1. Harbin architectural art features:
Harbin, the provincial capital, is the most typical architectural development in Heilongjiang Province. It can be said that Harbin is a modern city with unique architectural style developed under specific historical conditions. According to historical records and modern textual research, Manchu ancestors lived in Harbin as early as 1000 years ago. Since then, with the armed aggression of Russia, centuries of peaceful life have ended here.
The construction of the Middle East Railway made Russia invade not only in politics, military affairs and economy. At the same time, it is also an important channel for cultural infiltration. Western culture flows into the northeast of China along the Middle East Railway. Harbin, Dalian and Lushun were the centers of spreading western culture at that time. Today, Russian-style buildings along the former Middle East Railway still retain traces of spreading Western culture.
Moscow in the East-1898, Russian colonists built Harbin in imitation of the urban planning of Moscow, Russia. The first thing they did was to build an orthodox church. 1899, the Orthodox Saint Nicholas Cathedral was built at the intersection of Xidazhi Street and Hong Jun Street, which is the highest point in Harbin today. Since then, Harbin has established the image of "Oriental Moscow". In addition, the difference between Harbin and other cities in China is that the city has "planning drawings before the city". The streets in the center of nangang district, Harbin, imitate the cobweb-like and radioactive urban planning of Moscow, Russia.
Little Paris in the East: Harbin's large-scale urban construction in modern times lags far behind that in Europe and America, and the ideological trend of architectural creation is also out of sync. Some urban construction ideas are out of date in Europe and America, while others are just emerging. These two situations occur in Harbin at the same time. Tsarist Russia is in a second-rate position in modern European culture and art, and has always worshipped more advanced French culture in history. Many Russian architects went to France to study or asked French architects to design, so in modern times, Russian architecture has been deeply influenced by French culture. In modern Harbin, there were Russian immigrant designers and designers from other countries working in Harbin, which formed the rich content of Harbin architectural art in later generations. During the same period, Baroque, Classicism, Renaissance, Romanticism, Eclecticism, Art Nouveau, Byzantine, Gothic, Japanese Modernism, Judaism, China Classicism and other architectural forms appeared in Harbin at the same time. Formed a pattern of architectural museums.
2. The development stage of modern architecture in Harbin:
It can be roughly divided into three stages:
1. Basic stage (AD1898 ~1917).
Before the formation of Harbin, Russia occupied the land here as a "ruler". In order to meet the needs of its management of the Middle East Railway, the construction of the city started almost at the same time as the Middle East Railway. It is determined to plan and build Harbin according to the model of Moscow, Russia, which is a specific historical factor in the initial urban planning.
During this period, the urban development and architectural conditions of Harbin can be summarized as follows:
(1) laid the basic pattern of Harbin, and formed four modern districts: Xinshi Street (now museum square, nangang district, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province), Butou District (now Central Street in Daoli District), Fujiadian (now Jingyu Street in Daowai District) and Old Harbin (now the west side of Gongbin Road in Xiangfang District), and determined the functional nature and street grid of each district.
(2) Scientific planning was carried out for some areas of nangang district and Daoli District in Harbin today, which reflected the fashionable urban construction concept and planning methods in Europe at that time. In the planning and layout, whether to consider the combination of topography, functional zoning, transportation network, municipal facilities, urban landscape, human settlements and other issues, to reach the advanced level at that time;
(3) A whole set of modern architectural types has been initially formed, including various public buildings, residential buildings, religious rent reduction and a few industrial buildings. These buildings belong to the modern western architectural system, and their materials, structure, commerce and construction technology were all in the advanced ranks of China at that time.
(4) In architectural style, there are Russian national style, western eclectic style, and the latest artistic style at that time. This architectural style laid the foundation for the architectural style of modern Harbin.
