Pants are pants, nouns. Generally refers to clothes worn below the waist, which are usually sewn by a waistband, a crotch and two trouser legs.

Let's study the history of pants ~

"There are two kinds of pants in ancient times: one is pants; One is the cloud (Yi). Shuowen is not embarrassed but embarrassed, saying, "I am embarrassed, and my shin clothes are arrogant." "Cloud" and "Shuowen": "Cloud, heavy and thick, follows the army from the heart (ancient muddy cut) cloud or clothes. "The sound and meaning are completely different. Sound, meaning and form are all the same. The Book of Songs Qin Feng Without Clothes is a symbol of "sharing weal and woe with my son". Shuowen also said that "Yi, Ye, keep your voice warm" and Chunqiu Zhuan said "Yi, Yan (cutting away filial piety)", so the words "Yi" and "Yi" are the same and different. But it is used to wear tights. Kun [Ku] said in "Explanation of Names": "Kun, transverse, two strands intersect." Yan Zhu in "Anxious Articles" said: "Kun is a shin suit, the big one is called upside down, and the small one is called proofreading." These two pairs of trousers are called "Yi". Duan Yucai's Notes on Explaining Words: Kun is called "the so-called collection of Kun", which is extremely wrong. From the pants, there is no file of shin-suit. Ancient clothes were worn under coats, or clothes were connected together. The length can reach the elbow, and the shortest is the knee length. It's enough to wear a calf suit, and you don't need crotch pants. Today's pants are wrapped pants, but ancient pants are not, so they can't be confused. There are also problems with pants with gears or thinking that you are embarrassed. You, Shi Ming said, "You, pierce your feet and tie your waist." Yan Zhu in "Urgent Articles" said: "It is the person with the most personality who meets the crotch." Duan's note was full of words, and he said, "Today's crotch pants are full, and ancient times are full of words. Since close, say awkward, say indifference. In dialect, they don't have pants, they are called calves. Guo Yun: It is the calf nose. " All of them are placed under the same file, which is different from ancient pants and the same as today's pants. In fact, it is a coincidence that Yan thinks you are a calf nose. It is hard to believe. "(refer to Huang Xianfan's" A Preliminary Study on the Interpretation of Ancient Books ").

Pants are the main clothing worn by people in the lower body. It was originally written as "Yi" and "Yi". According to the unearthed cultural relics and handed down documents, as early as the Spring and Autumn Period, people wore trousers in the background, but at that time, regardless of gender, there were only two trouser legs, which were similar in shape to later generations and wore on the calves, that is, the calves below the knees, so this kind of trousers was also called "shin clothes". One on the left, one on the right, and two on the tibia. "Because there are only two trouser legs, the number of trousers is the same as the number of shoes and socks, and they are all based on' two' words, which is the case in Juyan Han bamboo slips. The purpose of wearing these pants is to protect Gaskin, especially in winter. They can keep warm, but there is no protection above the knee.

There is a story in "Gleaning" that Zhang Yi, who was the prime minister of Qin Weicheng during the Warring States Period, and Su Qin, the prime minister of Qi State, were "studious comrades-in-arms". When they went out, they immediately wrote down what they saw. Sometimes, they don't have bamboo slips and nothing to write, so they just write in ink, go home at night and copy them down. The thigh is the thigh, because there is no clothes on the palm and thigh, and the ink book can be washed off later, so it is used instead of the inscription. If there is a quilt on the two strands, it is not a book on the thigh, but a book on the quilt.

