms, but they may not fully reflect the objective reality of enterprises. Based on the analysis of these data, it is easy to produce "false statements that are really analyzed" or contain human factors, and the statements reflect the wishes of managers. Can not truly analyze the financial situation and operating results of enterprises.
3. There are differences in accounting data of similar economic businesses. For the same economic business, different enterprises can choose different accounting procedures, and different operators in the early and late stages of the enterprise have different calculation methods, so the data have different interpretations, and the data itself has certain differences, so it cannot be "dead" analyzed.
4. Data has defects in information transmission. The data and accounting information reflected in accounting statements are limited, and the expression content of information is bound to be large-scale, which will inevitably affect the accuracy of analysis results.
5. These two analytical methods have their own limitations. The two analysis methods can only provide limited information, and the data formed by the business of the enterprise is complex, so the analysis can only answer "what" but not "why". It is difficult to accurately judge the overall operation of an enterprise only by the results of analysis.
After understanding these limitations of comparative analysis and ratio analysis, we should pay attention to their adverse effects when using these two methods in order to improve the quality and effect of financial analysis.
Second, the use of two analytical methods should pay attention to the problem
1. The analysis should be combined with the whole industry and the whole economic environment. Many data vary greatly due to different industries and business nature, and internal indicators and data of enterprises will also vary due to changes in the economic environment. Therefore, in the process of analysis, we should eliminate all kinds of factors and correct the incomparable or different places to make the analyzed data true and reliable.
2. The financial data or ratio is complicated, and the situation reflected is relative. When judging whether a certain financial data is "good" or "bad" and making a comprehensive judgment on an enterprise based on a set of ratios, we must understand its relativity. For example. High inventory turnover rate certainly shows that inventory management is efficient; But it may also be out of stock or out of stock because of low inventory. Once the market changes, it will inevitably cause serious losses to enterprises. Therefore, when analyzing the financial situation of enterprises, we must pay attention to these problems, and we can't draw conclusions about the financial situation of enterprises only by a certain index value.
3. On the basis of quantitative analysis, combined with internal factors and external conditions to analyze and explain. Internal factors, such as developing new products, introducing technology or patents, updating or increasing machinery and equipment, increasing long-term funds, adjusting capital structure, improving enterprise management level, etc. External conditions, such as active or weak new product market, loose or tight capital market, changes in national tax policy, etc. , will directly or indirectly affect the operation and financial management of enterprises. For these factors, it is best to supplement them with written explanations to make the conclusion of financial analysis more accurate and perfect. ......