2. Development stage (1917 ~1931year)
During this period, the population of Harbin expanded rapidly. After the October Revolution in Russia, about 50,000 Russian refugees poured into Harbin. In order to solve the housing problem of a large number of Russian political refugees, new Russian residential areas and commercial areas such as "An Zi Film" (called "Xin 'an Port" in Japan), Na 'Harroff Card and "Hezi Film" in Daoli District of Harbin have been opened one after another. At the same time, the activities of foreign capital in Harbin have also increased significantly, which has also prompted the financial, commercial, industrial and residential construction in Harbin to reach a climax. During this period, China's national capitalism, that is, Harbin's economic development, also increased significantly at this stage. National capitalists from Qingdao, Shenyang and Tianjin set up factories in Harbin to do business. At that time, the "combination of Chinese and western" architectural activities in Daowai District of Harbin reached unprecedented prosperity. At this time, a large number of Russian political refugees and expatriates poured in, and the original religious churches in Harbin were far from what was needed in the Qing Dynasty. So they began to repair and rebuild old churches, and built a number of new churches and monasteries, charities, church schools and other buildings belonging to religious groups. Most of the existing religious buildings in Harbin were built and perfected during this period. These churches have become an important part of Harbin's urban cultural characteristics and landscape characteristics.
The architectural style of this period continued the original style, but the number of eclectic buildings in new buildings has surpassed the Art Nouveau movement and become the mainstream. In addition, during this period, under the control of China warlords, Harbin carried forward the traditional culture of China and built architectural communities with traditional culture of China, such as Confucius Temple in Harbin and Gokurakuji, which have been "westernized" for more than ten years, adding some heavy colors to the traditional culture of China.
3. Completion stage: (A.D. 193 1 year ~ 1945)
1932 At the beginning of the year, after the Japanese Kwantung Army occupied Harbin, the upper level of the Japanese Kwantung Army began to plan and implement the "Du Yi Construction Plan for Greater Harbin". During the Puppet Manchukuo period, Harbin's architectural style showed two tendencies: one was to follow the tone of Harbin's established architectural style, the atmosphere of western style was mixed with some "oriental charm", and the pattern of classical style was mixed with some modern sentiment, which added diversified colors to Harbin's modern architectural style. At present, Harbin's modern architectural style activities are at a standstill. The architectural activities in this period are three memorial pagodas, which is the end of modern architectural activities in Harbin. In fact, this period is a special stage of the transition from modern architecture to modern architecture in Harbin.
3. Factors affecting modern architecture in Harbin
1. Affected by natural environmental conditions:
The outdoor temperature in Harbin is very low in winter. In order to maintain the normal indoor temperature of buildings, good thermal insulation measures are needed. Its practice is to thicken the insulation layer of the external wall and roof and narrow the window, so that the modern architectural modeling of Harbin is "based on reality" in the relationship between reality and reality; In the plane layout, try to shorten the length of the external wall and reduce heat loss; In the color of the building, it is mainly yellow and white, giving people a warm, heavy and three-dimensional feeling. These are the characteristics of traditional architecture in northern China;
2. Affected by material and technical conditions. Harbin, located in the southeast of Heilongjiang Province, is rich in forest resources, and the timber for building is easy to obtain. Due to the lack of stone in Harbin and its vicinity, there are few modern buildings with stone as the external wall in Harbin. Brick is the most widely used building material, because compared with other building materials, it is convenient to manufacture and transport, low in price and simple in construction. Reinforced concrete structure began to appear in Harbin in 1930s, but when reinforced concrete frame structure was adopted, the partition walls were mostly brick.
3. Affected by social and historical conditions. Generally speaking, the formation of China local architectural style, natural environment conditions and material and technical conditions are the main factors, but Harbin is a special case. Since modern times, especially the colonial invasion of Russia and Japan, urban planning and construction have been carried out according to the styles of Russia, Japan and other countries.
