The wood structure system of the building is inseparable. Because wood can't last long, China architecture has long adopted the method of painting and tung oil on wood to protect wood, strengthen wood components and increase aesthetic feeling, so as to achieve the effect of combining practicality, firmness and beauty. Later, columns and beams were decorated with scarlet, or painted on arches, beams and squares.
After long-term practice, China architecture has accumulated rich experience in the application of color, and formed different regional color styles in the north and south.
Buildings in the north are very good at using color contrast and harmony, and often have lively characteristics. The main part of the house, that is, the part that can often get sunshine, is generally warm, especially vermilion; The shadow under the eaves is a cool color with blue and green. This emphasizes the warmth of the sun and the gloom of the shadow, forming a pleasant contrast. Scarlet doors and windows and blue-green eaves are often decorated with gold wires and dots, and there are also several red dots between blue-green roofs, which makes the colorful paintings on buildings more vivid and enhances the decorative effect. The formation of this color style is largely related to the natural environment in the north. Because in the flat and vast North China Plain, the color of winter scenery is very monotonous. In such a natural environment, this color makes the building lively and interesting. For example, Beijing's Forbidden City, Temple of Heaven and other buildings, red doors and windows, blue-green eaves, yellow, green or blue glazed tiles, gorgeous and vivid, like costumes on the Beijing Opera stage. And they are usually lined with one or even several layers of white marble footings and railings. In autumn and winter, under the cloudless blue sky of Wan Li in North China Plain, this color effect is extremely moving. Similarly, in the south with beautiful mountains and rivers and evergreen seasons, the color of buildings is limited by the architectural hierarchy in feudal society on the one hand, and it is also because the south is evergreen and flowers bloom in all seasons. In order to coordinate the color of the building with the natural environment in the south, it uses elegant colors, and forms a beautiful and elegant style with white walls, gray tiles, chestnut and dark green beams and columns. This color gives people a cool feeling in the hot summer in the south, unlike strong colors, which are easy to stimulate people.
Of course, apart from the two styles mentioned above, there are also some differences in the use of colors in ancient buildings of different nationalities and regions in China.
15. Look at this article, and talk about the differences of color styles between the north and south buildings in ancient China. (2 points)
16. What's the use of citing examples of the Forbidden City and the Temple of Heaven in Beijing? (3 points)
17, combined with the context, talk about the role of additives in underlined sentences. (4 points)
① "One of the characteristics of China's ancient architecture is that it is the boldest and the best at using colors." Can the "one" in the sentence be deleted? Why?
"This emphasizes the warmth of the sun and the coolness of the shadows, which forms a pleasant contrast." If the word "pleasing to the eye" in the sentence is replaced by "obvious", what is the difference in expression effect?
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18, China folk culture (such as yangko, gongs and drums, dragon dance, Spring Festival couplets, paper, etc. ) has distinctive national characteristics in the use of color. Please grasp the characteristics and introduce one of them, and explain its color beauty in vivid language. (not less than 80 words) (5 points)
Reference answer 15, the buildings in the north are bright and lively, and the south is beautiful and elegant. 16. Taking the Forbidden City and the Temple of Heaven as examples, the author illustrates the characteristics of contrast and harmony (or liveliness) in northern architecture, and the relationship between the formation of color style and the natural environment. 17, ① "one" cannot be deleted. "One" shows that it is one of the many characteristics of ancient architecture in China, but it is not the only one. This makes the language more accurate. ② "pleasing to the eye" highlights the visual enjoyment brought by color contrast, while "obvious" only emphasizes the intensity of contrast. 18 For example, yangko is a popular folk dance in rural areas of China. It embodies a distinctive national style in the use of color. When people dance yangko, the clothes they wear are in sharp contrast, red, blue, yellow, green and colorful. Everyone sang and danced with the accompaniment of gongs and drums to express their happy mood and yearning for a better life. The dancing red silk reflects a bright smiling face and becomes a beautiful scenery.
Economic wisdom, skillfully using the relationship between them to offset their weaknesses, is the treasure of China's traditional thought. The world-famous Tai Ji Chuan is the direct product of this thought; The earthquake-resistant and shockproof method of ancient wooden structure system in China can be called "Tai Chi Biography of China Heritage Earthquake Memory Edition". Different from the western masonry structure, the traditional wooden structure in China adopts the thinking of "combining rigidity with flexibility" when resisting earthquake impact. Through various ingenious measures, its goal is to minimize the powerful natural destructive power at the least cost.