There is also an interesting story in On Han Feizi's Stories Abroad: There was a thief in the State of Qi who disguised himself as a layman's thief in order to avoid people's attention. His son didn't know the truth and boasted to his friends, "My father's attack has a unique tail." I didn't expect my little friend's father to be a man whose legs were cut off because of a crime. His son was puzzled and boasted, "My father didn't lose his legs in winter alone." A person who didn't leave his name added a sentence below this passage in Han Feizi: "He who is full of clothes has nothing to lose in winter and summer." It can be seen that even in the severe winter, survivors whose calves have been cut off do not need to wear coats-because there is no attachment. At that time, it would be unthinkable to wear these pants if there were no other clothes outside to cover them. Therefore, the ancients often wore apron-shaped clothes outside their beards, that is, petticoats. Clothes, clothes, clothes are used together to cover the whole body. Of course, in the hot summer, people can just wear clothes without pants, because the clothes used to hide their shame at that time were skirts rather than pants. Because pants are worn inside, they are often made of inferior materials. Rich families also use silk fabrics, but they are recognized as luxury clothes in society. Today, we call this well-dressed and uneducated young man "Brother Wan Ku", which is the reason. "Wanku" is trousers made of fine silk.

Biography of Hanshu: "In recent years, Jinhua's career has been ruined. Being a group with the sons of Wang and Xu lies in romance, but it is not good." Tang Du commented on "General Code": "However, your children are proud of their good looks, loved by people, dressed on their backs, powdered on their faces, coquettish clothes, coquettish clothes." Therefore, in the Ming Dynasty, Zhang Dai clearly said in the section "Night Flight and Clothes": "Wan Kun is the clothes of your children." Clothing is the traditional dress of the people in the Central Plains. For the northern nationalities, it is inconvenient to ride a horse in petticoats, so their trousers are perfected earlier than those of the Han nationality. A bronze ribbon of China collected by Toyo Art Museum in Germany shows two powerful people wearing crotch pants. The same ribbon ornaments were also unearthed in the Xiongnu tomb in Chang 'an, Shaanxi. This is an earlier trousers image among the existing cultural relics. After King Wuling of Zhao practiced "Khufu riding and shooting", Han people began to wear trousers, but at first they were mostly used in the army, and later they gradually spread to the people. According to the literature, although the trousers in Qin and Han dynasties have developed from shin clothes to trousers that can cover the thighs, the crotch is often not sewn, which is for the convenience of private drowning, because there is a skirt outside the trousers, so the lower body will not be exposed. Later, a kind of "poverty" appeared in the court, which was composed of thighs and covered with cavities. The crotch was applied between the two strands, and the crotch was not stitched, but tied with a belt. It is said that these pants appeared in the Western Han Dynasty Palace.

According to "The Biography of the Empress in the Palace of Han Dynasty", Huo Guang, the younger brother of Huo Qubing, a famous Western Han Dynasty star, ascended the throne with the support of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, and married his granddaughter to Emperor Zhao as the queen. In order to make the queen "pamper and have children", he proposed "no entry" on the grounds that the emperor was ill. Although the rich gave orders that they were all poor and brought a lot of things, no one could enter the harem. Fu Qian, a scholar in the Eastern Han Dynasty, noted in this record: "Poor, there is a front and back, and there is no traffic. "At that time, I would rather tie a belt on my crotch than hold my crotch full, or for the convenience of urinating. Therefore, poor pants are also called "drowning pants", which are used not only by women but also by men.

According to Records of the Historian, Zhang Shu in Shiwan, Biography of Zhou People in Hanshu, etc., "(Zhou) is a man with a heavy yin, who often wears clothes to mend his clothes and throws himself into the water ... so he is very lucky." Because he often wears patched old clothes, ties and drowns, he is deeply trusted and favored by Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, and is allowed to go in and out of the back hall of the palace and be among beautiful women, because in the eyes of Emperor Jing, it is impossible for such a person to be lewd and intimate with women. Drowning, according to Yan Shigu's note, is poor pants. Full crotch pants were adopted by Han people. In order to distinguish "crotch", pants with full crotch are often called "crotch", and some are written as "crotch".

