Figure 2-93 Peach Moth
1 .larval 2. Egg 3. adult
(1) Morphological characteristics The adult is 9 ~ 14 mm long and yellow. There are 23 ~ 28 black spots on the front wing and 10 ~ 16 on the rear wing. There are differences between individuals. The egg is 0.6 mm long, oval and reticulated on the surface. It is milky white in the early stage of delivery and turns from yellow to reddish brown in the later stage. The mature larvae are 22 ~ 27 mm long, and the chest and abdomen are of different colors, such as dark red, taupe and grayish blue. There are 8 brown hairs on the middle and back chest and the first to eighth abdominal segments, which are arranged in 2 rows, 6 in the front row and 2 in the back row. Pupa length 13mm, brown or light brown.
(2) Life habit: The insect has five generations a year in Jiangxi, Hubei and Fujian. In the Yangtze River basin, most of the mature larvae overwinter in the leaves of crops such as sunflower and corn, and also in castor seeds or between the walls of chestnuts warehouses. Generally, pupation begins in April of the following year, and the pupae are irregular, and adults emerge more than 7 ~ 10 in the evening. They stop at the back of peach leaves during the day and move after evening, feeding on nectar and ripe fruit juices such as peaches and grapes. It has phototaxis, strong chemotaxis to black light and strong chemotaxis to sugar and vinegar. Three days before spawning, the spawning time is mostly at 9 ~ 10 at night, and the eggs are mostly laid on peach fruits with dense branches and leaves, or near each other. The eggs are scattered. But more eggs can be laid on a fruit, and more eggs can be laid on a fruit with high maturity. On a fruit, the most eggs are laid on the trunk, followed by the fruit shoulder and the least on the suture line. Larvae hatch more than in the morning. They first spun silk at the base of the pedicel and pedicel to eat the peel, and then drilled into the stone from the base of the pedicel to eat the pulp and tender stone. Gum often flows out from the wormhole outside the fruit, and brown granular insect dung adheres to it, and there is also insect dung inside the fruit. There are often several larvae in a fruit, which can turn the fruit into harm. Larvae * * * 5 years old. When mature, white cocoon can be formed at the junction of fruit, fruit branch or two fruits.
The first and second generation larvae in the Yangtze River valley and Fujian Province mainly harm peach fruit, and the transfer of each generation after fruit picking harms corn, sunflower and other crops.
(3) Control methods ① Clear the overwintering hosts and eliminate the overwintering larvae. ② Fruit bagging. Spray 1 time before bagging to control other pests and diseases. ③ Trapping and killing adults. Light a black light at the edge of Peach Blossom Garden or trap and kill adults with sweet and sour. (4) Remove the insect fruit in time, pick up the fallen fruit, and destroy it centrally to eliminate the larvae. Removing the leaves close to the fruit and overlapping leaves can effectively reduce the eggs laid by adults on the surface of the fruit. ⑤ Check and forecast the insect situation, check the amount of eggs laid on the fruit every 2 ~ 3 days, and instruct spraying when the amount of eggs laid is obviously increased compared with the last time. Effective medicine: 50% cartap emulsion 1000 times solution, which can be used half a month before fruit picking, and is efficient for eggs, larvae and adults of all ages. 50% dichlorvos emulsion 1500 times, 40% dimethoate emulsion 1000 times and 2.5% dichlorvos emulsion 2000 times are also effective. ⑥ Unified planning, rational layout, avoiding mixed planting or adjacent planting of peach, plum, pear and other fruit trees, so as to avoid harm caused by host transfer and increase the difficulty of control.
2. Myzus persicae, Myzus persicae, belongs to Homoptera, Aphidae, also known as honey bug and oil bug. There are three main kinds of aphids that harm peach trees: ① Myzus persicae (see Figure 2-94), also known as Myzus persicae and Myzus persicae. Widely distributed, widely distributed in the northern and southern fruit areas of China. There are a wide range of host plants, among which peach is the main host in winter and early spring, and others are plum (304288), apricot, cherry, pear, citrus and persimmon. The hosts in summer and autumn are tobacco, eggplant, soybean, melon, tomato, cabbage and cabbage. There are more than 300 recorded hosts of Myzus persicae. ② Myzus persicae (Myzus arundinis Fabricius) (Figure 2-95), also known as Myzus persicae and Myzus persicae. It is distributed in fruit areas in the north and south of China. The overwintering and early spring hosts include plum (304288), apricot, pear, cherry and plum besides peach. The host plants in summer and autumn are gramineous weeds. ③ Myrtle (Myxis momonis Mats) (as shown in Figure 2-96) is distributed in Northeast China, North China, East China, Northwest China, Southwest China and Taiwan Province Province. The overwintering and early spring hosts are peaches and cherries, as well as pears and plums. In summer and autumn, the host is Ai from Nanjing. Myzus persicae and Myzus persicae are the most common among the above three kinds of aphids, and Myzus persicae is more harmful in some orchards. When aphids occur in large numbers, they concentrate on the tender branches and leaves to absorb juice, and the damaged peach leaves are pale and curly, so that they fall off, which affects the fruit yield and flower bud formation of peach and greatly weakens the tree potential. Myzus persicae is a serious pest that spreads viruses at present.