Fourth, the characteristics of modern architecture in Harbin
Modern architecture in Harbin has absorbed many characteristics of western architectural forms and styles from Greek and Roman period to19th century, and combined with Harbin's specific geography, climate, religion, customs and social and historical conditions, a large number of various types of buildings have been successfully built, forming a unique architectural style in Harbin.
(1) Generally, classical Greek or Roman architectural forms are used to deal with the main facade modeling of buildings. In the 4th century AD, the Roman regime formally established Christianity as the state religion. In 395 AD, after the split of the Eastern and Western Roman empires, the Christian church gradually split into two major churches, the Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church. Most Russians believe in the Orthodox Church, and the basis of this religious belief makes Russian architecture have a great relationship with the architectural style of the ancient Roman Empire. The urban construction of modern Harbin was deeply influenced by the "Russian model", so the early buildings of Harbin often adopted the most common treatment methods of ancient Greece and Rome.
The order of ancient Rome originated from ancient Greece and was later inherited by the Romans. Common columns are as follows:
A, Doric column: Temple architecture, completed in the early 7th century BC, popular in Greece, southern Italy and Sicily. It is characterized by no column base, direct connection with stairs, lower thickness and upper thickness, with 16~20 grooves, and a square cover plate above the column neck. Its structure is simple and refreshing, giving people a solemn, hearty and determined feeling.
B. Oneklee:
In the second half of the seventh century BC, it was popular in Greece, Attica and Aegean islands. It consists of a base, a column and a cover plate. The cylinder is slender, with many grooves, generally 24, and it is a large circular scroll cover plate. It is characterized by lightness, fluency and liveliness.
C, Corinthian order:
In fact, it is a further development of "Ione". Its column is more slender, generally ten times the diameter of the column. The stigma is clusters of plant leaves, similar to a flower basket.
(2) Use beautiful domes, tent roofs or other forms of roofs. Many modern buildings in Harbin adopt various roof forms to enrich and beautify the building facade. Dome roofs or tent roofs are often used to highlight the corners or ends of buildings on main roads and squares in order to achieve good artistic effects;
(3) Pay attention to the interior and exterior decoration of the building and the details of the building. The appearance is decorated with gray powder, and the eaves, mountain flowers and columns are finely carved and the decoration is novel. Some interior decorations are decorated with marble, some with high-quality wood, and some are all covered with paint;
(4) The building facing the street is highly suitable, not too high or too low; The volume is harmonious and harmonious, and there are few neighbors who are too big and too small. Make use of the ups and downs of the roof form to make the building patchwork;
(5) The single building has a large area and high floors, and the vertical high doors and high windows with arched vouchers are commonly used. Pay attention to the overall shape, strict proportion and composition;
(6) The park sketches are novel in shape, harmonious in color and unique;
(7) As a part of architectural modeling, architectural colors are generally painted with cream-colored and gray pastes, giving people a warm and lively feeling.
