Men are usually cloth shorts. Miao women's dress is beautiful and generous. The big chest coat is embroidered with floral patterns, and the pleated skirt below is like a broken tail, which is very ethnic. The dress of Miao women is the crystallization of the wisdom of Miao people.
Miao women are good at weaving, embroidery and rainbow dyeing, and their craftsmanship is exquisite, which has won praise at home and abroad. Miao nationality is monogamous, and young men and women have traditional social activities before marriage. For example, "meeting girls" is the way for Miao youth to fall in love freely.
Miao people have the custom of nature worship and ancestor worship, and some people believe in Catholicism and Christianity. The traditional festival of Miao nationality is the annual Huashan Festival (held on the fifth day of the first lunar month, also known as "stepping on Huashan Mountain"), which is the most prosperous festival for Miao people. During the festival, men and women dressed in festive costumes get together to sing and perform drum music, lion dance and lusheng, which is very lively.
Love: jumping on the moon is also a favorite activity of Miao young men and women, usually held on sunny days in spring and autumn. This activity is actually a grand gathering for young men and women to choose their spouses. When jumping on the moon, young men and women sing and dance wildly, choose what they like and make love to each other, so it is also called love dance. On a bright night, young Miao men and women gathered in the Yueyuechang, playing lusheng, shaking small bells and singing love songs. Boys lined up in front with reeds, while girls lined up behind with small bells, and began to dance according to traditional rules and movements. Accompanied by lusheng and bells, the team constantly changes its formation and movements, sometimes forming several big circles, sometimes becoming petal-shaped, sometimes shuttling back and forth, and sometimes alternately arranging flowers. Between * * * mixed with girls and boys singing, laughing and screaming, the scene is very warm. When dancing, men and women can talk and laugh, boys can play lusheng for sex in front of girls, and even collide with each other with dance movements to make them happy. Girls can throw small flower balls wrapped in green towels to their favorite boys in the dance, not once, but twice or three times. People in the stadium are tired of dancing, so they can sit outside and have a rest. People who were watching and resting outside came to dance again, so they took turns dancing until dawn. During this period, young men and women can eat and drink rice wine in the straw shed outside the stadium, or sit outside and sing to each other, or whisper to their new partners, or invite lovers to express their feelings in a secluded place outside the stadium and form a lifelong alliance. In short, many Miao girls and boys became lovers after jumping on the moon overnight. All shall be well, Jack shall have Jill.
3. Several taboos in the etiquette of giving birth to children at weddings and funerals: To participate in the weddings and funerals of Miao people, you should bring some money or things to express your congratulations or condolences like the locals. During the funeral, after receiving the property of the guests, a group of filial sons and daughters will bow down and toast to the guests to express their deep gratitude. No matter how much a guest drinks, he should take a cup, otherwise it will be considered rude.
After giving birth, Miao women are taboo to outsiders, especially wearing rain boots and pregnant women. If there is a pregnant woman at home, hang a broken straw hat in front of the door or insert a green branch at the fork in the road outside the house to show that outsiders are not allowed to enter. If you accidentally break into the maternal home, the host will bring out a bowl of water for the guests to drink. Guests should drink all the water, and remember not to pour out the endless water. If the guest breaks into the maternal home wearing rain boots, the host asks the guest to take off his shoes and take it out when he leaves, and the guest should respect the host's request. People who break into the maternal home within three days after delivery are called "trampling on life". Those who trample on life must give the baby a name, and be the child's michel platini and godmother, which is the custom of Miao people. Out of courtesy, leave some money and things for the children when you leave, and remember this adopted son or daughter in the future. If the baby cries day and night or is often sick, the Miao people think that a nanny should be found for the baby. There are two ways to find a guardian or nanny: one is to choose a good day and wait at home. The first person to go home within three days is the child's guardian or nanny; The second is to choose an auspicious day, hold a baby, hold a rooster, hold incense, paper and so on. Take a new bridge by the stream bridge and wait for the first passerby. It is said that it is a blessing for each other to bump into the Miao family and ask for a nanny. Guests should not refuse. They should take their children, say some words of blessing, give them a desirable name, accept the host's hospitality, and leave some belongings as a souvenir when they leave.
Hui nationality:
After Yuan Shizu Kublai Khan led the army to capture Dali, many Hui soldiers, civilians and nobles from Central Asia, West Asia and Xinjiang came to settle in Yunnan. The Yuan Dynasty held an important political position in Yunnan, and Ding, who held the military, political, financial and cultural power in the province, was the Hui nationality.
