"The Yellow Emperor collapsed and was buried in Qiao Shan". It is said that the Yellow Emperor ascended to heaven in Qiao Shan. Later generations built a Mausoleum of the Yellow Emperor on top of the Qiao Shan on the Qushui River in huangling county (formerly known as Huan County), Shaanxi Province. The Huangdi Mausoleum is magnificent. According to ancient records, it is surrounded by mountains and waters: "Its mountains are like bridges, surrounded by meandering water." Huangling is surrounded by the ups and downs of the northern Shaanxi Plateau, where there are many ancient cypresses, lush trees and towering trees, symbolizing the ancient, tall and energetic Chinese nation.
Sacrifice to the Yellow Emperor has a long history. Guoyu Luyu records the sacrifices made by You Yu and Xia Houshi to the Yellow Emperor. Records of the Historian: The Book of Enchanting Zen contains: Qin Linggong "went to the county to offer sacrifices to the Yellow Emperor for Wuyang", which is the earliest clear record of offering sacrifices to the Yellow Emperor in the history book of our country. Later, Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, and Kangxi, the emperor of the Qing Dynasty, also wrote their own eulogies to offer sacrifices to Huangling.
19 12 years, Sun Yat-sen established the Republic of China in Nanjing and became the interim president. At the end of March of the same year, he sent people to worship the Yellow Emperor and wrote, "China was founded for 5,000 years, and the Chinese Xuanyuan has been circulated since ancient times. Create a guide car to calm down the chaos of Chiyou. World civilization, only me first. During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, 1937 also witnessed grand ceremonies in Tomb-Sweeping Day and the Shensi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region. On April 6th, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China sent Lin as a representative to attend the national grave sweeping ceremony. * * * personally wrote the Book of Sacrifice to the Yellow Emperor, praising the contribution of the Yellow Emperor: "The ancestor of Hehe was Wuhuazhao (meaning at first); Yan Yan (continuation of future generations) worships Mian (long live the country), Yue 'e (high mountains) and wide rivers. Smart and wise, the light is far (far and near); Build this great cause and stand tall in the East. "The memorial hall regards the Yellow Emperor as the spiritual symbol of the Chinese nation to resist foreign aggression and revitalize the motherland. After the founding of New China, except for the temporary suspension of public sacrifice activities during the Cultural Revolution, the sacrificial activities of the Huangdi Mausoleum were all going on normally. Compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and overseas Chinese also went to the hometown of the Yellow Emperor to pay homage.
Yandiling is located in lizhuang village, 0/7km northeast of Gaoping City, commonly known as the "Imperial Tomb". On the eighth day of April every year, it is the ancestor worship festival of Yandiling and Gu Wu Temple. Surrounding villages, such as Guguan, Beiying, Ma Huan, Lizhuang and Kouze, will hold a grand temple fair, which will last for nearly a month. There is a folk song, "It is better to be the head of a club in Gu Wu Temple when you go to Yangzhou and go to Hankou." It describes the grand occasion of the temple fair, which lasted for several generations and died at the age of 18. In the ninth year of Yuan Chengzong Dade (1305), we also tasted sacrificial offerings and prohibited chopping wood. In the past, every year, the county government would send people to the Yandiling in Lizhuang to offer sacrifices and cheer for lanterns.
Every year in Tomb-Sweeping Day or the Double Ninth Festival, people will pay homage to Huangdi Mausoleum and Yandi Mausoleum. The memorial ceremony was presided over by * * *, and the procedure of the whole ceremony was: all stood still; Nine bells and drums; The Lord and his entourage are in place; Light candles, incense and offer titles; Read a eulogy; Sacrifice three sacrifices; Play carols; Dedicated flower baskets, merit money; Nine shots were fired; Bow to your ancestors.
The Chinese Yanhuang Altar is located on the bank of the Yellow River in Zhengzhou City, Henan Province. It is an altar to worship the Emperor Yanhuang, a sacred place for hundreds of millions of Chinese people to worship their ancestors, and a patriotic education base. Giant sculptures of Yanhuang and Huangdi have become symbols of China culture reflecting the origin of civilization. In front of the giant sculpture of the Second Emperor, China Yanhuangtan Square is surrounded by mountains and waters, gathering aura, which is a place for Chinese at home and abroad to worship their ancestors and find their roots and hold grand activities. From the foot of the giant plastic-based alliance of Emperor Yanhuang to the southern end of the square, there is a first-class square called terrace. The east, north and west sides of the platform are surrounded by auspicious totem reliefs of 56 ethnic groups in China.