5. Harbin modern architectural style
Harbin's modern architectural styles are rich and colorful, especially Art Nouveau and Byzantine architecture, which are rare in other cities in China. Compared with other cities in China, Harbin's "Chinese and Western" architecture is more typical. To sum up, there are several modern architectural styles in Harbin:
(1) Renaissance style:
The Renaissance began in Italy at the end of13rd century.15 ~16th century made the most remarkable achievements and occupied a dominant position in western Europe.16th century gradually declined. Its style is to adopt five horizontal and three vertical composition rules. The next section is the base, which is decorated with deeper concave joints made of heavier stones, and is often separated from the previous section by a continuous waistline; In the middle section, the wall is built in the form of full column or imitation heavy stone; The upper section is the eaves wall and the roof. The eaves wall is often decorated with vivid and leafy plant relief flowers and cornices, while the roof is a Sha Meng-style double-folded slope top with heterosexual tiger windows to form the attic floor. Square-bottomed domes are also common in French Renaissance buildings, however, domes are not half-hidden like Byzantium. Representative buildings are:
A. Heilongjiang Foreign Liaison Office
B. Harbin Zhao Lin Primary School
Harbin daoli district women children's shop c
② Baroque:
Baroque style originated in Rome at the beginning of17th century, and quickly spread throughout Italy, across the Atlantic Ocean and to American colonies. Its style is based on the architectural art of the Renaissance, pursuing novelty and diversity, and emphasizing dynamic modeling, such as broken mountain flowers, swirls formed by free curves, concave-convex changes of walls, tedious carving, strong light and shadow effects, portrait columns, busts, and human heads. Representative buildings are:
First, Harbin Xinhua Bookstore Branch-Education Bookstore
B. Lin Qiu Store
Harbin daoli district Tongjiang ST traditional Chinese medicine cancer institute
(3) Neoclassicism:
Neoclassicism is a popular architectural form at the end of 17 century. Its style is that the beauty of architecture lies in the proper integer proportional relationship between part and whole, part and part; Worship the ancient Roman order and combine the arch coupons; The composition emphasizes the master-slave relationship, highlights the axis and emphasizes symmetry; Advocate the truth and simplicity of architecture and abandon decoration. Representative buildings are:
A, nangang district yiyuan street 1 revolutionary leader visited Harbin memorial hall;
B. Harbin Northeast Revolutionary Martyrs Memorial Hall
C. Heilongjiang Provincial Art Museum
D. Harbin Workers' Cultural Palace
E. Harbin University for the Aged
(4) Byzantium:
In 395 AD, after the Roman Empire split, its Christianity was also divided into East and West factions. The Eastern Roman Empire took Constantinople as the center and called Christianity "Orthodox Church". Later, the center of the Orthodox Church moved to Russia and became the state religion of the Russian Empire. In A.D. 1898, Russian colonists planned to build Harbin according to the city appearance of Moscow, Russia. The first thing they did was to build a church. According to statistics in the early 1930s, there were about 30 churches in Harbin at that time. Because the ancient Roman Empire was divided into the Eastern Roman Empire and later renamed the Byzantine Empire, its Orthodox architectural style was called "Byzantine". Byzantine architecture flourished in the 4th and 6th centuries.
Byzantium is characterized by a dome, under which are drum stands and sail arches (part of a spherical triangle). Centralized architecture and Greek cross (left and right arms) structure are adopted. Interior decoration is decorated with colored marble slabs on walls, arches and domes. It is not convenient to stick marble boards on the surface, so use mosaic or pastel painting. The theme is religious and the colors are gorgeous. Representative buildings are:
A. Hagia Sophia Church
B. Church of Our Lady of Harbin
(5) Gothic:
Gothic is12-15th century western European architectural style centered on France. It developed from western European architecture represented by churches, and later became a typical Catholic architecture. Because Russian Catholicism is weaker than Orthodox Christianity, there are fewer Catholic churches in Russia, and Gothic architecture in Harbin is not common. This kind of building is characterized by pointed roofs, steep roofs and high windows. Latin cross (the vertical road is much longer than the horizontal road, symbolizing the crucifixion of Christ). According to church regulations, the altar of the church must be at the eastern end, so the gate faces west. The appearance of the Gothic church has a strong upward momentum, and the light vertical lines dominate the whole body and support the walls. The walls and towers are thinner and thinner as they go up, and the decorations are more exquisite. There is a small steeple on the top, and all the coupons are pointed. There are mountain flowers on the door, eaves on the niche and ridges on the buttresses. In short, the upper end of all local and detailed buildings is also pointed. Therefore, the whole church is full of upward momentum everywhere, soaring above the roof of the side gallery and clamping the central hall, as if to eject the church, while the bell tower in the west concentrates the momentum of the whole building and completes a blow to the sky. The church regards this upward trend of the church as the embodiment of the religious sentiment of abandoning the world.
