Of course, when we talk about history, we should seek truth from facts and not judge people because of personal emotional tendencies. This article will talk about the horse protection method in Wang Anshi's political reform. Raising horses has always been a manifestation of the comprehensive strength of the country in the era of cold weapons. Wen Yanbo once said: The great event of a country lies in respecting harmony and honor, which is the most important among honors. ? To be strong, you have to ride a horse!
Horse protection law? The initial starting point was to benefit the country and the people. Why is there fierce opposition?
Why did Wang Anshi carry out political reform in the Northern Song Dynasty? Horse protection law? ?
The original intention of the Horse Protection Law is naturally to protect horses. Many people's understanding of horses has always stayed in the military field, confusing the concepts of war horses and war horses, and thinking that the role of horses is to fight and build cavalry. I haven't got rid of this idea until now.
In fact, horses were the most important animal force in ancient times. Even if used in the military field, the role of horses is not entirely to build cavalry, but to transport grain and grass materials. Not to mention that the transportation of ancient strategic materials could not be separated from horses, even in World War II, carriages were also active in various battlefields.
More importantly, the development of society is inseparable from horses. In the Song Dynasty, the rapid development of China society, the opening of the Maritime Silk Road and the prosperity of commercial economy all needed the role of animal power to a certain extent, and even information relay stations needed a large number of horses.
Of course, the most urgent thing for horses is military horses. The ancient wars in China can be simply called instant wars. Whoever has cavalry will have the initiative in the war, especially in the northern plain. Cavalry is a massacre for infantry.
Horses used by cavalry were raised in two places before the Song Dynasty, one in the north? Sixteen counties? Within the scope, the other is Hexi Corridor in Ningxia, which has a cold climate and is suitable for raising horses.
The sadness of the Song Dynasty is that these places do not belong to them. Sixteen states were seized by Liao State, and the Hexi Corridor was also taken away after Xixia broke away from Song Dynasty. Because of this, in the wars of Song, Liao and Xixia, we often see that Song Jun outnumbered the enemy many times, but was defeated. A very important reason is that the cavalry in the Northern Song Dynasty was weak.
At that time, a cavalry in Liao country could match three horses, and there were 500,000 cavalry in Xixia. A cavalry could match a horse and a camel. In the era of cold weapons, cavalry was very mobile, but in the Northern Song Dynasty, without the barrier of sixteen states, it could not resist the attack of nomadic cavalry in the north. From the perspective of military war history, infantry can fight against cavalry, at least before the invention of machine guns.
Under such circumstances, horses were mainly produced in two ways in the Northern Song Dynasty. One way is to rely on the horse administration system of the Northern Song Dynasty government to produce horses. This system is called animal husbandry system. In fact, the horse industry is run by the government. Today, with such advanced management methods, state-owned enterprises can't avoid losses, let alone in ancient times. As a result, there are not many horses and money can't be spent.
The other is to import horses from Xixia and Liao countries. Theoretically, they are short of materials and rich in horses. It is a good way to exchange needed items with Song Ting. But, after all, do horses belong to? Strategic materials? When there is a real war, will your enemies still sell you weapons?
What is the purpose of Wang Anshi's political reform? Rich country? And then what? Qiang Bing? Both are inseparable from horses. So, Wang Anshi made a political reform? Horse protection law? .
Wang Anshi's reform? Horse protection law? How is it specifically implemented?
Because of the great disadvantages of raising horses by officials, what about horses? For the people? Become an idea that can be put on the agenda. Actually, Wang Anshi's political reform? Horse protection law? It is not original, but has been produced before it.
Did Wang Anshi have a minister's suggestion before the political reform? Today, Hebei, Hedong, Beijing, Dongxi and Huainan are all soldiers of Dingzhuang. If you ask someone to have a horse, you will get two ounces, but you are still not allowed to give anything to promote households, so you have to be prepared. There are horses all over the country. ?
This should be regarded as the theoretical source of horse protection law.
During the period of Song Zhenzong, some people tried to build folk horses and achieved good results. During the period of Song Renzong, they sold old army horses by imperial edict, intending to change state-owned horses into folk horses.
By the time of Wang Anshi's political reform, it should be to sum up the folk idea of raising horses and start to popularize it in an all-round way. From this perspective, the introduction of the horse protection law is actually a natural thing.
Wang Anshi finally put it forward? Horse protection law? Specific measures are as follows:
Fifth Road, if he is willing to keep one horse, he will keep one horse; if he is willing to keep two horses, he will be given by the supervisor, or the official will directly order him to go to the fair, or not. There are no more than 3,000 soldiers and horses in the mansion, and no more than 5,000 soldiers and horses in the Fifth Road. Whoever attacks and chases thieves is forbidden to take more than 300 miles. In the government circle, it is not required to measure 250 bales of grass, and it is not required to collect money at the age of 20 if it is distributed on Wuma Road. Third-class or above, ten households are guaranteed; Under the fourth grade, ten households are a cooperative, waiting for the sick to compensate. The horse of the insured shall be compensated by the insured separately; Social households pay, and social households pay half. One-year-old, read its fat and barren, forbid it to stay in Xun. All 14 projects will be awarded by the government first. The supervision department, the economic management department and the counties of the Fifth Route Committee are even more serious. So Jiabao keeps horses and walks in various ways.
