First, variety selection
Because of the climate characteristics of high temperature, high humidity and insufficient sunshine in southern China, when choosing early-maturing pear varieties, we should choose varieties with strong disease resistance, moderate growth and high sugar content. Such as Huangyuan, Shouganshui, Zhongli 1, Cuiguan, Xizi Green, Blue and White, Qing Xue, Fengshui and other varieties are all suitable.
Second, establish orchards.
1, garden selection
Choose sandy loam with PH value of 6-7, and the plot with tillage layer above 50 cm is suitable. Less than 50 cm should be dug or deepened, and the slope or mountain is suitable for the south slope. In coastal areas and mountainous areas, attention should be paid to proper shelter from the wind or setting up windbreaks.
2, seedling planting
Pollination trees with good planting quality, consistent maturity with the main varieties, strong affinity and abundant pollen are selected as pollination varieties (such as Huangyuan, Fengshui, Cuiguan and Ganshui, which can be both main varieties and good pollinated varieties), and the ratio is 1: 2-8.
The best planting date and method is September in autumn-165438+1October, but it can also be planted from September to February of the following year. In order to improve the early benefit, the optimum density is 2m× 1m, and it is best to apply sufficient fertilizer to the planting hole one month in advance (the best base fertilizer is decomposed organic fertilizer or fertilizer for replacing pots and fields, plus appropriate amount of phosphorus fertilizer). Mix the base fertilizer with the subsoil of the planting hole, and then cover with a layer of fine mud. It is advisable to choose strong seedlings with complete roots to plant above 1 m, straighten the polar system when planting seedlings, and then press the fine soil to the root part in layers, so that the root neck is about 10 cm higher than the surrounding ground (so that seedlings can be planted on small mounds). Then, build a small ridge of soil around the seedlings and water them with root water, and water each plant about 20 kilograms. Finally, cover with a layer of fine soil, and cover the tree tray with weeds or plastic film.
Third, shaping and pruning
1, whole table
The hedge wall shape of this kind of tree is easy to shape, with high yield, good ventilation and light transmission, and can bear fruit while shaping, yielding early and high yield.
Oblique herringbone tree is easy to form, fast to form, good ventilation and light transmission, good fruit quality and high yield.
prune
Pears have strong branches and weak fruits, and most of them have short fruiting branches. Several points should be paid attention to when pruning: First, the cultivation of fruiting branches makes the distribution of fruiting branches reasonable, while paying attention to rotation, renewal and alternate fruiting. The second is the pruning of auxiliary branches. Because the ability of pear tree to form branches is weak, it is necessary to leave more auxiliary branches between the main branches to enhance the tree potential, and should be thinned when it affects the growth of the main branches. The third is to prevent the results from moving out, and the upper part is sparse and the lower part is dense when pruning, and the outer part is sparse and the inner part is dense. For the main branches and extension branches, they should be properly retracted in the later stage, and the ventilation and light-transmitting area between rows should be maintained at 50-80 cm, so that the plants can cross appropriately.
Fourth, the management of soil, fertilizer and water.
1, fertilization
Fertilize young trees (1-2-year-old trees). Fertilization of young trees should adopt the principle of thin application and diligent application. In the first year, nitrogen and phosphorus were mainly used to increase the growth of branches and leaves. After general planting, when the buds grow to 3-5 cm, apply 1 fertilizer, and clear water fertilizer with appropriate amount of urea and phosphate fertilizer (urea 10g, calcium superphosphate 20g, clear water fertilizer 1: 10 2-5kg). By the end of June, apply fertilizer 1-2 times a month and supplement phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and the fertilizer consumption will gradually increase; No fertilization at the end of July-September is conducive to promoting flowers. In the first ten days of June, 5438+ 10 autumn fertilizer was applied 1 time, mainly organic fertilizer, and the dosage was appropriately increased (urea per plant 10g, calcium superphosphate 50g, human and animal manure 10kg). Combined with reasonable shaping, all plants can blossom and try fruit in the second year, and have a certain yield. Potassium fertilizer was added in mid-February and mid-May.
Fertilize adult trees (from the third year). Fertilize three times a year in the middle and late February, mid-May and early August. According to the fruit yield of 100 kg, urea 1 kg, calcium superphosphate10.5 kg, potassium carbonate 0.8 kg and organic fertilizer (manure)10.50 kg can be applied.
Foliar fertilization. Each spraying can be combined with foliar fertilization, 0.2% urea and 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be added, and 0. 1% borax can be sprayed at flowering stage.