Figure 2-94 Myzus persicae
1 .wingless female aphid 2. Winged female aphid
Figure 2-95 Myzus persicae
1. winged viviparous female aphid 2. Antenna 3. Abdominal canal 4. tailpipe
Figure 2-96 Myzus persicae
1. winged viviparous female aphid 2. Wingless viviparous female aphid
(1) Morphological characteristics ① Myzus persicae. Wingless viviparous females are pear-shaped, about 2.0 mm long, and winged viviparous females are 1.8 ~ 2. 1 mm long; The body color changes greatly. Winged aphids and wingless aphids have green, yellow-green, reddish brown and other colors, and the abdominal tube is slender. ② Myzus persicae. Wingless viviparous female aphid is ovoid, about 2.25 mm long, light green and covered with gray powder; The winged female aphid is about 65438 0.5 mm long, with short abdominal tube, yellow-green or orange-green, and her body is covered with gray powder. ③ Myzus persicae. Wingless viviparous female aphid is ovoid, about 2. 1 mm long, relatively large, with black head and dark green or yellowish brown body; The winged viviparous female aphid is about 65438 0.8 mm long, light yellow-brown, and its abdominal tube is cylindrical.
(2) Life Habits Three kinds of aphids occur once a year 10 ~ 30 generations, and their life history is complicated. All of them overwinter as eggs in the bud axils of peaches, plums and plums (30729 1) and shoots with cracks in bark. After overwintering, peaches, plums and plums (30729 1) began to hatch when they germinated, which was harmful to the buds. After the flowers and leaves open, they will damage the flowers and leaves, continue parthenogenesis and give birth to small aphids in the eggs. In April and May, winged aphids were produced and migrated to summer hosts, causing harm. There are many hosts of Myzus persicae in summer, mainly Gramineae reeds. In late autumn, winged aphids fly back to peach, plum, plum and other fruit trees, producing male and female aphids and laying eggs for the winter. It develops fastest at 24℃, and above 28℃ is not conducive to its reproduction. Within 5 days, the number of people whose average temperature is above 30℃ or below 6℃ decreased.
(3) Control methods The key to chemical control is to spray chemicals before the buds have sprouted but not yet opened, and the eggs have all hatched but not yet propagated and rolled leaves in spring. Spray 1 ~ 2 times according to the insect situation from flowering to early summer. Peach trees can also be sprayed when the number of insect mouths returned after autumn is large. Commonly used pesticides are 40% dimethoate emulsion 2000 times, 50% marathon emulsion 1000 times, 50% phoxim emulsion 2000 times, 50% chlorpyrifos wettable powder 1500 times, 50% phoxim emulsion 1000 times and 50% dichlorvos emulsion. For aphid resistance, 2000 times of 40% dimethoate EC and 300 times of 50% carbaryl wettable powder can be mixed for use; Or 60-80 times of tobacco and lime (1: 1) water.
There are many natural enemies of aphids, and the control effect is quite strong. It is observed that 1 ladybug and Chrysopa grandis can prey on 4000 ~ 5000 aphids in their lifetime. So when there are many enemies that day, aphids on peach trees can be prevented by spraying the stems of inhalants. When aphids begin to harm, 7 parts of 40% dimethoate emulsion and 3 parts of water can be used on peach trees, and the liquid medicine can be coated on the trunk with a brush, with a ring width of about 6 cm, and then wrapped with a film to reduce volatilization. May and plum (30729 1) can't use dimethoate, which is harmful.
In addition, it is not suitable to plant aphid summer host crops such as tobacco near the orchard.
