classify
There are three kinds: Antuohui (five clothes), Yuduoluo monk (seven clothes) and Sangjiali (nine clothes).
brief introduction
As a symbol of sages, cassock has been highly respected by the Buddhist community since ancient times. There are ten advantages to wearing cassock: first, bodhi comes first; Both, at any time; Third, parents return to worship; Fourth, the dragon gave his life; Fifth, the walk-on is difficult; Sixth, the king respects the letter; Seven, the worship of all beings; Eight, Luo Cha respectfully; Nine, Tianlong protection; Ten, you can become a Buddha.
The cassock, Kasāka in Sanskrit and Kasāya in Pali, translated into Chinese as bad color, bad color, dyed, dirty color and red, refers to the cassock that binds monks and is named after its improper color. Also known as cassock, Garoshatow, Gaza and Gaza. The cassock is the most important costume for monks.
Various laws have different opinions on the color of cassock, but generally agree with three kinds of bad colors, that is, green, mud (soap and black) and alizarin (Mulan) are the colors of cassock (or Ruoqing, Ruohei and Ruomulan).
After Buddhism was introduced to China, people wore red clothes (especially red clothes) during the Han and Wei Dynasties, and later there were black clothes (clothes), Tsing Yi clothes and brown clothes. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, the court often gave monks purple clothes and scarlet clothes. Buddhism in Ming Dynasty can be divided into three categories: Zen (Zen), Buddhism (Tiantai, Huayan, Faxiangzong) and Buddhism (also known as Fa, engaged in funeral ceremonies and sacrificial ceremonies). The imperial court clearly stipulated that Zen monks should wear brown clothes and jade robes, monks should wear jade clothes and green robes, and teach monks to wear soap.
There are two kinds of cassock: "over the shoulder" hanging on the left and right shoulders, and "over the right shoulder" hanging on the left shoulder, exposing the right shoulder. When offering sacrifices to Buddhist monks, he leans to his right shoulder; If you go out for a parade or enter an ordinary house, put on the shoulder method.
Since ancient times, cassock has been highly respected by Buddhist circles because of its ten merits and different names. In the book Mahayana Heart Sutra, there are five cases of ten virtues in wearing a cassock: one is to cover your body with a cassock and stay ashamed; Second, stay away from cold and heat, mosquitoes and evil beasts; Third, show the appearance of a shaman, see joy and leave the evil heart; 4. Rentianbao Building can be blessed by Brahma; Fifth, thinking about the pagoda when wearing it eliminates all evils; Six dyes are bad colors, free from five desires and not greedy for love; The seven cassock is the Buddha's clean clothes, which will always break the troubles and make a good scene; Eight in addition to sin, ten good; Nine, such as fertile soil, can increase the way of bodhi; Ten is like armor, and the poisonous arrow of trouble can't hurt. According to the History of the Stone Family, when Nicodemus was a great compassion bodhisattva, he vowed to become a Buddha in front of the treasure Buddha. The cassock can achieve five kinds of merits: a Buddhist disciple has committed various Jaken, but if he can respect the cassock respectfully, he will certainly achieve three times the results of hearing, feeling and bodhisattva. Two dragons, gods, ghosts, people and non-people, can get out of the way in the three rides if they can respect the cassock and cannot retreat; Third, if there are ghosts and gods, people are driven by hunger, thirst and poverty. , and they get small pieces or even four points, they can eat enough; Fourth, sentient beings are in conflict with each other, and when they think of a thief and the strength of the cassock, they will have compassion; If you take a small piece of cassock and stay away from it, once you enter the battle formation, you will always beat others.
give exact information
colour
Various laws have different opinions on the color of cassock, but generally agree with the theory of three bad colors, that is, green, mud (soap, black) and money (Mulan) are the colors of cassock (or Ruoqing, Ruohei, Ruomulan). The quartering method eliminates the complexity and fills the gap. In the next banknote roll, the positive colors of cyan, yellow, red, white and black are not as good as the intermediate colors of crimson, purple, green and sulfur. However, the monk Sha Lifu Wenjing and others, who are famous for their three kilometers, even said that the colors of these five kinds of clothes are very different. The five colors are blue (ground department), yellow (mass department), red (law department), black (everything department) and Mulan (light department). The third volume of the Buddhist precepts in the Sanskrit Sutra of Dharma explains that the cassock is dyed as an abnormal color mixed with five colors, such as cyan, but the meaning is silent in the same sparse volume, and the Mahayana five parts use one color each, while the Mahayana Bodhisattva five has no illusions and is convinced of the abnormal five colors. Ji Zang King Kong Prajna Sparse Volume II, Xuan Ying Sound and Meaning Volume XV, Nanhai Hui to Neifa Biography Volume II, etc. all take the turbid red color of cassock as the Buddhist system, and the so-called difference between green, yellow and Mulan is only printed on clothes. Although it is a powerful legend, it seems inappropriate. According to Bodhi's mother's eight books, the color of monks faded, and the Buddha was allowed to dye ten colors, which proved that vestments were more than just scarlet clothes.