Chinese and Chinese characters are widely used. Housing, clothing, etc. It is also roughly the same as the Han nationality. In addition to agricultural production, the Hui people in rural Yunnan also run small businesses and handicrafts, and their production technology is relatively high.
The vast majority of Hui people believe in Islam, follow the religious rules, do not eat pork, eat cattle, sheep and chickens.
Hui festivals mainly include "two meanings" (Eid al-Fitr), "Eid al-Adha" (Eid al-Adha) and "holy meeting" (holy meeting).
Festivals: Hui festivals mainly include Eid al-Fitr, Eid al-Adha and Holy Day.
Eid al-Fitr falls on 10/day in the Islamic calendar. September is Ramadan. If you see a new moon on the night of the 29th day of fasting, the next day is Eid al-Fitr. If we don't see the new moon, we will fast 1 day, * * * is 30 days, and the next day is Eid al-Fitr.
Eid al-Adha falls on1February 10 in the Islamic calendar.
Holy day, the time is March 12 in the Islamic calendar.
Etiquette and taboos:
1. Etiquette and taboos in daily life: Hui people are warm and honest, and maintain a good tradition of politeness. When Hui relatives and friends meet, they all treat each other with a happy face and say hello to each other.
Hui nationality is a very hospitable and enthusiastic nation, which has a fine tradition of "frugal housekeeping and generous hospitality" and attaches importance to hospitality etiquette. When the guests arrived at home, the host immediately got up and offered his seat, offering fragrant teas. When the hostess had a pleasant conversation with the guests, she went to the kitchen to prepare a sumptuous meal for the guests. Wash your hands before eating. Sit down, humble old man, as if they were sitting. Before serving, the host must serve a bowl of tea. When pouring tea, open the lid of the bowl in front of the guests, then fill it with water and cover it with your hands. Doing so, on the one hand, shows that this cup of tea is not the leftover tea that others have drunk, on the other hand, it is also a respect for the guests. Guests should stand up and pick up the teacups with both hands. When eating, the elders at the table should move chopsticks first before others can eat. During dinner, don't swear, be picky about food, don't blow into the bowl, and don't stir the bowl with chopsticks. Eat small mouthfuls. When drinking, don't swallow, don't gulp the cup, and drink slowly. When guests say goodbye, Hui people always smile all over their faces, let them leave again and again, and always send the guests out of their own doors. In Hui villages, when someone invites you to be a guest, you should promise him, but you can't refuse. Special circumstances can not be invited, to explain the reasons, thank you.
Hui people have many dietary taboos, mainly including: smoking is not allowed in mosques. Don't eat pork and any wild animals with canine teeth that prey on other animals, don't eat animal carcasses, and don't eat animal blood. No drinking. Linguistically, avoid saying "fat" to edible livestock and poultry, but say "strong"; Avoid saying "kill" and say "kill"; Avoid saying "meat" but "vegetables", such as "beef dishes" and "sheep dishes". Don't compare each other with taboos.
Some taboos and etiquette contained in the cultural phenomenon of Hui folk houses reveal the inner details of the spiritual world of Hui people in Yunnan. In many Hui families, especially in the rooms where the elderly live, there are absolutely no pictures or sculptures of any people or animals. Hui people definitely don't look at Yin and Yang Feng Shui when building houses. At most, they can choose the orientation of the house: for example, they prefer to sit with the north facing south and the shade facing the sun, prefer flat, spacious and dry, and avoid low-lying and humid places that are easily washed away by mountain torrents. Generally speaking, it is forbidden to open the door to the west, but it is not absolute. In some cases (limited by terrain), it can be flexible. The distribution of the interior layout of Hui folk houses reflects the "west is expensive", the west room is usually occupied by the elderly, and the west wall is the place where the elderly face when they worship at home. Old people go to church. Don't let others pass in front of the old people who are praying.
2. Etiquette and taboos in festivals and sacrificial activities: Hui festivals mainly include Eid al-Fitr, Eid al-Adha and Holy Day.
Eid al-Fitr, in Isji's soup, what if it is near the station? If you see the new moon on the evening of the 9 th, the next day is Eid al-Fitr; If we don't see the new moon, we will fast 1 day, * * * is 30 days, and the next day is Eid al-Fitr.