3. Peach leafhopper [erhronenera sudra(Distant)] Peach leafhopper (see Figure 2-97) belongs to Homoptera, Cicadellidae, also known as peach leafhopper, peach leafhopper and peach leafhopper. Common in the Yangtze River basin and southern provinces, but also distributed in the north. Adults and nymphs suck juice on the leaves, and the damaged leaves appear bluish-white spots. In severe cases, the whole leaf is pale and falls early, making the tree very weak. The main host plants are peaches and apricots, followed by plums (308292) and plums, and others are cherries, begonia, apples and pears.
Figure 2-97 Peach Leaf Cicada
1 .adult 2. Head view 3. Kill peach leaf 4. egg
(1) Morphological characteristics ① Adults are 3. 1 ~ 3.3 mm long, all of which are green. When it first came out, it was slightly shiny, and a few days later it was covered with white wax. The wings are green and translucent. ② The egg is oval, about 0.75 ~ 0.83mm long, with a slightly sharp end, milky white and translucent. ③ The growing nymph is 2.4 ~ 2.7mm long, light dark green, with purple-black compound eyes and green wing buds, and is five years old.
(2) Living habits occur for 4-6 generations a year. Overwintering as adults on evergreen trees such as citrus, litchi, longan, masson pine, cypress, arborvitae and cedar. Peach trees began to migrate from overwintering hosts to peach trees when they germinated, and a few moved to plum trees and plum trees. After the peach tree leaves are scattered, it is concentrated on the peach tree to do harm. After several generations overlap, the population density increases and the harm becomes more and more serious. Overwintering adults in Nanchang, Jiangxi moved into Taoyuan from March to April, and reached the peak from August to 65438+ 10. In August, the severely damaged leaves of Taoyuan basically fell off. The overwintering adults in Nanjing moved into Taoyuan in March, and the damage was the most serious from July to September. The first generation of adults appeared in Fuzhou, Fujian Province in April, and one generation can occur every month from June to 65438+ 10.
Adults can fly, jump and walk sideways when the weather is clear and the temperature is high. No activity in the morning, wind and rain, no phototaxis. When the peach blossom opens, it absorbs the juice of the calyx and petals of the peach blossom, forming translucent spots, which turn to harm the leaves after falling flowers, and the damaged leaves appear green and white spots. When autumn is dry, dozens of heads are clustered and rolled in leaves. Eggs are mostly produced in the midrib of leaf back, mostly near the base, and a few in petiole. Nymphs like to cluster on the back of leaves, and when they are frightened, they will quickly crawl horizontally.
(3) The control methods must master three key periods: ① When the overwintering adults move back to Taoyuan in March, especially when the Taoyuan was serious last year, more attention should be paid. (2) The peak period of the first generation nymph hatching. ③ The peak period of the second generation nymph after fruit picking.
The medicament can be 2000-3000 times of 40% dimethoate emulsion, 2000 times of 50% marathon emulsion, 80% dichlorvos emulsion 1500 times, 50% fenthion emulsion 1000 times, and 50% fenthion emulsion 1000 times. When the later temperature is high, chemicals such as dimethoate are effective. In addition, 2% cicada slough powder can also be applied when the dew is not dry.
4. psendznlacspis pentatona Targioni (see Figure 2-98) belongs to HOMOPTERA, Scutellaceae. Also known as mulberry scales and peach scales. Mulberry geometrid is widely distributed in China, and it is produced in southern Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Chongqing, Guangxi, Fujian, Taiwan Province and other provinces (autonomous regions). It is an important pest of southern peach, plum (309293) and plum tree, and can also harm pear, apple, loquat, grape, persimmon, walnut, tea and mulberry. Female insects and nymphs gather on branches to suck juice, and in severe cases, the shells are densely piled up, weakening the tree.
Figure 2-98 Mulberry White Scales
1. Male 2. Female shell 3. Egg 4. Abdominal view of female adult 5. Male shell 6. Lin Quan 7. sacrifice
Germination is slow in spring, even leading to the death of branches or whole plants. In 3 ~ 5 years, if it is not effectively controlled, it will lead to the destruction of Taoyuan.
(1) Morphological characteristics ① The female adult shell is 2 ~ 2.5 mm long, nearly round and grayish white. This bug is orange, and its chest is very wide. ② Male adults are 0.65 ~ 0.7mm long, orange-yellow, and their front wings are 65,438+0 gray-white. Before eclosion, the shell is flat and long. ③ Oval, light orange. ④ The newly hatched nymph is oblate, orange-yellow, with a body length of 0.3 mm and five long antennae. It is fully developed and can crawl. After peeling, tentacles, feet and tail hairs all degenerate and begin to shell.