The altar is located in the center of the square, which is a place to worship heaven and enjoy the land. The ancestor worship altar is square, 9 meters high and 90 meters long, surrounded by nine steps, which can climb to the top of the altar. The ritual vessels are located on both sides of the aisle of the square and are divided into eight bronze dings and eight bronze reeds. Together with the giant tripod in the center of the square, Jiuding, Eight Weeds, Nine Weeds, Two Pots, One Pot and One Bean constitute the traditional display of the highest ceremonial vessels. The gate of the sun and the moon is the entrance to the square. It is divided into the sun gate in the east and the moon gate in the west. The crystal moon gate is a que-style building, which is symmetrical in north and south, imitating the appearance of an altar. It is a pyramid shape with a wide bottom and a narrow top. In the middle of the door is a square column with relief on it. The sun gear on the top of the sun gatepost is marked with a sunny bird, and the moon wheel on the top of the moon gatepost is marked with a jade toad, which means that the Chinese nation is rising day by day and the country is forever solid.
China has been a multi-ethnic country since ancient times. We usually say that we are descendants of the Chinese people, which means that we are all sons and daughters of the Chinese nation. Emperor Yanhuang is the symbol of our nation. Each of us has an ancestor who is directly related to himself, and Yanhuang, as the ancestor of the Chinese nation, is a symbolic blood relationship, which is mainly said in the cultural sense.
Many ethnic minorities from Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties to Wei and Jin Dynasties also respected Yanhuang as their ancestors. In fact, this ancestral identity has gone beyond the scope of blood, and it relies on traditional culture to maintain the whole Chinese nation. Yandi and Huangdi are symbols of the rise and unification of the Chinese nation, and they have become the national consciousness to maintain the unity of people in different regions. Yanhuang culture is also the spiritual bond of Chinese people at home and abroad. The concept of "descendants of the Chinese people" has formed the cohesion of the Chinese nation and the bond of national unity. The great image of Emperor Yanhuang is sacred in people's minds, with the sun and the moon and with the world. In the history of the Chinese nation, there were many periods of division, but eventually they were reunited, among which cultural identity and communication were an important factor.
Yandi and Huangdi are the pioneers of China's 5,000-year civilization. It is the ancestor of the Chinese nation, and Yanhuang culture is the main culture, root culture and source culture of our Chinese nation. The ancestor worship ceremony was held to further develop the Chinese civilization created by our ancestors.
Emperor Yanhuang is the pillar that unites the national feelings of Chinese people at home and abroad. Chinese people all over the world, regardless of nationality, nationality and belief, respect Emperor Yanhuang as the ancestor of Chinese humanities, and the strong centripetal force of Chinese national feelings generated from this is indestructible. For thousands of years, the Chinese nation has always been able to safeguard national unity and national unity. This great cohesion comes from the same ancestor. No one can stop this historical trend.
"The pulse of our ancestors has lasted for 5,000 years, and the soul of China will be passed down forever." In the history of China's 5,000-year civilization, the Chinese nation has always been United around the people of China, whether in times of peace or disaster. Paying homage to Yanhuang is not to worship Yanhuang as a god, but to remember how the ancestors of the Chinese nation created civilization and how to benefit future generations in a solemn atmosphere. Emperor Yanhuang, as a symbol of maintaining the Chinese nation, has been inspiring the Chinese nation to unite and strengthen itself for thousands of years and made contributions to the peace and progress of mankind. Worship heaven and earth (meditation)
"Book of Rites" said: "The husband's ceremony must respect the sky, the food is on the ground, and it is listed among ghosts and gods." The Book of Rites of Historical Records also says: "There are three books of Rites: going to heaven and doing things in the world, respecting ancestors, and promoting your teacher." Sacrifice to heaven, sacrifice to society (a regional protection god developed from the land god) and ancestor worship became the three major sacrifices in ancient China.