After Buddhism was introduced into China, people wore red clothes during the Han and Wei Dynasties, and later there were black clothes, tsing yi clothes and brown clothes. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, the court often gave monks purple clothes and mourning clothes. Buddhism in Ming Dynasty can be divided into three categories: Zen (Zen), Buddhism (Tiantai, Huayan, Faxiangzong) and Buddhism (also known as Fa, engaged in funeral ceremonies and sacrificial ceremonies). Zen monks are required to wear dark brown clothes, blue jade robes, and monks wear jade clothes and green light red robes.
Clothes main body
The material of the cassock is called the body or wealth. With regard to the types of clothes, there are six kinds of clothes, namely, driving mill, Gubei, Juye, Qinpo Luo, Jina and Pohang Jia. In the Inner Slope Sand Law, there are 16 kinds of lay clothes and dung-sweeping clothes, 28 kinds of Maha monk methods and 39 kinds of four-part methods. These are all based on the principle of "one weight", but if the financial body is thin, it is also allowed to be multiple, which is called "heavy law". Monks' vestments are designed to prevent outsiders from using them at home, which is different from customs. Therefore, embroidered hand clothes, grass clothes, tree leather clothes and so on. The four dharma volumes 40 are listed as heretics, and monks don't need them; The twenty-eighth volume of the Maha Monk Law says that colored clothes are no different from ordinary people, and the so-called high-dyed, dense, blue-dyed and Chinese-colored clothes cannot be colored. But clothes still need to be used? Whether silk is silk or not has different opinions in ancient times. Daoxuan lawyers regard it as illegal, but Sanzang on Semantic Web thinks it as law.
prepare
First cut the cloth into small pieces, and then sew it up, like a field, so it is also called Futian clothing, tailoring clothing, shirt clothing, topless clothing, dust-free clothing, liberation clothing and so on. Cutting is a cut cassock, which can't be used in other trade. Therefore, disciples can give up their desire for clothes and get rid of the idea of stealing from others. Although all three clothes have been cut, if it is difficult to do things with less money, the leaves outside are allowed not to be cut.
There is no field on the coat, which is called "leaf". Another Antoine,
It is especially allowed to fold leaves, which is called folding leaves.
Sewing methods can be divided into horse tooth seam and bird foot seam. Set an edge around the cassock to prevent it from being damaged. There are four corners on the inner edge, called four corners, commonly known as the four heavenly kings, which help to adhere to the function of lightness; There is also a sticker on the inside of the left shoulder, called "Shoulder", because it is easy to hide evil people and shelter evil people, and the washing speed is often not good, so this sticker is set up. Put a button on the front of the chest to prevent the clothes from falling off; There are also different opinions about the location of buttons and buttons.
There are also different views. Later generations used ivory to make a round pipa, called pipa, or Zhena ring, instead of a hook, which was placed on the chest.
Dressing method
There are two kinds of shoulders: one is hanging down through the left and right shoulders, and the other is that the left shoulder is exposed and inclined to the right shoulder. When offering sacrifices to Buddhists and Monks, he leans to his right shoulder. If they go out for a parade or enter ordinary houses, they will wear shoulders to pass by. In addition, there are five things on the monk's 3 thousand-meter scroll that need clothes, which is also the way to travel. The law of four points, volume 19 and volume 10 of Penaeus, etc. It means that the family should wear three clothes neatly. The five-point method is 20 volumes, which means that according to time, the cassock is heard by Xu. There are four things that people who don't offend without wearing robes, such as uploading a 3 thousand-meter scroll of a big monk, no pagoda temple, no monk, three thieves, and the four great kings are unhappy.