After the death of Justin in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Biography of the Sages in Runan said, "Instead of mourning coffins, you should wear trousers, shawls and kiss the corpse on the bed. "Kun" here refers to pants with full crotch. Ruan Ji in Jin Dynasty was a man who didn't obey the etiquette. He compared people who obey the rules to "a group of lice in the middle" and laughed at these "lice". "I escaped from the deep seam and hid the bad floc, thinking that I was lucky; I dare not leave the seam, dare not move my crotch, and think I have a rope of ink. " The word "crotch" is explicitly mentioned here, which shows that crotch is pants with crotch. As Yan Shigu said in his note "Urgent Articles": "The person who meets his crotch is the one who is the most hands-on." The so-called "the person with the most personality" means wearing it. After the crotch is stitched, it also has the function of hiding shame, and it is not necessary to cover the skirt outside. However, due to the shackles of traditional habits, people in the upper class are reluctant to wear them alone. Only soldiers and slaves with low social status are willing to wear them alone for the convenience of activities. We can see this phenomenon from the figure paintings of the Warring States and the Han Dynasty. Most people in this class wear skirts instead of skirts.

In addition to knee-length trousers, there were also shorts in the Han Dynasty, that is, pants with stitched crotch. These short films are also written by ordinary people. On the stone reliefs unearthed from Han Hong's Flash Tomb in Jiaxiang and Han Tomb in Yinan, Shandong Province, a farmer wore these shorts to farm, and all other parts of his body were exposed except his lower body covered by these briefs. According to documents, this kind of triangle shorts, which was called "calf nose" at that time, contains the historical fact that Sima Xiangru, a great writer in the Han Dynasty, "made a calf nose in Chengdu, mixed with precious poems and washed utensils in the city". Why are these briefs called "calf nose"? There are three completely different explanations in later generations. Zhao Wei of the Three Kingdoms explained that these shorts are "made of three-foot cloth and shaped like a calf's nose." Three feet in the Han Dynasty is about 70 centimeters today, and the width of the cloth in the Han Dynasty is very narrow, so the pants cut with such a piece of cloth are of course very small. According to Zhao Wei's explanation, these shorts are wide at the top and narrow at the bottom, with holes at both ends, which can bear double strands and are very similar to the shape of the calf nose, so they got such a name. However, some people disagree with this explanation. For example, Li Shizhen, a medical scientist in the Ming Dynasty, thought that "ox nose" was an acupuncture point on the human body, on the leg. Because these shorts are worn on the body, the length is just at this point, so it is named. Zheng, a contemporary of Li Shizhen, also said in the book Yan Yan: "The point on the knee is the nose of the calf, and the word is so long." However, linguists have different opinions. They think that the earliest briefs are called "(clothes+bumps)", which is pronounced "bumps", and "calf nose" means "(clothes+bumps)". Qian Daxin, a scholar in the Qing Dynasty, said in his New Records of Ten Yang Zhai: "There is no word (clothes+sudden) in Shuowen, so it should be sudden, and later generations will add clothes to their ears." In any case, it is always a fact that the legs and noses are trousers or briefs. As a scholar, Sima Xiangru used to be an official. According to the custom at that time, he wouldn't wear these shorts in front of everyone, but when he was traveling in Lin Qiong, he fell in love with Zhuo Wenjun, a rich girl who had just lost his wife, and went to Chengdu with him. Wen Jun's father, Zhuo Wangsun, strongly opposed the marriage. When he learned that his daughter had eloped, he immediately cut off the economic supply to Wen Jun. Sima Xiangru, a generation of talented people, was forced by life and had to buy a wine house and make a living by selling wine. He asked Wen Jun to be his own stove and owner. What about himself? Simply took off his coat, only wearing a pair of briefs to wash wine in public, which made Zhuo Wangsun embarrassed and finally had to admit the marriage.