After the ancient ancestors had the concept of "heaven" or "god", they began to worship heaven. Sacrificing to heaven is the privilege of the royal family and the first gift of the country. Because the ancients thought that the people sitting on the throne were the only ones who inherited the destiny, and they had the right to worship heaven. "Han Shu" said: "The emperor's business is nothing more than inheriting heaven. Inheriting heaven is more important than suburban worship (the ancient suburban worship was in the southern suburbs, and "suburban worship" became synonymous with worshipping heaven). Therefore, the holy king was very careful to build his system. " The earlier ceremony of offering sacrifices to heaven was carried out on the dome by the ancients according to the concept of "the sky is round and the place is round". It is held four times a year, namely, Clifford Valley, Clifford Valley, Mingtang Award and Nanjiao Award. The southern suburb worship ceremony held from the winter solstice is the most valued. Sacrifice is the expression of people's sincerity, and it is also the most affordable for the gods. The types used as sacrifices are grain (mainly meat, followed by grain, fruit and wine), jade, man and beast, blood and so on. The way to deal with the sacrifice is to burn it. The ancients said, "God is above, you must be anxious.".
The main worship ceremony of the Zhou Dynasty was held on the day of winter solstice every year, in the southern suburbs of the capital. "Waqiu Sacrifice to Heaven" and "Fang Qiu Sacrifice to Land" are both in the suburbs, so they are also called "Suburban Sacrifice". The dome is a circular altar. The ancients thought that the sky was round, and the circle was the image of the sky, just like the circle. Before the sacrifice, the Emperor of Heaven and officials should fast and preserve the sacrifices and sacrificial vessels of God. On the day of the sacrifice, the emperor led his officials to the suburbs early in the morning. The son of heaven wore a big robe, an inner robe (a dress decorated with the patterns of moon, moon, star, mountain and dragon), wore twelve crowns, hung back and forth, tied with a Da Gui around his waist, and stood in the southeast of the dome facing west. At this time, the drums and music were ringing, and the Emperor was reported to enjoy the sacrifice. Then the son of heaven took the sacrifice to the emperor of heaven and killed it. These sacrifices were placed on the woodpile together with jade jade, jade hairpin, silk and other sacrifices. The emperor lit the firewood and let the fireworks rise to the sky for the emperor to smell. This is combustion, also known as "the sacrifice of Y and N". Then, in the music, the "corpse" was greeted on the mound. The body is decorated by the living, and as the incarnation of the Emperor of Heaven, it accepts sacrifices on behalf of the Emperor of Heaven. The corpse was sitting, with jade jade, tripod, reed and other sacrificial vessels in front of it. At this time, the corpse blood is sacrificed first, and then five kinds of wines with different qualities are sacrificed in turn, which is called the five vessels. After the first two wine festivals, you should provide the whole animal, big soup (gravy) and thick soup (salted vegetable juice). After the fourth wine offering, offer millet diet. After the sacrifice, the corpse thanked the worshippers with three kinds of wine, which were called "truth". After drinking, the son of heaven and the dance team danced the Cloud Gate Dance, which is said to be the music and dance of the Yellow Emperor. Finally, the worshippers also shared the wine cellar for sacrifice, and the body blessed the son of heaven, which was called "Yi", and later generations also called "drinking blessings". The son of heaven also gave meat sacrifices to the royal family, calling them "gifts". Most of the ceremonies for later generations to worship heaven were based on the Rites of Zhou, but only gods or monuments were used instead of corpses.
Sacrificing the land, "Interpretation of the Name and Interpretation of the Land" says: "The land is also the bottom, and everything is downloaded from the bottom." The earth carries everything, so emperors of all ages dare to be disrespectful. "Zhou Li Dales": "On the winter solstice, respect the gods; On the summer solstice, the ceremony is embarrassing. " The ancients thought that the sky was round like a vault and the place was like a chess game, so the square could not be closed with a round cover. Therefore, the square is surrounded by Mount Tai and pine trees, while the square is divided into nine lands according to China and other directions, also known as Kyushu. According to this cosmic model, the gods who worship the earth built a square altar in the river to imitate the earth, surrounded by water like the four seas, called "square mound" or "square river" During the Zhou Dynasty, people built Fang Zetan in the northern suburb of the capital to worship; From Qin and Han Dynasties to Tang and Song Dynasties to Ming and Qing Dynasties, land worship or heaven worship was carried out in the southern suburbs at the same time, which was called suburban worship of heaven and earth; Or in the northern suburbs, there will be special sacrifices on the solstice in summer. Generally speaking, the ceremony of offering sacrifices to the earth is similar to that of offering sacrifices to heaven, except that the way of burning sacrifices is changed to burial or blood sacrifice. The burial is about to be buried in the earth or in the altar, directly offering sacrifices to the land god; Blood sacrifice is to drop the blood of human, livestock and livestock directly into the soil.