Compared with official horses, Wang Anshi's? Horse protection law? The advantage of making horses official and civilian is that for the government, giving horses to the people, on the one hand, does not require the government to enclosure large-scale breeding, on the other hand, it also reduces the follow-up investment.
You know, the land that the government needs to raise horses can raise more than 20 people if it raises people. If the government-run horse farm is closed, it can also save a lot of money. ? The official raises a horse with a median rate of 27,000 yuan. Raising people to graze can save more than 80 thousand miscellaneous expenses. ?
For ordinary people, the government not only gives away a horse for nothing, but also works as an animal power in the fields. In addition, the government gives tax relief and labor. Where can I find this kind of thing that raises horses for the country and brings benefits to myself?
For the country, this is equivalent to kurama being a folk. In case of war, these horses can be called up to fight.
It can be said that if the Horse Protection Law is properly operated, the number of horses in the Northern Song Dynasty will be greatly enhanced, which is a great good thing for the country and the people.
Horse protection law? At the beginning of the promotion, it really played a great role, and? When Kaifeng Prefecture raided the village, it used the cost of livestock and horses to save the use of straw. .
After Wang Anshi's political reform, Song Shenzong also intends to revive the military power of Dasong. What's his plan? Open the border with Wu and return to the old place in China? . Subsequently, under the leadership of Wang Shao, Song Jun recovered the territory of 1200 Li to the west, and won the battle of recovering Hehuang, which was also the biggest military victory against Xixia since the founding of the Northern Song Dynasty.
In the six-year expedition to Yexining, Song Jun's expedition 1800 was more than 54 days, which must have benefited from the method of protecting horses. It can be said that the horse protection law played a huge role at the beginning of its promotion.
Wang Anshi's horse protection method? So good, why is the opposition the strongest?
Theoretically, Wang Anshi's? Horse protection law? It is out of an excellent social environment, assuming that ordinary people can raise horses well and need horses.
Actually? Horse protection law? To a large extent, the environment at that time was ignored. In the previous article, it was said that the most suitable places for raising horses were the Sixteen States of Youyun and Hexi Corridor, both of which were cold places. It is said that this is the place.
In the cold climate, in fact, animals and plants grow slowly. Even now, the aquaculture in the south is worse than that in the north, especially the cost of aquaculture, which is much higher in the north than in the south. In terms of raising pigs now, the cost of pig houses in the north is at least twice as high as that in the south, so as to resist the cold in winter.
However, an interesting phenomenon is that large-scale pig farms all over the country are generally moving to the north, even to the northeast. Why did this transfer happen? That's because it's cold in the north, but it's not easy to get sick in cold temperatures.
Although the area stipulated in Wang Anshi's "Horse Protection Law" also belongs to the northern region, the temperature is much higher. In areas with warm and humid climate, high temperature and humidity are the most likely to cause diseases. There can't be veterinarians raising horses among the people. The quality of raising horses depends entirely on the raising level of horse owners. Countless painful experiences are that some people can raise it well, and some people can't raise it at all. It is no exaggeration to say that I know this thing very well.
I have already said all the good things about protecting horses. The problem is that this Mata is not as easy to raise as I thought. Once it is raised, it needs compensation. At that time, the value of horses would not be lower than now, would it? BMW? How can an ordinary boss afford his surname?
Therefore, in the concrete implementation, the government hopes to feed farmers with conditions and needs, but local officials ignore this and even force people to buy horses in order to achieve their goals. As a result, many well-off families went bankrupt because of raising horses.
Su Zhe said that raising horses was a good thing, but it turned out to be a burden for farmers. In Yuanfeng, the law protects horses and allows people to produce and raise horses. There are many animals and horses, but horses are not available. People buy horses in Jianghuai with gold and silk, but it's no use if the horses are small. Whether a county 18 years old can go to school depends entirely on medical care, and people's lives are not in danger. ? So as to appear? Everyone has a horse as a curse? .
On the other hand, it is another question whether horses raised by ordinary people can really go to war. In fact, not to mention the horses raised by farmers in the Northern Song Dynasty. It was during World War II that the Japanese army requisitioned a large number of horses from the people when the number of horses used increased sharply. What happened? Embarrassment is very useful. ? Horse protection law? Therefore, it is called. Evil law? .
Historical theory:
Horse protection law? The original intention of the policy was good, and it also played a certain role in the early stage, but it did not take into account the problems existing in the specific implementation. The policy is a good policy, but there are great problems in its implementation.
In addition, Wang Anshi's political reform was like a flash in the pan. After Song Shenzong's death, Song Zhezong succeeded to the throne, and the conservatives immediately retaliated. All reformists have been abolished, and the Law on the Protection of Horses is controversial. Under such a party background, it is naturally completely denied and there is no chance for improvement.
In this way, the vigorous new-style horse administration in the Song Dynasty came to an end, not because of the quality of the policy, but purely because of party struggle! Pathetic!