The words "Fu" and "You" after Wei and Jin Dynasties can be called both "Fu" and "Fu". The world said Ren Xinyu Dan: "I take heaven and earth as the building, and the room is (towel+army) clothes. Why did you come into my arms? "

Biography of Liang Shu Zhu Yi: "China people ... wear small sleeve robes, with braided hair hanging down their backs and their hips folded." Hip and crotch here refer to the same thing, that is, pants with folded hips. Pants were very popular in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. "Due to the influence of foreign lifestyles, most of the clothes in the lower body of ordinary people during this period were trousers. Pants are loose in shape, especially the two legs, which are often made very fat, hence the name "big underpants". A few years ago, "bell bottoms" were all the rage in China, and many people regarded it as a "new fashion". But as early as thousands of years ago, these pants appeared in China. Jackets used with wide-mouth pants are generally made tight and called "pleats". Pleats and trousers were worn together, which was called "autumn, pleat" at that time. This is the most popular clothing style in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. At first, it was mostly used in the military to facilitate marching operations. Later, people found that this kind of clothing was much simpler and more suitable than the traditional clothing in China, so they adopted it one after another and gradually became the common clothing of ordinary people. Generally, it is made of thick fabric, and it is made of animal skin in autumn and winter. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Pei Songzhi quoted the Records of the Three Kingdoms, Wu Shu and Lv Fan from Biographies of Jiangbiao: "At the beginning of Fan, he explained more (clothes+hooks), wrinkled and whipped himself, claiming to be the commander-in-chief, making plans and giving him a biography, which entrusted him with many things.

"Jin Shu Yang Ji Biography": "Ji Youcai. He sent people from Emperor Wu to try hunting at the foot of Beishan Mountain. He and his servant Ji Wang were all dressed in cloth, riding horses and holding horns in front of the car. " Women also wear pleats. For example, "Taiping Yulan" volume 695 quoted "Xihe Collection": "There is no sericulture in Xihe, and women take foreign brocade as pleats." Because the trouser legs are too fat and loose, people cut the ribbon into small pieces of 3 feet and tie the knees of the trouser legs tightly, so it is more convenient to walk and ride horses. This kind of trousers binding was called "trousers binding" at that time, and there are a lot of records in history books. For example, the Book of Songs quoted in 1965 Taiping Yu Lan: "The culprit Shao Mi rebelled, Yuan Shu stopped it, Shao Yin started it, and Shu was given a discount." She cut three feet of brocade as the main garment, split it in the middle, and pleated it side by side with Shu and Zuo. "Biography of Southern History Shen Qing": "Open the door to celebrate it, celebrate it, and it will be Wei+Wei." Another article "The Story of the East Faint Hou" wrote: "(The East Faint Hou) is dressed in a hurry and wears a crimson shirt, thinking that it is often worn, neither cold nor hot." Portrait bricks unearthed from the tombs of the Southern and Northern Dynasties in Dengxian County, Henan Province, literati lacquer paintings unearthed from Sima Jinlong's tomb in Datong City, Shanxi Province, and pottery figurines unearthed from Feng's tomb in Jingxian County, Hebei Province, all reflect the people wearing these pants, and the form of pants is also very specific. The clothes commonly used by men in the Tang Dynasty were mainly robes with trousers inside. Although women like to wear skirts, their trousers have not been abandoned, especially when Khufu is popular. The corset system still exists, but it is mostly used for military generals and guards. Ordinary men's and women's trousers, especially women's trousers, have obvious convergence, which is just the opposite of the wide-mouth trousers popular in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and is usually made tight and narrow; The trouser legs are also obviously gathered. Pants first appeared in the form of shin clothes, and after a long period of evolution and development, they later returned to the form of shin clothes. Over-the-knee pants popular after the Song Dynasty are a kind of shin clothing. It's just that the over-the-knee clothes in the pre-Qin period are worn close to the body, while the over-the-knee pants in the Song and Ming Dynasties can be worn outside the pants. According to historical records, men and women in the Song Dynasty wore knee-length pants regardless of rank. Zhu Xi's Quotations records that Qin Gui, a traitor in the Southern Song Dynasty, is a relative of this dynasty. Although he was highly valued by Emperor Gaozong, Emperor Gaozong took preventive measures against him from time to time. After Qin Gui died, he couldn't help but breathe a sigh of relief and said to his liegeman, "Even today, I don't need to stab my knee with a dagger!" It can be seen that even the emperor usually wears knee pants. It was very common for men and women to wear knee pants in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Over-the-knee pants in the Ming Dynasty were mostly made into flat mouths, up to the knees and down to the ankles, and tied to the calves with straps.