Eid al-Adha falls on1February 10 in the Islamic calendar. Holy day, the time is March 12 in the Islamic calendar.
3. Etiquette and taboos in weddings, funerals, and childbirth: Hui people generally practice intra-ethnic marriage, and those who marry other ethnic groups are required to live according to Hui customs in principle. Ramadan is generally not married.
Hui people call people's death "returning to the truth" and carry out burial, quick burial and thin burial. During burial, relatives and friends compete for the "golden box", and they don't wear mourning clothes, Dai Xiao hats, black veil, cry, set off firecrackers or engage in mourning activities.
Buyi people entered the feudal lords system as early as the Yuan and Ming Dynasties. From the early Qing Dynasty to the 1950s, feudal local economy became the main economic form.
Buyi people worship their ancestors, and some believe in Christianity and Catholicism. Buyi marriage is basically monogamous.
Besides the Spring Festival, Duanyang and Mid-Autumn Festival, which are the same as those of the Han nationality, there are also festivals full of national characteristics such as February 2nd, March 3rd, April 8th, June 6th and June 24th.
Buyi women are good at weaving and embroidery, and batik technology has a history of thousands of years, with simple colors and unique patterns, which are deeply welcomed by people of all ethnic groups.
(_ Anhaihai 亇亇亇亇亇亇亇) Answer adoption rate: 30.6% 2008-12-2219: 58 Report.
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The Spring Festival is a festival for family reunion, and children who leave home have to travel thousands of miles back to their parents' home. The night before the real Chinese New Year is called Reunion Night, and the whole family will sit around and wrap up jiaozi. Jiaozi's practice is to mix dough first, and the word "harmony" means "combination"; Jiaozi in jiaozi is homophonic with "dumpling", and "harmony" and "dumpling" have the meaning of reunion, so jiaozi is used to symbolize reunion.
The festive atmosphere will last for a month. There are ceremonies such as offering sacrifices to stoves and ancestors before the first day of the first month; In festivals, there are ceremonies to give lucky money to children and to pay New Year greetings to relatives and friends. Half a month after the festival is the Lantern Festival. At that time, lanterns were all over the city and tourists were all over the streets. After the Lantern Festival, the Spring Festival is over. Another name for the Spring Festival is China New Year. In the past legend, "Nian" is a fictional animal, which will bring bad luck to people. New Year's Eve. When the tree is dead, the grass will not grow; After the New Year, everything grows and flowers are everywhere. How to spend a year? Firecrackers are needed, so there is the custom of setting off firecrackers, which is actually another way to set off a lively scene.
The Spring Festival is a happy and peaceful festival, and it is also a day for family reunion. Children who leave home should go home for reunion during the Spring Festival. The night before the Lunar New Year is the 30th night of the twelfth lunar month, also called New Year's Eve and Reunion Night. Celebrating the New Year is one of the most important activities at the turn of the new year. On New Year's Eve, the whole family stayed up all night, got together to drink and enjoy family happiness. In the north, people are used to eating jiaozi on New Year's Eve. Jiaozi's practice is to mix dough first, and the word harmony is harmony. Jiaozi's jiaozi homonym means to get together and to make friends at a young age. South China has the habit of eating rice cakes, which are sweet and sticky, symbolizing the sweetness of life in the new year and rising step by step.
When the first cock crow rings, or the New Year bell rings, firecrackers are ringing in the street, and noise comes and goes. Everyone is beaming. The new year has begun. Men, women and children wear holiday clothes. First of all, pay New Year greetings to the elders at home. During the festival, children will also get lucky money and have a reunion dinner. On the second and third days of the following year, they began to visit relatives and friends, pay New Year greetings to each other and congratulate them on their new happiness and wealth.
The warm atmosphere of the festival permeates not only every household, but also the streets and alleys all over the country. In some places, there are customs such as lion dancing, playing dragon lanterns, performing social fires, visiting flower markets and temple fairs. During this period, lanterns are all over the city and tourists are all over the streets. It was very lively and unprecedented, and the Spring Festival didn't really end until after the Lantern Festival on the fifteenth day of the first month.
The Spring Festival is the most important festival of the Han nationality, but more than a dozen ethnic minorities, such as Manchu, Mongolian, Yao, Zhuang, Bai, Gaoshan, Hezhe, Hani, Daur, Dong and Li, have also had the custom of the Spring Festival, but the form of the festival has its own national characteristics and is more meaningful.