Merit has different names
The cassock is the symbol of a saint and has been respected by the Buddhist community since ancient times. Mahayana's original Confucian classics are five cassocks and ten benefits, and the Confucian classics of Sadness and Han Dynasty are eight years. It took six years for Mahayana Sad Tuo Sutra, and the Buddhist cassock can achieve five saints and merits. There are different names for the restoration of cassock, such as Fukuda-ichi, which means to show Tian Hongsi's interest, increase three virtues and cultivate one's health and wisdom. Wearing three bad colors makes greed unbearable, which is called dust suit; When a novice puts on this suit, his troubles will fall, which is called thin clothes; To make a metaphor, lotus clothes are pure and spotless; Three colors and * * alternate into a garment, so it is called color separation garment. The above four sentences are from the second volume of King Kong Prajna. The cassock hangs on the body and looks like a solemn legal building, which is called the Victory Building. It was not destroyed by pagans, but was called evil clothes; Not inclined by all evil, it is also called Lou Yi and Jie Lou Yi. In addition, it is also known as the service of merit, the service of non-pollution, the service of non-photography, the service of no shirt, the service of liberation, the service of Taoist, the service of birth, the service of compassion, the service of humiliation, the service of armor, and the service of Aunt Dorothy's three praises and three bodhis.
develop
According to the Buddha's system, there are three kinds of cassock, namely, Antuohui (i.e. five clothes), Yuduoluo monk (i.e. seven clothes) and Sangha pear (i.e. nine clothes), which are called three clothes, and their preparation method is certain. Although there are various opinions about color, it is generally not about color, but about quality. Then the world became so beautiful that the original system was almost lost with yellow, red and other positive colors or gold clothes. And take the cassock as an example. Because India is a tropical place, most of them are directly lined with cassock, so the Indian monk group only has three clothes. In China, Japan and other places, cassock is worn on cassock or frock, and cassock and clothes are collectively called cassock clothes. Especially in Antuo, Japan, there will be five cassocks, five small cassocks, five three-line cassocks, seed cassocks (or round cassocks), and five-fold cassocks (or overlapping) In addition, there are other kinds of cassocks, such as cassocks, remote mountain cassocks and so on. According to legend, the golden dress was offered by the Buddha's aunt Mahabobo to serve the Buddha. Their fate is recorded in the 13th volume of Hanshu agama and the 12th volume of the Classic of Virtues and Fools, but it is not found in the law.
meaning
"cassock" is Sanskrit, and it was not until Ge Hong wrote the word garden in the Jin Dynasty that it was changed to "cassock". "Robe" is also called "Robe Field" or "Garosha Tuo", which means "turbid, bad color, abnormal color, red color" or "dyed".
The cassock is the "cassock" of monks and nuns, named after the "color" of clothes; Therefore, it can also be called "dirty clothes" or "dirty clothes" because the sewing method of "cassock" requires cutting the cloth into pieces before sewing it; So it can be called "chop suey" or "tailoring". According to the 40th law of quadruple random karma, "cassock" was sewed by Ananda Buddha to imitate the shape of rice fields. Shi Tian grows grain to make a living. In the field of vestments, long-term cultivation of dharma wisdom is worthy of Futian in the world; So it is also called "Tianxiangyi" and "Futian Yi".
The system of "cassock" also has certain truth and significance. First: India is located in the tropics and people wear white clothes. Buddhism requires clothes to be dyed to distinguish monks from customs. Second: white vulgar clothes are more vivid; The color of the cassock is not good, not good-looking. Third: Cutting and sewing can be sold as Du Fangdian and cannot be used for other purposes. Fourth: Contamination and chop suey can remove the psychology of loving beauty. Fifth: Cutting and dyeing can prevent thieves from taking clothes.
Although "cassock" is named after "color", there are different opinions on its color. Here are the basic and main statements:
Article 16 of the quartering method says: There are three kinds of bad colors: blue, black or magnolia, which can be dyed at will. The fifteenth verse of the Ten Psalms says: Green, mud, or sissy, three bad colors.
According to the ninth law of five points, the eighteenth law of Maha Monk, the eighth sutra of Bodhi Mother, the eighth sutra of Sabodo, the thirty-ninth sutra of Benayye and the ninth sutra of 11 karma, they are all said to be three evil colors. The three colors are cyan, black (or "mud color and soap color") and magnolia (or "alizarin color, overlapping color, red, multicolor and uneven color"). These three colors are the colors of cassock.
