Historically, the British and French allied forces burned the Yuanmingyuan, causing irreparable losses to China's cultural relics and treasures; With the change of the Boxer Rebellion, Eight-Nation Alliance plundered in Beijing and other places. At this time, the arrogance of the Japanese army is flourishing, and the cultural relics of the Forbidden City are in danger of being burned or robbed in the war at any time. The difficulty of sorting out and transporting these rare treasures is unimaginable, not to mention the war at that time.
193 1 In September, the "September 18th Incident" occurred in the northeast. Everyone knows that Japan's ambition is to occupy the northeast first and then invade the south. If there is a war in Ping Jin, these national treasures in the Forbidden City will be very dangerous. The authorities believe that these cultural relics should be moved to a safe place, so get ready now and pack them early. Then the Palace Museum mobilized up and down and began to select cultural relics and box them. The original plan was to buy old wooden boxes for cigarettes and cigarettes. Cotton can be black cotton, that is, cotton that is removed from old cotton-padded quilts and then bounced. Colleagues never pack boxes. I'm afraid the packaging is not good and it will break after being shipped out. How can I explain it? It is safer to find workers who specialize in exporting cultural relics in antique shops. Who knows that these ideas are problematic. First of all, the old cigarette case is very thin, and the cultural relics always shake after being installed, which is quite dangerous; Secondly, the old cotton has no elasticity, and when it is packed, cotton wool flies everywhere, which smells bad. How can we wrap the baby with it? Third, those invited packaging workers come here to pretend to be experts and get high salaries, and often talk to librarians in a tone of lesson. Later, Dean Ma Heng listened to everyone's opinions, packed books and documents in old boxes, and stipulated that the size of the new box should be three feet long, one foot high and five inches low. When cotton is replaced with new cotton, the packers will all be dissolved and pack themselves. In practice, some methods are explored, mainly the word "tight". The porcelain presented in Jingdezhen, Jiangxi Province was shipped in wooden barrels, and 10 bowls were tied tightly with grass to form a whole without shaking at all. They are put in barrels, and between each bundle, they are separated and stuffed with chaff so that they will not come loose. On the packaging of porcelain shipped to Beiping, employees separate each piece of porcelain with cotton, wrap it separately, and then stuff it into boxes so that it won't break.
1933 65438+ in October, the Japanese army entered the customs, and the situation in North China was sinister. The Council of the Palace Museum decided to move the boxed cultural relics to Shanghai in batches from 65438+ 10 to 3 1 month, and sent Li Zongtong, secretary general of the Palace Museum, to rent a warehouse in Shanghai. The National Government instructed the Beiping Municipal Government and the transportation department to assist the Forbidden City and complete the plan of moving cultural relics to the south. It is logical to say that cultural relics move south. Actually, it is not. The southward migration of the cultural relics of the Forbidden City has aroused different social repercussions from the very beginning. Some people support it, while others strongly oppose it. Opponents believe that the current relocation of cultural relics to the south will shake people's hearts and cause social unrest, and cultural relics will be scattered when they are scattered. Lu Xun's essays also commented on this, which caused a heated discussion in the domestic cultural circles. At that time, the opposition headed by Zhou established the Beiping People's Antiquities Protection Association in Zhongnanhai, thinking that it was the chairman, electrified the whole country to oppose the southward migration of cultural relics in the Forbidden City, and publicly stated that it would stop the southward migration by force. Zhou Fei, a generation of idlers, was the director and acting governor of Hunan Provincial Cultural Relics Bureau. After the Forbidden City set the departure date for the cultural relics to move south, the opposition released words in the society that as long as the cultural relics train set off, someone would plant bombs along the railway and blow up the train. In this case, the Palace Museum changed the departure time to load the car during the day and then ship it after dark, but the driver and platoon leader did not arrive at the scheduled hour. Later, Yi Peiji of the Palace Museum called Li Zongtong and explained the whole story. Li asked the Executive Dean for instructions. The national government believes that these cultural relics should be moved to a safe place. The cultural relics in the Forbidden City are the crystallization of the country's cultural relics for thousands of years. If one is destroyed, there will be one less, and the country will be revived when it dies. Once the culture dies, it will never be remedied, and the cultural relics will stay here. If Peiping and Tianjin are battlefields, it will be too late to rush again. Are we heartbroken? The words of beating the floor showed the government's determination to move south, and later facts proved that the decision of the National Government was correct. At the same time, Song telegraphed Zhou Dawen, the mayor of Beiping, and Zhou Dawen sent bailiffs to arrest Zhou. 1On the evening of February 5, 933, the whole city of Beiping was under martial law. The 1349 1 box of cultural relics in the Palace Museum started from Shenwumen Square and was transported to the railway station by dozens of carts in turn. The army escorted all the way, and there were many military police along the way. The scooter is driving on the familiar street, and there is no one in the street. It is strange that there is no sound except the rumble of cars. These cultural relics were loaded with 18 wagons and 100 escort, supervision, gendarmerie and security personnel of the Forbidden City, accompanied by three buses.