2. Soil management
Pear trees are relatively moisture-tolerant, but when the groundwater level is too high, it will weaken the tree potential because of inhibiting the growth of roots, so it is necessary to ditch and drain water in rainy season, especially in flat orchards. Orchards with shallow soil layers should be expanded and deepened, and organic fertilizers such as crop straws and compost should be applied at the same time. Generally, fertilization is coordinated in May-June and August-September. Orchard cultivation in winter. Planting green manure or leguminous crops between the rows of orchards, covering the tree tray with weeds and crop straws in May and June (pressing into the soil when widening and deepening in autumn), maintaining soil moisture and improving drought resistance. Pear is a tree species with weak physiological drought tolerance, which has strong transpiration and needs more water. Especially in July and August, the water demand is the greatest, so irrigation should be done properly in case of drought.
Five, flower and fruit management
1, flower and fruit protection
Although artificial pollination is labor-consuming, it has a good effect.
When bees are released in the orchard in flowering period, spray 0.3% urea and 0.2% borax, 15mg/L NAA or "Dayun-120" 4000 times solution.
Spraying 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate plus 0.2% urea solution or10mg/l 2.4-D and 30mg/l GA3 after flowering.
2, thinning flowers and fruits
Plants with too many flowers should cherish flowers, which can improve the quality of flowers and thus improve the fruit setting rate. The time for thinning flowers should be from the inflorescence to the first flower tonight (it is safer to thin after the fruit withers in the late frost region). The amount of flower thinning depends on tree potential, variety, fertilizer and pollination conditions. Prosperous branches have few leaves, while weak branches have many leaves. First, the weak inflorescence is dense, the central flower is dense, and the marginal flower is reserved.
Fruit thinning can increase the weight of single fruit and improve the quality of fruit, generally after the peak of early fruit drop (about two weeks behind). Leave 1-2 fruits per inflorescence. First of all, clear away the clouds of pests and deformed fruits, keep the fruit shape correct, have a good bearing, and control the yield at about 2000 kg per 667 square meters, so as to produce high-quality big fruits.
3. Fruit bagging
According to the fruit size, it is better to choose domestic double-layer or single-layer paper bags to pack drugs. Spraying broad-spectrum fungicides and pesticides on the fruit surface before the formation of fruit points in the middle and late April, and then bagging in time. The outer paper bag of the double paper bag is disassembled one month before the fruit is harvested, which is beneficial to the fruit to receive light. Single-layer paper bags and outer paper bags should be opened one month before fruit harvesting, which is beneficial to the photosensitivity of fruits. Single paper bag, take the bag when picking fruit.
4. Fruit harvesting
When the variety matures, the color and flavor reach the best standard, which is suitable for harvesting. If the maturity is inconsistent, it can be harvested in batches. Handle with care when harvesting, package different varieties separately, and pay attention to keeping fruit stalks for storage. Long-distance transportation of fruits should be picked early.
Six, pest control
In winter, clear the branches, and remove cracked skin, cracks and diseased spots. Combined with winter pruning, cut off diseased branches and insect branches, and spray Pomei 3-5 degree stone sulfur mixture to clean the garden.
Spraying mixed solution of broad-spectrum insecticide and broad-spectrum bactericide 1 fold solution can effectively control various pests and diseases, and 50% Domaine 1000/fold solution and 20% pyrethrin 3000/fold solution can be used.
From May to July, the control of pests such as pear fruit borer and pear stem bee should be combined with the control of pear scab, black spot, rust and powdery mildew, which can reduce the number of application.
Select new pesticides with long residue period and good effect, and combine them with biological agricultural control.
High-quality and efficient cultivation techniques of mature pear
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Author: (March 26, 2007)
Early-maturing pears are deeply loved by consumers because of their early maturity, high quality and good commodity. At present, early-maturing pear varieties such as Cuiguan, Qing Xiang and Xizilv have been successfully planted in counties (cities, districts) of our city, and become the pillar industries in Songyang, Yunhe and Er counties. In order to meet farmers' demand for efficient cultivation techniques of early-maturing pears, the varieties and cultivation techniques suitable for Lishui development are introduced as follows:
First, variety selection
At present, our city has the largest cultivation area and the best comprehensive performance. Cuiguan is the most popular early-maturing pear variety among fruit growers, followed by Qing Xiang and Qing Xue, and Qing Xiang is generally regarded as the best pollination collocation variety of Cuiguan.
Cuiguan pear has the advantages of early maturity and long harvest period, which can reach more than one month. It was listed in Lishui from late June to the end of July. Excellent internal quality, good flavor, small kernel, high edible rate, good high and stable yield and strong stress resistance. The disadvantage is that the appearance coloring is uneven and consistent, which may become a great advantage and a major distinguishing sign for consumers to choose Cuiguan pear.