There is an explanation for the so-called "bad color": "blue-black magnolia" is "bad color" Any color of a bhikkhu is regarded as "similar to the law". Another explanation is that "blue, black and magnolia" must be mixed together to be considered "bad color" Another explanation is that "green" and the other five colors must be mixed together to be a "bad color". For example, the Sanskrit, a master of Buddhism and Tibetan, said: "cassock" is an uncolored cloud. When five colors, such as green, are mixed with each other and dyed into unhealthy colors, they are called "bad colors".
In the eighth volume of Bodhi Mother Sutra, the monk's clothes are faded, and the Buddha's ears are stained with ten colors: one is mud, the other is Shiva's skin, the third is Shiva's skin, the fourth is not grass, the fifth is Ganduo, the sixth is walnut root, the seventh is Amogoku, the eighth is Fatuopi, the ninth is Shiva's skin, and the tenth is variegated.
There are still some explanations about the color of cassock, so I can't introduce them more for the time being. To sum up, the main purpose of dyeing Buddhist cassock is to "destroy its shape and make monks and customs different". For example, the Brahma Sutra says: "No matter where the country is, the costumes of monks must be different from those of their compatriots."
The material for making cassock is called "body" or "material". On this item, the Buddhist system also has some regulations. According to Article 14 of the Law on Good Knowledge, Vipo Sha. There are six kinds of materials such as "Qumo, Gubei, Kunaye, Chimbora, Dina and Poxingjia". Article 16 of "On Pipa Living in the Sand" quoted six kinds of materials such as "grabbing shells, cooking, eating, drinking, kenaf and white hemp". The seventh substance listed in Article 28 of the Maha Monk Law is "Chimbora, Jebel, Chumo, Jiesheye, Ashe, Hemp and Muti". According to Article 39 of the Quadrant Law, there are ten kinds of materials such as "detaining houses, robbing shells, Qin postscript Luo, Cha Mo, she □, Ma, Yi, detaining Luo and Polo Bernie".
In addition, the name "dung-sweeping clothes" is mentioned in the sixteenth law and the thirty-ninth law of Vipassana Four Theories. In the Tibetan sutra of the Ahan Department, it is said that it was picked up from the wilderness to pack the corpse, or other worn-out pieces of cloth, washed and sewn.
There are three main types of "cassock", which are "five clothes, seven clothes and coats", collectively referred to as "three clothes". They are introduced below:
First, "Five Clothes": "Five Clothes" Sanskrit "An Tuohui", literally translated as "Dressing". This dress is made of five pieces of cloth, one is long and the other is short, and the interval is ten pieces.
Two, Seven Clothes: Seven Clothes, Sanskrit, Yuduoluo Monk, literally translated as coat. This dress is made of seven pieces of cloth, each piece of cloth is two long and one short, with 2 1 interval.
3. "Coat": "Coat" means "Sinhalese" in Sanskrit, which literally means "gathering clothes" or "coat". This dress is divided into nine categories. ——9 items of "poor quality", 1 1 "poor quality" and 13 "poor quality". These three kinds of clothes are both long and short. 15 "poor quality", 17 "medium quality" and 19 "medium quality". These three kinds of clothes are three long and one short. Twenty-one "Shang Xia Pin", twenty-three "Shang Zhong Pin" and twenty-five "Shang Ding Pin". These three kinds of clothes are all four long and one short. These nine-grade coats: nine "inferior" coats, each with three sections, counting 27 sections. And even the "top grade" 25, each four long and one short, * * * meter one hundred and twenty-five intervals.
Usage of "three clothes": "five clothes" are generally used when lying up. It is said that it is also used for work, so it is also called "work clothes". However, in China, monks and nuns wear Hanfu trousers jackets to work, instead of "five clothes". "Seven clothes" are used for listening to scriptures, chanting scriptures, ceremonies, or mass gatherings, so they are also called "wearing clothes". The "coat" is used for saying, arguing, karma, or welcoming the king.
According to the sewing method of "Three Clothes" in Article 28 and Article 7 of "Four Points of Maha Monks", if the material is thin, it can also be sewn in two, three or four layers.