In internal governance, Catholicism attaches great importance to the mysterious ceremony on the altar, so the church has a strong momentum to guide the altar. A frame-like structure is exposed inside the church, and the windows occupy the whole area between the columns. The columns are all composed of vertical lines, with bony bones and almost no walls. The windows are large, with stained glass or plaster. Representative buildings are:
Christian Church in Dongdazhi Street, nangang district, Harbin:
(6) Romanticism: Romanticism originated in Britain in the18th century and reached its peak in the 1930s and 1970s. Its style is to escape from reality and pursue the taste of medieval pastoral life, or to pursue extraordinary taste and exotic atmosphere, imitating medieval fortress or Gothic style, giving people a mysterious and romantic atmosphere. Representative buildings are:
Harbin Heping Hotel
B. Harbin No.13 Vocational Middle School
(7) Russian style:
Russian-style buildings are divided into wood structure and brick structure.
Russian wooden architecture originated from Russian folk wooden architecture. In Harbin, modern buildings are mainly wooden churches, houses and small shops built in the early stage, and there are also a few buildings in the later stage, such as Harbin Binjiang Park Hotel and Binjiang Restaurant built in the 1930s. Its construction method is to pile logs horizontally to form a load-bearing wall. At the corner, logs bite each other, and some fill sawdust with simple boards, sandwiching the walls. The roof is steep and can clear the snow. The indoor space of this kind of house is simple, but it keeps warm well. Larger buildings need to be made up of several cabins, so the shape is quite complicated. Lightweight outdoor stairs and platforms are lively and friendly. Window sashes, mountain flowers, railings, cornices, doorways and other parts are decorated with wood carvings and dyed in bright colors. The chapel in the countryside is the most important building in the Russian countryside. In order to highlight it, raise it to form a pier-shaped figure, and then give it a multi-shaped roof called "tent roof", which has become a feature of Russian architecture.
In Russia's brick buildings, a large number of workers' houses in the Middle East Railway were built in the early days, mostly bearing brick walls, a herringbone wooden house with two slopes, simple drywall, unified corner stones and curled windows, painted in uniform ivory and white, and the sun room and doorway were decorated with traditional Russian wood carvings, forming an overall coordination. Simple and fresh, slightly Russian folk style residential group.
Representative buildings are:
A. Jiang Shang Club of Stalin Park in Harbin
B, Harbin Stalin Park Riverside Restaurant
C. Heilongjiang Institute of Literature and History
D. Heilongjiang Federation of Literary and Art Circles
(8) eclecticism:
Eclecticism occupies a large proportion in Harbin's modern public buildings, mainly imitating Renaissance, Baroque and classical styles, as follows:
A. Harbin Railway Cultural Palace
B. Harbin Vehicle Factory Cultural Palace
Harbin Asia cinema
(9) Art Nouveau:
19 was born in Belgium in 1980s, and 19 spread to Russia through France at the end of the 9th century. Russian high-level officials thought that the Art Nouveau movement, which was popular in Europe at that time, was the "latest style" and tried to show their national strength with this "latest style". Therefore, the biggest feature of modern architecture in Harbin is the adoption of new artistic style. For example:
First, the former Middle East Railway Bureau Building (now Harbin Railway Bureau Building)
B. Former Council of Middle East Railway Bureau
C. Former Harbin Railway Station
D. Harbin Heilongjiang Provincial Museum
E. Lin Qiu Company in Daoli District, Harbin
Harbin Madill Hotel is a pure Art Nouveau building, showing a simple composition, flexible layout and free form. Specifically, it has the following characteristics:
A, the number of layers is not high, generally 2~3 layers of brick and wood structure;
B, the appearance of the car body is relatively simple, abandoning the ancient classical column shape and using beautiful geometric curves, especially curves that imitate the shape of vegetation, such as flower leaves, such as rattan, which bend and meander, showing a dynamic effect;
C, doors and windows of each floor are often treated as a unified, rather than repeated. The openings of doors and windows are usually semicircular, oval, oblate, square, three-centered arch, etc. There are soft and beautiful curves around, and the smooth parabolic surface is often used for wall piers, parapets and vertical belts; The surface is decorated with flowing legs such as loop lines, vertical lines and curves to replace the classical pilaster;
D, cornices don't need hollow parapets, and more walls (especially battlements between doors and windows) are directly connected with the sky, dotted with intermittent cornices;
E, balcony railings, cornice railings, stair railings, doors and windows, interior decoration, a large number of wrought iron plants are used to roll flowers, and the architectural image is lively, novel and cordial.