In addition to the 1349 1 boxes of the Palace Museum, there are 6066 boxes of antique exhibition halls, ancestral temples, Summer Palace and imperial academy.
On February 6th, the first batch of goods was loaded on two southbound trains, with Wu Ying as the chief escort officer. As soon as I accepted the task, anonymous phone calls poured in. Under such great pressure, Wu Shuo said, "I will fight to the death even if I die." A gentleman was born in He Huan, so why should he be afraid of death? " Determined to go out. In mid-March, the Palace Museum began to ship the second batch of boxes. By May, * * * had shipped five batches, and Na Zhiliang recorded the shipment dates of the five batches in the article "The Cultural Relics of the Forbidden City were shipped to Nanjing".
The first batch1February 6, 933
The second batch1933 March 15.
The third batch1March 28th, 933
The fourth batch 1933 April19
The fifth batch1933 May 15.
The national treasure transshipment route starts from Beiping West Railway Station and goes south along Pinghan Line. After arriving in Zhengzhou, transfer to Longhai Line, go east to Xuzhou, and then go along Jinpu Line to Pukou. From the time when the cultural relics were loaded, it was very dangerous all the way. Although priority was given to all railway stations in the process of moving south, machine guns were set up at all entrances around the train roof, and the carriages were heavily protected by the constitutional police. The horses were accompanied by the relay, sealed during the day, escorted at night, the lights were turned off at important checkpoints, and the staff were lying in clothes, which was terrible. At every stop, local officials sent people on the bus to meet them, but in Xuzhou area, they were still intercepted by bandits. Fortunately, the bandits were defeated by the army. On February 6th, the cultural relics train left Beijing, and Zhou was released for 10 days. On the third day after the cultural relics train left Beijing, Zhang Ji, executive director of the Palace Museum and director of the Literature Museum, put forward an urgent motion at the Nanjing Central Political Conference, arguing that it was a national shame for the cultural relics of the Palace Museum to be transported to Shanghai and stored in the concession. It is suggested that Luo Yang and Xi 'an relocate. No one objected to this proposal, so the cultural relics could only be moved to Luoyang and Xi 'an. On the fourth day, the cultural relic train stopped at Xiaguan Station in Nanjing. Chu Minyi, Secretary General of the Executive Yuan of Zhang Jihe, made a special trip to the station to inform Wu Ying of the decision of the CPPCC. Wu Ying thinks it is not safe to change the location of cultural relics in such a hurry. Zhang and Zhu informed Wu Ying of Chiang Kai-shek's call, claiming that they would leave the files in Nanjing and transport the rest back to Shanghai. There are many disputes about the location of these cultural relics. The train carrying cultural relics stopped on the track of Pukou and was guarded by the army for a month. It was not until the meeting of the Provisional Political Committee that it was decided to ship it to Shanghai by water. The first batch of cultural relics shipped from the south arrived in Shanghai in late March and were stored in the warehouse on the fifth floor of the former site of Renji Hospital on Catholic Street in the French Concession. Later, four batches 13427 boxes of 64 packages were delivered one after another. Along with the cultural relics of the Forbidden City, there are 6,066 boxes of cultural relics from the Antiquities Exhibition Hall, Ancestral Temple, Summer Palace and imperial academy. Because the original rented warehouse could not hold it, it was rented and stored in the British Concession. All the cultural relics have been stored in Shanghai for nearly four years. In the meantime, Nanjing is stepping up the construction of the Chaotian Palace to store these national treasures. 