The original "cassock" was not equipped with a "clothes hook". According to Article 40 of the Quadrant Law, "When a disciple of Sakyamuni enters the White House (the home of laity), he is afraid that the wind will blow his cassock and fall off his shoulders". Because of this karma, the Buddha listened to the monks in Xu Zhu and tied the cassock on his left shoulder and chest. Put on a nail hook to fasten the cassock. Later, it evolved into a "wishful" shape such as "clothes hook and clothes ring".
"Three clothes" must be worn three times. Depending on the hot or cold weather, you can wear one, two or three. If it is too cold at night, you can also cover your body with an "overcoat". Another five-point method says: "Buddha said: When you leave the village and enter the village, if the grass and trees are torn, the soil will sink into the leaves (leaves are clothes), or the clothes will be exposed to the sun, and the robes will be turned outside the settlement. If the clothes are easy to break, listen to the clothes upside down and hook them up and down. "
In addition to "three clothes", there is another kind called "golden cassock" or "golden robe"; This "cassock" is actually a kind of "coat", but its material is very precious and it is woven with gold thread. There are different opinions about the origin of this "golden robe". According to Han Jing, the inscription "Zhangmen" on the statue of Zen Forest was quoted, and the "Golden Robe" was a "cassock" presented to the Buddha by his aunt, Mrs. Mohobo Amboti. According to the Sutra of Bodhisattva, the "Golden Robe" is a "cassock" made of 84,000 gold threads, which is dedicated to the Buddha with the blessing of heaven and man.
The "cassocks" mentioned above are all "vestments" written by monks and nuns. In addition to those, there is also a kind of "cassock" called "hoodie". This "vestment" is made of a large piece of cloth, and is used for "new nuns" who have not been ordained at home and for men and women who have been ordained at home. Because they haven't got the "big precept" of becoming monks, they can't bear to "bless the world". Therefore, the "clothes" they use can't be sewn into "Tianxiang". In addition, Misha generation are not familiar with the methods of cutting and making clothes, so they put on "pull clothes".
Furthermore, there are certain patterns in dressing, pulling clothes (taking off robes), taking clothes and folding clothes, and at the same time, we must recite "mantra". These ceremonies are explained in detail in Chapter 3 (Dressing Ceremony) of the Buddhist Ritual Description. Here, not much narrative.
Everything mentioned above is related to the Fu Tong rule of "cassock". After Buddhism came to the east, the original image of "cassock" has been somewhat damaged due to the shift of space and the change of time! "cassock": the width has shrunk, and the material is more and more flashy; When you use it, you just turn around and put it on your shoulder.
Finally, I need to remind you of the advantages of cassock. -ring the altar and say, "Five clothes show greed, and cleansing is also true. Seven rags, clean mouth. Clothes and fields, how long and how short, indicate the increase or decrease of saints. And the table is broken and the net meaning is also. " The Sutra of Sorrow for China says: "The Buddha wishes to become a Buddha before he treasures the Buddha. There are five merits in the cassock. One: Entering the French Open and committing serious crimes such as Jaken; In a moment, respect for the heart will be remembered in three transgressions. Celestial Dragons Ghost, if you can respect this cassock and score less points, you will get three times and never come back. Three: "If there are ghosts and gods, you have to have a cassock or even four inches to eat. Four: All sentient beings are against each other, so we should learn from their strength and seek mercy. Five: If you hold this (cassock) less points, respect it and respect it, and always win him. " (Excerpted from Shi's Summary)
"The Great Nirvana Sutra" says: "Dragons have robes, and each wears less points, that is, to avoid the difficulties of golden-winged birds." The Ten Round Scriptures of Tibet said: "There was a prisoner who was sentenced, tied up and dumped in the wilderness. Pointing at the top of your head, you can avoid the difficulties of ghosts. " Another cloud said, "When the monk is away, there are macaques playing cassock; Jump for joy and fall into the valley, and life will eventually be born in heaven. After the 90 th robbery, the world painted. " Agama said: "The shabby robes are unbearable and more useful, hanging in the wilderness of Shan Ye; People, livestock, birds and beasts are blessed when they see it. "
The "cassock" is a symbol of Buddhism and a manifestation of a saint. Is it unusual to compare its advantages and disadvantages? I don't blame the emperor shunzhi, the Lord of the Qing Dynasty, for praising him, saying that "gold and jade are not expensive, but wearing robes is the most difficult"!