Close your eyes and meditate is the highest etiquette for worshipping heaven. Building an altar to worship heaven on Mount Tai is called "Feng", and building an altar to worship places under Mount Tai or other places is called "Zen". For example, "White Tiger Yi Tong" said: "Heaven respects height, and the earth values thickness. Therefore, the sky is reported by the height of Mount Tai, and the land is reported by the toe of the father of Zen Liang. " Mount Tai, the head of the Five Mountains, is where the sun rises. The ancients thought it was the closest place to the sky, and the highest emperor on earth should go to the highest mountain to worship the highest god in the sky to show that the king ruled the people by destiny. Therefore, after the ancient emperors were appointed to the throne, they often held a closed meditation ceremony. The purpose is to tell God that the dynasty has changed according to its omen, and that the new emperor accepted the destiny and ruled the people on behalf of heaven, thus strengthening the concept of "divine right of monarchy". At the same time, we also pray for God's blessing and blessing by offering sacrifices to defend our country. In addition, feudal rulers always thought that Guan Chan was a matter of "peace and prosperity", that is, "Guan Chan stresses peace", and only emperors with moral policies were qualified to Guan Chan. It also became a means to praise the emperor's "merits" and whitewash peace. Judging from the theory of Zen, the earliest extant document is Guanzi Hechan, in which 72 articles record Mount Tai and the ancestral beam of Zen in ancient times. "Five Classics Yi Tong" says: "Change the surname to be king, achieve peace, seal Mount Tai, Zen Liang's father, and take fate as king, so that a group of people can live a peaceful life and report to the gods."
The amenorrhea ceremony is not only complicated, but also mysterious. Legend has it that although there was a saying that Zen was closed in the times, Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, there was no specific record. Entering the feudal society, although there are records, the closed-door Zen rituals in different dynasties are not the same. The first person who really held the retreat ceremony was Qin Shihuang. In 2 19 BC, he climbed Mount Tai to hold a amenorrhea ceremony. Before Qin Shihuang closed his retreat to Zen, he called 70 Confucian scholars and asked about the etiquette of closing his retreat to Zen. Confucian scholars have different opinions, and Qin Shihuang is at a loss. Finally, he decided to end the meditation. From the southern slope of Mount Tai to the top of the mountain, he "set up a Zande stone, which clearly indicated that it would be sealed", and then meditated from the northern slope of the mountain to Fuliangshan. This etiquette is similar to worshipping God with great desire, but the seal is secret, so the world can't remember it.
Before the closure of Zen, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty discussed the etiquette of closure of Zen with Confucian scholars many times. Finally, it was decided by Emperor Wu to add gifts according to the ceremony of offering sacrifices to Taiyi God as a grand gesture. Its wall is at the foot of Mount Tai in the east. The jade book is buried under the seal, and the content is confidential. After the ceremony, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty climbed Mount Tai alone with his entourage Huo Zihou, and also sealed the soil, which has been kept secret. The day after I reached the top of Mount Tai, I came down from Taishan North Road. A Zen ceremony was held in the sacred mountain of Fu Liang. In the two ceremonies of mountain closure and meditation, worshippers wear yellow clothes, paved with "one hair and three ridges" produced between Jianghuai and sealed with five-color soil symbolizing the five parties. Before the ceremony, the court attendants and Confucian scholars were ordered to wear fur coats, tie big belts and put them on plates to hold a cow shooting ceremony. After the ceremony, the "exotic birds, wild animals and pheasants in the distance" collected from all over the country were placed vertically. After the ceremony, Emperor Wu accepted the congratulations from the ministers in Tang Ming, Mount Tai, and issued an imperial edict announcing that there was a mysterious "Jingguang" when Mount Tai was sealed, to show that he was recognized by God. To commemorate this ceremony, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty changed the Yuan Dynasty to the first year of Yuanfeng (BC 1 10). Later, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty went to Mount Tai to meditate many times. In later dynasties, meditation was basically the same as this, but the details were different.