1936 The expansion of Chaotian Palace was completed, and the working group stayed in Nanjing to plan the exhibition. However, in July, 1937 broke out in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. On July 29th, the Japanese army occupied Beiping, and Nanjing was in danger. The national government moved to Chongqing in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and ordered the withdrawal of antiquities. The cultural relics of the Forbidden City in Nanjing were transported to the rear area in three ways. The cultural relics moved south have just settled in Nanjing branch, and the cultural relics are once again facing a big transfer. It is very difficult to relocate again, not only because of traffic problems, but also because of the Japanese bombing of the relocation site. The safety of cultural relics is difficult to guarantee, and evacuation is as aimless and at a loss as fleeing. It is impossible to evacuate all the cultural relics at the same time. We should leave Nanjing as soon as possible and wait for the end of the war when we arrive at our destination. The south road was transported to Guizhou via Changsha. The person in charge was Xu Senyu, director of the Antiquities Museum of the Palace Museum. The section chief looked solemn. The middle water intake road goes west along the Yangtze River, passes through Hankou and reaches Chongqing. The third road goes north to Baoji. The 80 boxes of antiquities accompanying the first team decided to be transported by ship and truck to the library of Hunan University in Changsha, which is 1000 km away. However, because Changsha was bombed by the Japanese army, it was quickly ordered to be transported to Guizhou. With the continuous attack of the Japanese army, the original hiding place has also become unsafe, and the final resting place of the national treasure is also changing. The Japanese army advanced and the middle road went from Hankou to Chongqing. 1in the spring of 939, Japanese planes bombed Chongqing, almost smashing all these national treasures. The antique box was loaded again and headed for Leshan, 500 kilometers west of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. Ships are hard to find. It took nearly two months to unload the cultural relics from the original ship and put them on another ship, and it didn't reach Leshan until mid-September. Wu and two others are in charge of more than 7000 boxes on the North Road. They managed to leave Nanjing by train a week before the Japanese army carried out the "Nanjing Massacre" that shocked the world. After Xi, Baoji, Qinling, Hankou, Mianyang, Chengdu and finally Emei.
Take the south road to evacuate the national treasure preserved in the mainland, leave Nanjing on August 14, transport it to Hankou, change trains in Changsha to Yuelu Mountain, and store it in the library of Hunan University. Shortly after these 80 boxes of the most precious cultural relics arrived in Changsha, Changsha Railway Station was bombed by the Japanese army. Xu Senyu, the person in charge of cultural relics migration in South Road, was in a hurry. As we all know, Changsha was bombed, and Hunan University on the side of Yuelu Mountain could not be saved, and cultural relics were at stake. So I asked for instructions urgently, and it promised to take Guiyang as its destination. 1937 One night in February, 80 boxes of precious cultural relics of the Forbidden City stored in the basement of Hunan University were loaded with more than 20 trucks from Hunan Highway Bureau. Under the cover of darkness, they walked quietly along a mountain road leading to the southwest, and the long motorcade crossed the mountains in western Hunan and stayed there for the night. In a strange mountain forest, we should always be on guard against not only the bandits hiding in the mountains, but also the beasts hiding between Lin Mang. In the middle of the night, the convoy carrying cultural relics found two bright lights cruising in the depths of the jungle. At first, they thought it was a car light coming from a distance. When it came near, they were all shocked. It turned out to be the eyes of a tiger, which was particularly scary in the middle of the night. The soldiers who had just been escorted were frightened enough to finally settle down. With the belief that tigers will die or people will die, they pulled out their pistols and shot at tigers. Although the bullet was as dense as a feather, it never touched the tiger's body. In desperation, a soldier took out a Grenade and threw it at the tiger. In a thick smoke, the tiger was killed, and the people who escorted the cultural relics were frightened and could not help but sigh. After less than a week's walk, Hunan University was really bombed, and the library that used to store cultural relics had been bombed. The Japanese also threw bombs near Aiwan Pavilion and strafed innocent civilians with machine guns, causing many deaths. When the cultural relics are transported to the border of Hunan and Guangxi, they are transported to the border of Guangxi and Guizhou by vehicles of Guangxi Highway Bureau, and then transported to Guiyang by vehicles of Guizhou Highway Bureau, and temporarily stored in Chiang Kai-shek Camp in Liuguangmen. Arriving in Guiyang coincides with Lunar New Year's Eve 1938. Subsequently, Guiyang was also threatened by Japanese aircraft bombing. For the safety of cultural relics, Xu Senyu, Yan Zheng and others were ordered to look around for places suitable for collecting cultural relics. At the suggestion of Zhang Daofan, an important member of Guizhou Kuomintang, after many investigations, it is considered that Huayang Cave in Anshun suburb is open, dry and easy to protect, which can be used as an ideal storage place for these cultural relics. 