Compared with the birthplace of Western Europe, Harbin Modern Art Nouveau Movement has the following characteristics: First, it is mostly used in railway stations and official office buildings of the Middle East Railway Bureau; In western Europe, Art Nouveau is mostly used in shops and houses. The second is to express it with wood; In western Europe, this architectural style is mostly used for cast iron columns and windows. , creating a unique curve of the art nouveau movement style. The art nouveau buildings in Harbin are also made of iron, but the proportion is very small, because in Harbin, wood is easier to get than cast iron. Third, the construction period is long; In western Europe, the Art Nouveau movement was only a flash in the pan, popular for about ten years, and gradually declined after 1906. The Art Nouveau building in Harbin started construction almost at the same time as that in Western Europe, but it was not completed until the first quarter of the 20th century. It can be seen that the Art Nouveau buildings in Harbin last longer.
(10) Modern Japanese style:
In 1930s, a number of modern buildings popular in Japan were built in Harbin under Japanese occupation. Most of these buildings are brick wall reinforced concrete structures with 3-5 floors. The spatial layout is suitable for modern functions, and the appearance presents a simple geometric shape. Small tiles are generally stuck on the wall, and the facades are mostly simple and smooth, basically without decoration, with the style of modern architecture. Representative buildings are:
A. Heilongjiang Daily
If classicism, Art Nouveau movement and eclecticism constitute the style keynote of "Little Paris in the East" in Harbin, then the appearance of modern Japanese architecture has injected a touch of modernity into Harbin's modern architectural style and added multiple colors to the harmonious and unified architectural style.
(1 1) Judea:
Due to the construction of the Middle East Railway and more than 30 years in the 1920s and 1930s, many Jews settled in Harbin and carried out commercial and trade activities. So there are more facilities related to Jews here than other cities in China. Its architectural features are: the cornices are decorated with honeycomb stalactite arches, the entrance part is provided with horseshoe-shaped coupon windows, and the second floor is completely covered with pointed coupon windows. The pointed coupon window still retains the Jewish six-pointed star symbol (the "big satellite" of the Jewish symbol), representing the following buildings:
First, the new Jewish Museum in Harbin
B. Harbin Eye Hospital
C. Harbin Korean No.2 Middle School
D. Harbin Jewish Old Hall
(12) Islamic style:
Islamic style is mainly adopted by Islamic temples. Its style is a square body, a cylindrical drum base, a complete dome and a tall thin tower, and it likes to decorate the whole surface. The arched coupon structure is widely used, and the style of arched coupon is decorative. Representative buildings are:
I. Mosque in Daowai District, Harbin City
B. Tatar Mosque in Harbin
(13) Chinese classical style:
A. Harbin Jileju
B. Harbin No.3 Middle School (designed by Russian designers)
C. Harbin Confucian Temple
(14) Chinese and western styles:
The combination of Chinese and Western styles is a decorative art that China craftsmen integrate into the ancient traditional architectural style of China on the basis of understanding the western classical architectural style. It is located in Jingyu Street, Daowai District, Harbin. This kind of building only exists in Harbin, Shenyang, Shanghai, Shantou and other cities in China. Representative buildings are:
First, Harbin Daowai District Purification Hospital
Harbin daowai district Xiangyang fur shop
Building C, North Shidao Street grocery store, Daowai District, Harbin
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