(2) Living habits occur for 3-5 generations a year, and the nymph occurrence period of each generation in Zhejiang is April-May, June-July and August-September of the first generation. The first generation in Fujian is April-May, the second generation is June, the third generation is July-August and the fourth generation is September. Overwintering with fertilized females on branches; The following spring is warm, with peaches, plums and so on. After germination, it began to suck, the worm expanded rapidly and began to lay eggs soon. After laying eggs, the female worm dries up and dies under the shell. Eggs are piled up under the mother in the shell, and the hatched reptiles gradually climb out of scattered activities after staying under the mother's shell for several hours. After about 1 day, they feed on branches, and after 5 ~ 7 days, they begin to secrete fluffy white wax powder to cover their backs and gradually become thicker. When peeling, they split from the ventral surface, and the worm moved back slightly, continuing to secrete wax to form a shell. The female nymph matures after twice peeling, and the male nymph becomes a pre-pupa after the second peeling, and emerges as an adult after the pupal stage. Male adults move around noon and have a short life span (only about 1 day). After emergence, they mate with females and die soon after mating. Generally, the number of newly infected plant females is large, and the number of long-term infected plant males is gradually increasing. In severe cases, the male shell is dense and the branches are as white as a layer of cotton wool.
There are many natural enemies of mulberry white scale, and Prosperella Berio Seihow. Is the dominant species. The mulberry geometrid and the mulberry geometrid are effective natural enemies to control the mulberry geometrid.
(3) The key to the control method is to focus on the chemical control of nymphae in the dispersion and transfer period and carry out comprehensive control.
(1) Combine pruning and garden cleaning to remove severely damaged branches. (2) Chemical control, that is, the nymph is captured and sprayed at the stage of dispersion and transfer. Commonly used chemicals are: 1% oil emulsion, 50% mirex 800 times solution, 50% marathon emulsion 1000 times solution, 0.2 ~ 0.3 baume sulfur mixture, 50% carbaryl wettable powder 400 times solution, 90% trichlorfon 1000 times solution. Spray the medicine carefully, and the medicine must come into contact with the insects to be effective. Peach trees are the most sensitive to phosphoramide, which is easy to cause phytotoxicity and should be banned. Experiments show that if the first generation of control is missed, all overlapping peach trees in future generations must choose organophosphorus pesticide mixture 1% engine oil to improve the control effect. However, the oil 3 1 1295 should not be used in the fruiting period and should be used instead. According to the test of Fujian Oil 3 1 1295 production area, 25% Aikasi EC was used to control mulberry beetles (spraying time was not later than the germination stage), and the dosage of unit crown projection area was 7 ~12g/m2; Using 25% Pushiling WP 1000 times solution to control Morinda citrifolia, spraying drug 65438+ 0 ~ 2 weeks after the peak of egg incubation has a good control effect and can effectively control pests.
5. Monochamus versicolor (see Figure 2-99) belongs to COLEOPTERA, Cerambycidae. It occurs in both north and south of China, and the south is mainly distributed in Sichuan, Chongqing, Guangdong, Fujian and other provinces and municipalities directly under the central government. It mainly harms peaches, plums, plums, apricots and cherries. Young insects eat the xylem of trunk to form irregular pores, which affect the transportation of juice, hollow the trunk, weaken the tree and even cause death. There are a lot of reddish-brown insect dung and sawdust outside the wormhole, which are piled on the ground at the base of the trunk and are easy to be found.
Figure 2-99 Peach-red-necked Anoplophora longicorn
1 .larval 2. Pupa 3. Female adults
Morphological characteristics (1) The adult is 28 ~ 37 mm long, black, and most of the chest is brownish red or all black with luster. There are/kloc-0 spikes on both sides of the chest and tumor-like protrusions on the back. The egg is rectangular, milky white and 6 ~ 7 mm long. Larvae is 50 mm long and yellow-white. The front chest backboard is flat and square, with yellow-brown front edge and light middle color. The pupa is yellow and white, with a body length of 36 mm. There are 1 protrusions on both sides of the chest and the center of the front edge.
(2) Living habits: once every two years in North China, after the larvae hatch, they head down into the phloem, first feed under the bark, then stop breeding for the winter, and continue to feed down on the cortex in the next spring, until the larvae grow to 30 mm in July and August, they head up into the xylem. After overwintering, the pupae mature in May and June of the third year, and the pupae emerge into adults in about 10 days. After the adult emerges from June to July, it stays in the pupa room for 3-5 days, and then comes out to mate for 2-3 days. Eggs are mostly laid in the gap between the trunk and the bark of the main branch, especially within 33 cm near the ground. The egg period is about 8 days. The total length of tunnels drilled by larvae in their lifetime is 50 ~ 60 cm.