1938 Guiyang in early autumn happens to be a cloudy and sunny season with rain and fog. Coupled with the war, shuddering. At that time, they couldn't find vehicles and stevedores who could drive to the mountains. Finally, they found the cultural relics loading vehicle and met the once-in-a-century flood in Guizhou. When the cultural relics motorcade climbed to the top of the mountain along the rugged mountain road, it happened that flash floods rushed down from the peak and seemed to drown the whole motorcade. Fortunately, the flash flood didn't hit the truck, otherwise the car was destroyed and people died. It seems that there is divine power protecting our baby. The car entered Huangguoshu Waterfalls between Zhenning and Guanling, and the danger happened again. This place is a typical karst area, and there is almost no way to go along the winding mountain stream. In all kinds of desperation, the cultural relics had to be removed from the car and refitted with bamboo rafts. In that case, cultural relics can run, but they must walk in the water for a day, but there will be an underground river collapse on the way, and there will be a sudden huge waterfall pouring down the upstream. There is a fast-flowing river ahead, and there is an undercurrent hidden under the water, which is full of dangers. Fortunately, Buyi and Miao villagers were invited in advance. They are masters of driving bamboo rafts and are proficient in water. It took them a whole month to finally arrive safely. Among these 80 boxes are Fan Kuan's famous painting Journey to Famous Mountains, Li Tang's Journey to the River, Wu Daozhi's Zhong Kui Playing Ghosts, Zhang Zeduan's Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival, Ma Yuan's works in the Southern Song Dynasty, Mi Fei's calligraphy works, and outstanding treasures left by the Eight Eccentrics in Yangzhou in the Qing Dynasty.
After several months of relocation, all the cultural relics were finally stored in Huayan Cave outside the south gate of Anshun County, west of Guiyang. At the same time, the office of the Palace Museum in Anshun was established, with Zhuang Ren as its director. Shortly after these cultural relics were transported to Anshun, on February 4th, the Japanese 1939 and 18 planes bombed Guiyang indiscriminately, dropping hundreds of shells and incendiary bombs in the urban area, burning 1326 houses, killing and injuring thousands of people, and the fires in major areas such as Grand Cross burned all day and night, with 6,544 firefighters fighting the fire. This batch of cultural relics escaped again.
From 1938 to 1944, these precious cultural relics have been preserved in Guizhou for nearly 7 years, including Guiyang for nearly 1 year and Anshun Huayan Cave for nearly 6 years. Xu Senyu and Yan Zheng, two cultural relics scholars and their families, faced the vagrant life calmly in this remote place of Guizhou in order to protect cultural relics. It is worth mentioning that Zhuang Ling, the son of Mr. Solemn, was born in Guiyang on 1938. 1went to Anshun with his parents in early 939, 1944 took cultural relics to Chongqing. It left me with a deep memory of my childhood: "My parents and three brothers lived in an old house on the east slope of Anshun, which was also the office of the Palace Museum in Anshun at that time. On Sunday, the brothers will follow their father to Huayan Cave, when a company of soldiers will be stationed to defend it. When the weather is good, my father and colleagues will take some cultural relics out of caves and boxes to dry. " The young man and his brother were lucky enough to see a number of cultural relics and calligraphy treasures, including Tang Yin's Song of Mountain Road and Ma's Leisure and Busy Map. These cultural relics and calligraphy have now become the "treasures of the town hall" of the National Palace Museum in Taipei. On July 1939 and 18, a group of cultural relics hidden in Huayan Cave were selected to attend the China Art Exhibition in the Soviet Union. The exhibition opened on February 2nd 1940, and was exhibited in Leningrad in March, 194 1, and returned to Chongqing on September 8th, 1942.