The advantages of Qing Xue varieties are beautiful appearance, excellent quality, storage resistance and high and stable yield, but the disadvantage is that the recoverable maturity is about 7- 10 days later than Cuiguan.
Another variety, Xizilv, has the advantages of excellent quality and beautiful appearance, but the disadvantage is that the yield and stability are not as good as Cuiguan. Other varieties, such as June Crisp, Zhongli 1 (Emerald) and Yu Xia, need further experimental observation because they have not been introduced for a long time.
Second, the choice of gardens
Early-maturing pears should be planted in plots with sufficient sunshine, gentle slope and shelter from the wind, but the soil requirements are not strict. Sandy soil and clay can be cultivated, and the optimum PH value is 5.5-6.5. Mountainous areas, hills, plains and paddy fields can all be planted. Pay attention to proper shelter from the wind when choosing a garden.
Third, seedling planting.
(a) soil preparation, pit digging and base fertilizer application
1. Soil preparation: the garden in mountainous area should be prepared with horizontal belts. According to the slope, the transverse bandwidth is 2.5-3.5 cm, and the belt spacing is 40 cm. The ladder wall should be built neatly with clods, with an inclination angle of 70-75℃. The belt surface should be high outside and low inside, with a height difference greater than 25 cm, and a slub ditch (width 50 cm, depth 40 cm, length 100 cm- 150 cm) should be dug inside. Drainage ditch should be excavated in hilly garden. The main ditch is 60-80 cm wide and 50-80 cm deep, and the branch ditch is 50-60 cm wide and 40-50 cm deep, and the inner ditch is excavated.
2. Digging a pit: build a garden in a mountainous area, and the specifications of the planting pit are 80 cm wide, 80 cm long and 70 cm deep; Farmland garden, the planting hole specifications are 80 cm wide, 80 cm long and 40-60 cm deep.
3. Application of base fertilizer: apply 50 kg of farm manure or 5 kg of cake fertilizer to each hole, and add calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer 1 kg. First, thoroughly mix the decomposed organic fertilizer, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and plant ash, then mix 6-65,438+00 times of fertile topsoil and pile it in the planting hole, and make a high pier around the planting hole with a height of 40-50 cm.
(2) Planting
1, planting time: it can be planted from September to March, and the best planting time is from late June to February of 10.
2. Allocation of pollination trees: The self-pollination rate of most pear varieties is very low, so a certain proportion of pollination trees should be allocated. Cuiguan, Qing Xiang and Qing Xue can pollinate each other, and the best ratio is 1: 1, at least 4: 1. It is better for Xizilv varieties to configure lucky water pollination trees in the ratio of 2: 1. These varieties can be used as pollination trees with Huanghua pear, because Huanghua pear has a large amount of pollen and a long flowering period.
3. Planting density: 4× 2m is generally used for planned close planting, and 4× 4m is generally used for permanent planting. The specific density varies according to local conditions.
4. Planting method and requirements: Before planting, check whether the grafting film on the grafting interface of seedlings falls off. If it does not fall off, cut and trim the roots of injured or moldy parts in time. Seedling planting requires that the seedlings stand upright, the roots are stretched and compacted in layers, and the interface of seedlings is flush with the soil surface. When planting, each plant is mixed with 0.5 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and soil, then covered on the roots of seedlings, and finally watered.
Fourth, the management of soil, fertilizer and water.
Early-maturing pear orchards can improve soil structure, maintain soil moisture and improve soil fertility by deep ploughing (burying straw or organic fertilizer), field mulching (covering wild weeds or straw to keep moisture and prevent weeds), intercropping (improving soil fertility by intercropping leguminous plants or green manure crops), and skillfully applying chemical fertilizers.
1, young trees are fertilized
After young trees are planted, apply sufficient organic fertilizer in autumn, winter or spring, and apply thin chemical fertilizer frequently. Urea 1-2 times a month during the growth period, and 10-20g per plant in rainy days. Planting green manure or bean crops between rows.
2, the main fertilization period and proportion of production trees
Spring fertilizer: accounting for about 20% of the whole year. Can be applied before germination. It can be decomposed organic fertilizer or ternary compound fertilizer. According to the crown size, compound fertilizer should be applied at 0.3- 1 kg per plant.
Strong fruit fertilizer: Generally, it is applied in the middle of May before the second fruit expansion period, that is, when the spring shoots stop growing and maturing, accounting for about 30% of the whole year. According to the number of fruits, 0.5-2 kg is applied to each plant, mainly nitrogen and potassium.