The Spring Festival, also known as Yuanri, New Year's Day, the Reform Movement of 1898, Chen Yuan, Yuanshuo, Nian Egg, Sui Nian, Nianchao, Xinzheng, Shouzuo, Sanyuan or Nian and New Year, is the first day of the summer calendar. Due to the different calendars, the first day of the first month of each generation is different: the first day of the first month of Xia Dynasty, the first day of December of Shang Dynasty, the first day of November of Zhou Dynasty, the first day of October of Qin Dynasty and the first day of the first month of Han Dynasty, which have continued to this day.
"Spring Festival" has different meanings from generation to generation. The Han Dynasty refers to the day of beginning of spring, the Southern and Northern Dynasties refers to the whole spring, and only modern times refers to the first day of the first month. It is a traditional festival with the longest history, the richest activities, the grandest etiquette, the most spectacular scenes and the most exquisite food in China. Among the 56 ethnic groups in China, 53 ethnic groups (except Tibetans, Bai ethnic groups and Dai ethnic groups) have to hold grand family banquets or ethnic banquets to celebrate, so it is also called "Daqing Banquet on January 1st".
The Origin of the Spring Festival
According to historical records, the Spring Festival was celebrated in Tang Yu, Sui in Xia Dynasty, Si in Shang Dynasty and Nian in Zhou Dynasty. The original meaning of "nian" refers to the growth cycle of grain, which is hot every year, so the Spring Festival is once a year, which means cool breeze. It is also said that the Spring Festival originated in "La Worship" at the end of primitive society. At that time, whenever the twelfth lunar month in spring came to an end, the ancestors slaughtered pigs and sheep, sacrificed ghosts and gods and ancestors, and prayed for good weather in the new year to avoid disasters. Their faces were painted with vermilion and bird feathers, and they sang, danced, ate and drank, which was very lively. about
Mutual New Year greetings began in the early Han Dynasty and were recorded in Tongdian.
Dietary Customs of Spring Festival in Past Dynasties
During the Eastern Han Dynasty, ancestor worship was an important activity and custom during the Spring Festival. According to Cui Ti's Four-person Monthly Order, "the first day of the first month is the day. ※. Bow to your wife and worship your ancestors. On the day of worship, when drinking wine, the family members are humble, regardless of size, ranking second in the ancestors. Children and daughters-in-law all serve Chili wine to their parents, saying that they are beaming. "
During the Southern Dynasties, families visited each other during the Spring Festival and held banquets and entertainment activities. According to the Chronicle of Jingchu written by Liang Chaozong Ba, "On the first day of the first month, ... young people and old people learned to dress up and pay tribute to them. ※. Pepper and cypress wine, peach soup Into the Tu Su wine, rubber teeth, and five spicy dishes. " There are also games such as drawing chickens, burning firecrackers, hanging ropes and making wishes.
During the Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, the etiquette elements in the Spring Festival diet custom gradually increased. According to the Southern Song Dynasty-Shou's Liang Lumeng, "Doctors everywhere congratulate each other, fine men and women wear new clothes and pay New Year greetings to each other", and Brahma Lu Conglu records that "men and women take turns to pay homage to their elders, and the master leads their children out to visit relatives and friends, or stops sending their children to pay New Year greetings"; Qingbo Magazine said: "During the reign of Song Yuanyou, servants were often used to stab people in their name during the New Year". When relatives and friends pay New Year's greetings, the host family must hold a banquet, and the wine and meat are extremely rich. According to the "Jia Tai Hui Ji" records: "On New Year's Day, both men and women are happy, and it is a grand thing for lay people to set up wine and fruit drinks, and men and women worship in order. In order to congratulate their loved ones, they buy wine and food and take a vacation every five days. " In the Qing Dynasty, Ji Sheng said at the age of Emperor Jing: "The house of the gentry, add clothes, wear them, worship the gods and ancestors;" After burning silks, the family got together, offered pepper plates, poured cypress wine, helped steam cakes and sipped noodle soup. It was delicious. Go out to greet the relatives, go to the medicine temple, visit the cinema and celebrate Cambodia's birthday. Lu Yu's relatives and friends, then fell to, and wish "New Year's Day is the Spring of New Year", even if you don't kiss, you will have three glasses of wine. If you are forgetful, why don't you get drunk! As the saying goes, it is better to go to a thousand than to sit in one. And the horses and chariots are noisy, and chasing the sun is a very temporary victory. "