Pan Jinlian's dress in the sixty-seventh chapter of Jin Ping Mei Ci Hua: "Wear a purple embroidered shirt" and "Wear a gauze skirt with a lining"? Skirt ",inside the skirt, wearing a pair of" red over-the-knee pants ". The Journey to the West also said at the 47th session, "That daughter is wearing a flower hoop with a pendant of eight treasures on her head, and ... her legs are tied with two golden over-the-knee pants. "They are all about these over-the-knee pants. In the Qing Dynasty, over-the-knee pants were called "pants" because their length was not limited to below the knee, but also covered the thighs. The materials used are satin, yarn, silk, tweed and so on. Others are made into pants or stored in pants with wadding, the latter is mostly used in winter. There are also many shapes of trouser legs: they are vertical in the early Qing Dynasty; In the mid-Qing dynasty, the upper part was wide and the lower part was narrow, and the bottom of the trouser leg was tightly wrapped around the calf. In order to be convenient to wear, the trouser legs are often split and tied with belts. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, a kind of loose trousers was advocated, and the leg size was doubled at first. Li Jingshan, a poet in A Qing, wrote in his Ode to Mendumen: "There have been few heroes since ancient times. Is it like wearing pants now? What's the point of "lifting the tripod to pull out the mountain?" The thick legs have three measurements, which is amazing. During this period, most of the trouser legs were cut into sharp corners, exposing the outside of the hips and thighs. Women's trousers, the waste of trouser legs are often inlaid with lace, and the colors of the fabrics used are relatively bright. In addition to pants, ordinary pants were still used in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, which can be lined in robes and long skirts, or worn outside with coats and other clothes. There are also many kinds of materials, depending on the season. There are a lot of descriptions in the novels of Ming and Qing Dynasties, such as the 33rd chapter of "Biography of Awakening Marriage": "I took one of Mr. Di Wai's waist to wash the summer trousers, and asked Mr. Di Zhou to wait on him to wash, shave and change them." A Dream of Red Mansions: Sixty-third time: "Baoyu only wore a small coat made of red cotton yarn, got off his green trousers, and his trouser legs were loose ... and Fang Guan began to use his fists." Back to the 59th Mirror Flower Edge: "Whoosh, ... another woman in purple flew in? Short coat, purple underneath? Cotton trousers. "Because the time is not far away, there are still many remains of these pants in the folk.

There is a big difference between men and women in body shape, so there are different ways in the process of trousers cutting. Here is a brief introduction to the differences and structural relationships between men's and women's trousers.

The waist section of male body is higher than that of female body, so it is decided that the length of female trousers is much longer than that of male trousers at the same height.

The depression of women's trousers waist is more obvious than that of men, and the difference between hip circumference and waist circumference is also greater than that of men. The back of women's trousers is fuller, the side buttocks are more prominent, and the hip peak is lower than that of men's trousers, so women's trousers are more economical and longer than men's trousers, and the slope of the rear gear is more sufficient. At the same time, the split potential of women's trousers outside the waist and buttocks is greater than that of men's trousers.

Due to the physiological differences between men and women, it is determined that the concave potential of men's trousers is greater than that of women's trousers, and the door towel is always located in the front and middle, while women's trousers can be set at will, which further determines that women's trousers can design door towels in front and back, but men's trousers can't.

These are pants. Do you understand this classmate ~ you can't type so many words below ~ materialist dialectics should be plural and subjective idealism should be singular. Do it yourself ~