(3) Prevention and control methods ① Before the emergence period of adults, the residues of lime-sulfur mixture were painted on the main branches and trunk, or white paint (65,438+00 parts of quicklime, 65,438+0 parts of sulfur, 0.2 parts of salt, 0.2 parts of tung oil and 40 parts of water) was used to prevent adults from laying eggs. (2) During the adult emergence period from June to July, the adults were shaken off and caught by taking advantage of their habit of resting branches at noon. Spraying 40% dimethoate emulsion or 80% dichlorvos emulsion 1000 times on branches and trunks to control adults. (3) Check the branches frequently, and find insect dung and sawdust, that is, cut 2 or 3 paths along the trunk with a knife to kill the larvae, or stab them with iron wire, or inject 100 times dichlorvos emulsion into the tunnel with a syringe to poison the larvae. ④ wormhole application. When the fresh dung is discharged from the wormhole, clean the wormhole, insert 1 aluminum phosphide (0.6g tablet of 1/8 ~ 1/4) into the wormhole, and then take the mud ball to compact the wormhole. Aluminum phosphide is a highly toxic pesticide, so we should pay strict attention to safety when storing, slicing and applying pesticide in wormholes.
6. The beaked-tailed weevil (see Figure 2- 100) belongs to COLEOPTERA, weevil. Also known as the peach weevil. It is distributed in the north and south of China. The southern provinces are Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Sichuan and Chongqing. It mainly harms peaches, plums, plums and apricots. Adult insects eat young fruits, and the fruits are covered with holes and gums, which reduces the quality. Larvae feed in the fruit, which makes the fruit rot and fall off. The damage of insects to fruits is also easy to cause brown rot.
The morphological characteristics of (1) adults are very similar to those of the pear tiger, but they are smaller. The body length (connecting pipe) is about 10 mm, and it is purplish red with metallic luster. The "small" depressions on the chest and back are not as obvious as those in Lihu Lake, and the engraved spots on COLEOPTERA are fine, with 9 on each COLEOPTERA, and the length is relatively consistent. Oval, about 1 mm long, milky white. The mature larvae are about 12.5 mm long, milky white and yellowish, with arched back and no chest or abdomen. The pupa is about 8 mm long, light yellow, slightly curved, with brown head, back and chest, long bristles and 1 pair of brown spines at the ventral end.
Figure 2- 100 Peach Tiger
1 .adult 2. Larva 3. Pupa 4. sacrifice
(2) There are 65,438+0 generations of living habits in a year, in which adults mainly overwinter in soil and some overwinter as larvae. The following spring, peach trees germinated and began to be unearthed, which was harmed by trees. The emergence period of adults is very long, up to 5 months in Fujian, and the spawning period is up to 3 months. Therefore, the early stage of each insect is irregular. The main damage period is from March to June, and the young fruit period is early April. Adults do serious harm after flowering, with the most fruit dropping. Adults are afraid of the sun and often live in places with dense flowers, leaves and fruits. They have feigned death and will fall to the ground or fly away on the way when they are frightened. Adults mainly harm young fruits, and the head tube extends into the fruit to eat pulp. The hole outside the fruit is round, and there are many holes on the surface of the damaged fruit, from which glue flows out. Adults also eat calyx, leaves and buds. When adults lay eggs, they bite a small hole on the surface of young fruit with their noses and mouths, which is about 1 mm deep. They lay eggs in caves, usually 1 egg in a cave, and there are often dozens of eggs on a fruit. After the eggs hatch, the larvae eat the fruit and feed on the pulp and stone. A fruit can have dozens of larvae at most. When the larva matures, it will drill out from the fallen fruit on the tree or the fruit eaten by insects and dive into the soil to pupate. 1 1 month is the peak of eclosion.
(3) Prevention method ① Ground spraying. In early spring, in mid-March, spray trichlorfon or dichlorvos on the ground in Taoyuan, and then drag it on the ground with an iron rake. Adults will die after exposure to chemicals. ② Capturing adults artificially. Using the fake death of adults, when the dew is still wet in the morning, shake or beat the branches and put gauze under the branches. When the adults were frightened, they fell into the net and concentrated on treatment. ③ Spraying drugs to control adults. When the adult blooms in April, spray 90% trichlorfon 1000 times or 40% dimethoate emulsion 1000 times. (4) Picking up fallen fruit, picking up rotten fruit on the tree, fertilizing or soaking in water can destroy the larvae that have not fallen off the fruit.