Dietary customs around the Spring Festival
Generally speaking, Chinese people eat rice cakes, jiaozi, Ciba, glutinous rice balls, poached eggs, big meat, whole fish, wine, oranges, apples, peanuts, melon seeds, sweets, fragrant tea and dishes. Accompanied by dusting, washing bedding, preparing new year's goods, pasting Spring Festival couplets, pasting New Year pictures, pasting paper-cuts, pasting blessings, lighting candles, lighting fires, setting off firecrackers, keeping old, giving lucky money, paying New Year greetings, visiting relatives and friends,
Many activities, such as visiting ancestral graves, visiting flower markets and raising social fires, are extremely enjoyable. For example, the New Year's Eve is particularly important: first, the whole family should get together, and those who have not returned for some reason should leave a seat and a set of tableware to show their reunion; Second, the food is rich, pay attention to "oral color", call the rice cake "step by step", jiaozi "Wanshun", wine "running water", eggs "big gold ingot" and goldfish "more than a year"; This kind of fish is not allowed to eat. It is called "Kanyu" and must be eaten until the first day of school. In areas where there are no fish in the north, carved wooden fish are mostly used instead; Third, the seats are orderly, mostly for ancestors. Grandchildren are in the middle, and their parents are in a lower position. Men, women and children should drink. Close the door when eating, and the excitement will be gone.
The home-cooked dishes of New Year's Eve have their own characteristics in different places. In the past, in Beijing and Tianjin, people usually cooked rice, stewed pork, beef and mutton, stewed chicken and cooked several dishes. Shaanxi family banquets are generally four or eight bowls. Four bowls are stir-fried dishes and cold dishes, and eight bowls are mainly stewed dishes and cooked food. Only meat dishes in southern Anhui include braised pork, tiger skin, meatballs, moo Shu pork, steamed pork, braised pork, pork liver, pork heart and pork belly products, as well as all kinds of fried pork slices and shredded pork. Eastern Hubei is "three steamed", "three cakes" and "three pills". "Three steaming" means steaming whole fish, whole duck and whole chicken; The "three cakes" are fish cakes, meat pies and sheep cakes;
"Three pills" are fish pills, meatballs and lotus root pills. Generally, people in Harbin fry eight dishes, 10 or 12 or 16. The main ingredients are nothing more than chicken, duck, fish and vegetables. The New Year's Eve dinner in Gannan is usually 12 dish. Some places in Zhejiang are generally the "top ten bowls", seeking the color of "complete happiness", mainly chicken, duck, fish and various vegetables. Nanchang, Jiangxi generally has more than a dozen dishes, paying attention to four cold dishes, four hot dishes, eight big dishes and two soups.
All over the country, there are one or several indispensable dishes on New Year's Eve, and these dishes often have some auspicious meanings. For example, in Suzhou, there must be vegetables (then happy dishes), bean sprouts (Italian food) and celery (hard-working) on the table. There must be a carp weighing about 1 kg in central and southern Hunan, called Tuannian Fish, and a pig elbow weighing about 3 kg, called Tuannian Elbow. There are two fish on the dining table in central and southern Anhui. One is the whole carp, which can only be seen but not eaten. It shows respect for ancestors, and it also means more than one year. The other is silver carp, which is edible and symbolizes the prosperity of children and grandchildren. The first bowl of Lai in Qimen family banquet is "Zhonghe", which is made of tofu, mushrooms, winter bamboo shoots, shrimp skin and fresh meat, meaning "harmony is precious".
There is a bowl of "chicken catches beans" on the dining table in Hefei, which means "grab money and get rich". The housekeeper wants to eat a chicken leg, which is called "grasping the money claw", which means making a fortune in the coming year. Anqing's head should eat a bowl of noodles before meals, which is called "money standard" Nanchang area must eat rice cakes, braised fish, fried rice noodles, eight-treasure rice and boiled thick soup, which in turn means annual rise, fish every year, abundant crops, string rice, eight-treasure rice and prosperity every year.
Northern areas like to eat jiaozi during the Spring Festival, which means unity, good luck and welcoming the New Year. In order to increase the atmosphere and fun of the festival, people in the past dynasties have put a lot of effort into dumpling stuffing. People keep their wallets in jiaozi. Whoever eats them will make a fortune next year. Wrap honey in jiaozi, and whoever eats it will represent the sweetness of life in the coming year and so on.