1944 In April, Wu Dingchang, President of Guizhou Province, discussed with Ma Heng, President of the Palace Museum, and decided to hold the "Painting and Calligraphy Exhibition under Construction of the Palace Museum in Beiping" in Guiyang Provincial Art Museum (now Science Road). The specific operation was presided over by Chen Heng 'an, curator of Guizhou Provincial Art Museum, and solemn director of Anshun Office of the Palace Museum. This exhibition * * * shows 192 paintings and calligraphy. Among them, there are three calligraphy books written by Wang Xizhi, Fu on Cormorants written by Li Longji, Letters from Mi Fei and Cai Xiang written by Su Shi and Poems of Song Fengge written by Huang Tingjian. The famous paintings "The Mountains and Rivers", the flowers and birds of Xu, Yingqiu, Heyang, Longmian and Goulpeau in the Northern Song Dynasty, and their wives, Li, Liu, Ma, Xia, Yuan, Huang, Wang, Ni, Wu, Ming, Shen, Qiu, Tang and Qing, as well as the painting academies of various generations, are not big preparations, but they are also specific and subtle. "Among them, snow, autumn mountain, Xiao Temple in Fan Kuan Snow Mountain, Guo Zaochun, Li Exemption, Mera Mountain Bird, Li Song Listening to Ruan, Xia Guishan Lodging, Liang Kai Splash Ink Fairy, Ma Yuan Snow Scene, Huang Gongwang Rain Cliff Fairy View, etc. They are all national treasures. If the cultural relics don't move south, Guizhou people won't see them. Cultural relics were exhibited in Guiyang for several months, which caused a sensation in Guizhou. People who like cultural relics and calligraphy in various counties, as well as mainlanders and literati stranded in Guizhou due to the Anti-Japanese War, have come to pay their respects.
1944165438+1October 2 1 day, the Japanese army invaded along Guizhou-Guangxi Road, and on the 28th, it broke into Dushan, Guizhou, killing people and setting fires all the way, which caused the "Qiannan Incident" that threatened Guiyang and Chongqing. At this time, the cultural relics stored in Huayan Cave in Anshun were ordered to be urgently transferred. On that day, 80 boxes of cultural relics were loaded on the 15 military vehicle of the fourth battalion of the First Independent Automobile Regiment of the Central Military Commission within three hours. It was night when we set out, and it was snowing. Military vehicles use alcohol as fuel. The Sichuan-Guizhou highway is bumpy and bumpy all the way. Six-year-old Zhuang Ling still remembers in his young mind that the license plate number of the military vehicle he was riding at that time was "Jun 24069", and the scene of people fleeing with their children on their backs along the way was still vivid. Finally, these cultural relics went through difficulties and obstacles and were transported to Feixianyan temporary warehouse in Baxian County, Sichuan Province (now Banan District, Chongqing) until the victory of the Anti-Japanese War. 1946,65438+10, 80 boxes of cultural relics were transported to Xiangjiapo, Chongqing, and arrived in Nanjing by landing ship on 1947. Other cultural relics of Zhonglu Road and Beilu Road were also transported back to Nanjing and stored in Chaotian Palace. 1948 after the war in Xuzhou, Nanjing was threatened. Chiang Kai-shek planned to establish a final foothold in Taiwan Province Province. 1948, 1 1 year, he decided to transport the national treasures of the Forbidden City and the collections of Nanjing Central Museum, National Central Library and Academia Sinica to Taiwan Province Province. At that time, only two warships and one merchant ship were able to transport cultural relics, so only 2,972 boxes were selected from nearly 20,000 boxes of cultural relics, most of which were the essence of the Qing palace collection, including famous paintings and calligraphy of past dynasties, all books of the Qing palace and the most exquisite Song porcelain. The total number is only about one-sixth of the national treasures of the Forbidden City, and the rest are left in Nanjing. Later, the National Palace Museum in Taipei was established on the basis of these cultural relics. After liberation, the cultural relics left in Nanjing began to return to the north one after another, and more than 10 thousand boxes of cultural relics returned to the Forbidden City. Later, due to the "Cultural Revolution", the work of transporting cultural relics back to the north was temporarily put on hold, and now there are more than 2,000 boxes of porcelain left in Nanjing Museum.
In 2004, 66-year-old Mr. Zhuang Ling came to Guizhou from Taiwan Province to rediscover the history of cultural relics closely related to the fate of the motherland. In Guiyang, his birthplace, Huayan Cave and Dongmenpo in Anshun, he couldn't help crying and was deeply moved. During his stay in Guizhou, Mr. Zhuang Ling visited Dai Mingxian, a famous scholar in Guizhou. After returning to Taiwan, he gave Mr. A Dai a grand centennial collection of the Forbidden City, Calligraphy and Solemnity. After leaving Guizhou for many years, this solemn old gentleman asked someone to make a picture of Huayan Cave Reading Mountains, and collected poems of many poets, expressing his deep attachment to the life of cultural relics moving south and the beautiful mountains and rivers in Anshun.
Note: Transferred from Guiyang CPPCC Information Network. Author: Office of Literature and History