2008"5? 12 "Wenchuan earthquake, the collapse of a large number of modern buildings stimulated our sensory cells. China is one of the countries with frequent earthquake activities and the most serious disasters in the world. How did our ancient philosophers face these sudden disasters in the process of fighting against earthquake disasters? Perhaps the search for this answer is full of suspense, but a large number of architectural material heritages left by ancestors contain the scientific wisdom of the Chinese nation to resist earthquake disasters-to be flexible. Ordinary is ordinary, brilliant is outstanding, especially the performance of wooden buildings in earthquake resistance is particularly prominent. The wooden structures of many ancient buildings in China have successfully withstood the test of major earthquakes, such as the wooden pagoda in Yingxian County, Shanxi Province, the main hall of Fengguo Temple in Yixian County, Liaoning Province, Guanyin Pavilion in Dule Temple in Jixian County, Tianjin, and Jukui Pavilion in Tonghai, Yunnan Province. After thousands of years of earthquakes, they still stand proudly ... These wooden buildings have good seismic performance. First, they are endowed with certain seismic capacity by structural materials; Secondly, structural selection is beneficial to earthquake resistance; More importantly, our ancestors summed up and created structural measures full of wisdom and skills in repeated successes and failures, which were organically combined into a whole. Their harmony was born in the space of combining strength and beauty, and the influence of seismic waves on the whole was effectively reduced by a statically indeterminate attitude with a system that structuralists could not simplify. When the ultimate goal of modern architectural design is to resist the intensity of 9-degree earthquake, the excellent wooden architecture created by ancient philosophers in China has basically reached this harsh requirement in inaction, and its cost is far less than that of the western "rigidity", which makes people admire the power of "softness".
Material determines performance: the explanation of "1" and the flexibility of the main structure material give the main structure an inherent advantage in earthquake resistance.
When we appreciate the western "stone history books" with complex feelings, we find that those buildings with masonry as the main structure are different from our buildings with wood as the main structure. From the material itself, wood is an almost homogeneous organic rigid and flexible material with light weight and good mechanical properties. The advantage of personality shows the characteristics of a "living" organism. Buildings made of wood and other ductile materials have light weight, good elasticity and plasticity, and strong ability to resist instantaneous impact load and periodic fatigue damage, so the structure itself reduces a lot of seismic force and energy in the earthquake. In history, there have even been cases in which the wooden structure moved forward several meters under the impact of strong earthquake force, but the building still has no examples of falling apart. In addition, the Chinese nation, which is distributed in vast land, has long chosen building materials suitable for local natural conditions according to local conditions. In addition to wood, a large number of organic materials such as bamboo, Vitex negundo and rattan grass are also used as building materials. These materials are flexible in nature, light in weight and high in earthquake resistance, and can live in harmony with the local environment to the greatest extent, which is thousands of years earlier than the concept of sustainable development that has only flourished in contemporary times.
Flexible joint structure: the same expression of "1", flexible articulated joint and advanced joint system.
The Chinese nation has not only wisely chosen wood and other organic materials as the main structural materials since the beginning of civilization, but also the creation of bucket arches is another important warrior in the earthquake resistance of ancient buildings in China, which plays a similar role in deformation and energy consumption of automobile shock absorbers during earthquakes. Historical experience shows that in a strong earthquake, the main hall with a hat in the same temple can still be preserved even though the low-level ancillary buildings without the hat were destroyed, which fully shows the contribution of the hat to earthquake resistance. The bucket can not only play the role of "shock absorber", but also the bucket group connected by various horizontal members can form a "rigid plate" with strong integrity, which transfers the seismic force to the columns with seismic capacity according to the principle of "those who can do more work", greatly improving the safety of the whole structure.
In addition to these obvious technologies, a large number of other technical measures have been adopted in ancient Chinese traditional buildings, which are the key to the earthquake resistance of ancient buildings.
For example, the use of tenons and mortises: tenons and mortises are extremely ingenious inventions, and our ancestors began to use them as early as 7000 years ago. This connection mode of components without nails makes the traditional wood structure in China a special flexible structure that surpasses the bent, frame or rigid frame of contemporary buildings. It can not only bear a large load, but also allow some deformation. Under the action of earthquake load, it absorbs some seismic energy through deformation, thus reducing the seismic response of the structure.
In ancient architecture, purlin-cushion composite system or single component will appear under the bucket arch and the stigma. Taking the purlin-cushion-square composite system as an example, its structural section is similar to I-shape, and the combined bending modulus is very reasonable, and its seismic effect is similar to the I-shape structure or T-shape structure in modern buildings.
For example, the ratio of the height of the load-bearing column to the cross section of the column in the ancient wood structure system is mostly in the range of 8: 1- 10: 1. If tested by modern methods, this exquisite proportion fully meets the requirements of modern science for wooden compression bars. Slender ratio coefficient; 0.9, the internal stress of the structure is very low, so there is no need to check.