In ancient China, six emperors, Qin Shihuang, Han Wudi, Han Guangwu, Tang Gaozong, Tang Xuanzong and Song Zhenzong, all held Mount Tai meditation ceremonies. , Liu,,, Sui Wendi, Emperor Taizong, etc. Since the Southern Song Dynasty, emperors of several dynasties have combined Zen with suburban worship. In the 18th year of Yongle (1420), Ming Chengzu built an altar of heaven and earth in the southern suburbs of Beijing to worship heaven and earth together. During the Jiajing period, heaven and earth were dedicated to each other. Fang Zetan (the Ditan) was built in the northern suburb, and the original dome in the southern suburb was renamed the Temple of Heaven, which was dedicated to praying for heaven and valley. In the Ming Dynasty, when worshipping in the suburbs, "Chenhukou Qiangu was born under the altar". In the Qing Dynasty, the Temple of Heaven was also used to pray for heaven and valleys. In the late Qing dynasty, the ritual system was slightly loosened, and the folk custom of offering sacrifices to heaven gradually appeared. People often burn incense to worship heaven in January and January, and then worship their ancestors. After the Republic of China, the worship of heaven appeared in the folk with a plain face and became a folk custom, such as "worshipping heaven and earth" in wedding etiquette.
The Huangdi Mausoleum in Shaanxi was buried by the emperor, and the Huangdi was buried in the Huangdi Mausoleum in Shaanxi.
The Mausoleum of the Yellow Emperor, called "Qiaoling" in ancient times, is a place where emperors and celebrities sacrificed to the Yellow Emperor. The earliest sacrifice to the Yellow Emperor in history began in the third year of Qin Linggong (422 BC), and Qin Linggong "served as Wuyang to worship the Yellow Emperor". Since the first year of Yuanfeng (1 10 years ago), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty personally led180,000 troops to offer sacrifices to the Mausoleum of the Yellow Emperor, Qiao Shan has been the place where national festivals have been held in past dynasties, and various cultural relics from the Han Dynasty to the present have been preserved.
After the Yellow Emperor defeated Chiyou with Yan Di, the leader of the Chinese tribal alliance became the master of the world, which made the Chinese nation enter the civilized era from the wild age. The great achievements of the Yellow Emperor were naturally admired and worshipped by future generations. After the death of the Yellow Emperor, in order to express the memory of this ancestor of mankind, people built a tomb on Qiaoshan Mountain and a temple to offer sacrifices.
Extended information: the leader of the Yellow Emperor's ancient Huaxia tribal alliance and the Lord of the ancient Chinese nation. The first of the five emperors. Known as China's "ancestor of mankind". According to legend, he is the son of Shao Dianhe, whose real name is Gongsun, and later changed his surname to Ji Xuanyuan. I live in the hill of Xuanyuan, named Xuanyuan, and there are bears in the capital, also known as Xiongshi. Others call it "Di Hong's".
History shows that the Yellow Emperor was named after his virtue. The great achievements of the Yellow Emperor in unifying Chinese tribes and conquering Dongyi and Jiuli nationalities go down in history. During the reign of the Yellow Emperor, he planted hundreds of crops and plants, vigorously developed production, and began to make clothes, build ships and cars, make music and create medicine.
According to legend, Huangdi's birthday was on the third day of the third lunar month. In 2698 BC, Huangdi ascended the throne at the age of 20. Accordingly, Huang Di was born in 27 17 BC. According to legend, when the Yellow Emperor was born, he became a perverted god. Not long after birth, I can speak. At the age of 15, I have done everything.
In 2697 BC, the Yellow Emperor, who was only 20 years old, succeeded to the throne with the bear. After Huangdi became a tribal leader, Xiong's forces developed rapidly and formed an independent Huangdi tribe.
In the process of developing from Jishui to the east, Huangdi tribe inherited the agricultural production experience since Shennong, developed primitive agriculture to a highly prosperous stage, and made the tribe develop rapidly. Because he invented the mysterious face, he called it Xuanyuan.
Huangdi Mausoleum in huangling county, Shaanxi Province, located in Beiqiao Mountain, huangling county, Shaanxi Province, is the crown mausoleum of the Yellow Emperor; 196 1 year, the State Council was announced as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units, and was listed as the "No.1 ancient tomb", known as "the first mausoleum in the world". Huangdi Mausoleum, called "Qiaoling" in ancient times, is the place where emperors and celebrities in China offered sacrifices to Huangdi.
According to records, the earliest sacrifice to the Yellow Emperor began in 442 BC, and the Great Sacrifice of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the * * * th time in history. Since the temple was built in the fifth year of the Tang Dynasty (770), all dynasties have held national ceremonies here.
Baidu encyclopedia-Huangdi mausoleum