Fruit picking fertilizer: it accounts for about 20% of the whole year, and the amount of fertilizer applied depends on the tree potential, with 0.5- 1 kg per plant.
Base fertilizer: organic fertilizer is applied before defoliation in late autumn, and soil mixed fertilizer or organic fertilizer is generally applied to fruit trees according to the yield and the principle of "Golden Guo Jin Fertilizer". This ternary compound fertilizer of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium accounts for 30% of the annual fertilization, and the plant application is 1-2 kg.
Topdressing outside the roots: combined with various pest control, 0.3% urea +0. 15% borax +0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate +0.2% green Wei Fen is generally used.
3. Water management: The pear tree has a tall crown and developed roots, especially in the fruit expansion period and high temperature season, and the competition for top fruit water is fierce, so it is necessary to strengthen water management. Water and irrigate in time in dry season, clear ditches and drain water in time in rainy season or orchard.
Five, pest control
(1) Main pests and diseases
1, major diseases. The diseases of early-maturing pear mainly include scab, pear rust, black spot, ring rot and powdery mildew.
2. Main pests. The pests of early-maturing pears mainly include peach moth, pear net stinkbug, pear aphid, pear stem bee, thorn moth, yellow Chrysopa, fruit sucking moth and so on.
(2) Prevention and control methods
The key to prevent and control pests and diseases is to clear the garden with Pomei 3-5 degree stone sulfur mixture in winter to prevent and control pests and diseases in the early stage. The frequency of integrated pest control is 5-8 times throughout the year, from April to August, 1 time every month except July, and 1 time in winter, that is, at least 5 times.
Specifically: (1) from defoliation to germination, clean the garden 1-2 times with Pomei 3-5 degree stone sulfur mixture; ② In late April after flowering, Sheng Da M-45800 and omethoate 800 were used to control scab and aphid. (3) The physiological fruit drop stops. Generally, in the middle and late May, 800 times of thiophanate+65,438+0,000 times of fenxiuling+65,438+0,500 times of mirex were used to control pear rust and pear stem bees. ④ In mid-June, mancozeb 800 times+10% was used to control black spot, pear net stinkbug, moths and moths. ⑤ In mid-August after fruit picking, 3000 times of DuPont Fuxing and 800 times of isocarbophos were used to control pear early defoliation, pear net stinkbug and red spider. The commonly used alternative pesticides are imidacloprid, Dagongju, cicada powder, Kexingxing, Difenwei and so on. The fungicides are chlorpheniramine, triadimefon, fresh, chlorothalonil, carbendazim, etc.
Six, pruning
Adopt double-layer open heart shape, the stem height is 60-70 cm, and the first layer leaves 3-5 main branches; The second layer has 2-3 main branches, with interlayer spacing of 100 cm and no side branches. The fruiting branches are planted directly on the main branches, and the large and small branches are staggered. The height of the tree is about 2.5 meters, not more than 3 meters. Just after the branches stopped growing, the branches were forced to become oblique branches in summer and autumn, and the redundant upright branches on the back were deleted in time.
For 1-3-year-old trees, the crown skeleton is mainly cultivated, the pruning is mainly based on long planting combined with ring carving after bud, supplemented by thinning and short cutting, which promotes crown expansion and early fruiting. For trees over 4 years old, different pruning methods should be adopted according to the tree potential. No matter what pruning method is adopted, we must master a principle, and we must make maximum use of the space inside and outside the crown to balance vegetative growth and reproductive growth.
Seven, flower and fruit management
1, flower and fruit protection: spraying 0.2% borax +0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate +0.3% urea at flowering stage and pollination by artificial bees at flowering stage can obviously improve the fruit setting rate.
2. Sparse flowers and fruits: leave 2-3 lateral flowers per inflorescence. After fruit setting, press 25-40 leaves to leave 1 fruit. In principle, only 1 fruit is left in each inflorescence, and 2-3 fruits can be left in trees with few flowers.
3. Bagging: Double paper bags are ideal. Before bagging, carry out comprehensive pest control. Bagging after fruit thinning can improve fruit quality, reduce pests and diseases, reduce dosage and reduce drug pollution.
Eight, harvesting
Yellow-skinned pears (yellow flowers, fragrance) changed from dark brown to light brown, and green-skinned pears (Cuiguan, Xizilv, New Century) changed from dark green to light green or light yellow, and the meat quality changed from hard to crisp, and the seeds changed from white to light brown, which can be used as the standard for starting harvesting.
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