In the early years of the Qing Dynasty, the northeast, as the back garden of the Qing court, was a desolate place. In the eighteenth year of Shunzhi (166 1), Yin Shangxian, the new government of Fengtian (now Shenyang), visited the whole territory of Fengtian. Along the way, he saw that only Shenyang, Liaoyang and Haicheng in the province were a bit like state capitals and counties, and Liaoyang and Haicheng had no walls. Gaizhou, Fengcheng, Jinzhou, "but hundreds of people." Tieling and Fushun have only people in exile. In order to change the situation of land scarcity as soon as possible, he wrote a memorial and reported it to the court. Zhang Shangxian's "Sheng Jing Xing Zhe" was a sensation. During the 23 years from the first year of Shunzhi to the sixth year of Kangxi (1644~ 1667), the Qing court issued regulations many times to reward immigrants for reclamation and increase taxes. In the tenth year of Shunzhi, the Liaodong Reclamation Order was promulgated, which later became the Liaoyang Reclamation Case. Depending on the number of recruits, it was added to the ranks and knighted. In the second year of Kangxi, the Qing court issued an order to recruit people in Liaodong, stipulating that "those who recruit 100 people in Liaodong do not need to take the exam, and they are all employed by the magistrate". Because of this, the refugees in Shandong and Hebei provinces who suffered from the Yellow River flood, or along the coast of Bohai Sea, went out of Shanhaiguan to the north and entered the Liaohe Plain in Northeast China; Or take a boat from Jiaodong Peninsula, cross the Bohai Sea, land in Liaodong Peninsula, and go to Kanto with your family to make a living. In just fifteen years, the population of Fengtian and Jinzhou increased to 65,438+6,000, more than three times that of shunzhi dynasty. However, the "land reclamation policy" was abolished shortly after its implementation. Instead, it is a strict "ban policy." In the sixth year of Kangxi, Emperor Kangxi issued a letter to the official department, abolishing the "recruiting people to give officials" and "recruiting people to give officials to Liaodong forever". In addition, it also ordered the establishment of checkpoints at nine border crossings, including Shanhaiguan and xifengkou, to strictly restrict people from going out of Shanhaiguan. In the following years, wicker side walls were built many times, and the outside of the customs was designated as a restricted area. After emperor Qianlong ascended the throne, he not only inherited the ban policy of the previous two dynasties, but also strengthened and expanded the ban on the northeast. The rulers banned the borders of Northeast China, mainly outside Jilin and Heilongjiang. Shengjing area in the border area is still loose, but there are restrictions. There are many reasons for the closure of Northeast China. The fundamental reason is that the rulers of Qing Dynasty were afraid of being assimilated by Han people and gradually lost Manchu customs and culture. In the forty-second year of Qianlong (1777), the emperor ordered the cabinet to point out: "The three northeastern provinces are the fundamental places of Manchuria, and all provinces should abide by the simple old customs of Manchuria and try their best to gradually influence the habits of the Han people. Recently, the atmosphere in Jilin, like Shengjing, is getting worse and worse, and the number of refugees is increasing day by day, which leads to the loss of old customs in Manchu. " I am worried that "the atmosphere in Jilin is so bad. If it is not urgently rectified, Heilongjiang will gradually catch the habits of the Han people, which will be very difficult." Because the Qing Dynasty won the world on horseback, "being good at riding and shooting" has always been the pride of the Qing court, and the martial spirit is the basis for maintaining the rule of the Qing Dynasty. After entering the customs, the aristocratic children who are extravagant and extravagant are no longer diligent in riding and shooting, and live a life of reaching out for food all day. Coupled with the mixed residence of Manchu and Han, the customs and culture of Han people gradually merged into Manchu life, and even Manchu people who could not speak Manchu appeared. Emperor Qianlong believed that Shengjing and Jilin were the land of Longxing. If refugees are allowed to enter the customs and live with Manchu, it will inevitably lead to the gradual impurity of Manchu folk customs. Therefore, he decided that refugees must be strictly prohibited from entering the country. Another important reason for the ban is that the northeast region is rich and beautiful, and it is also the birthplace of the Qing Dynasty. The rulers of the Qing dynasty wanted to enjoy the resources of this land and become the exclusive place to support the Eight Banners. The East is rich in ginseng, which is the livelihood of standard-bearers, and refugees go into the mountains to collect it privately, which has been repeatedly banned. In this way, the Qing court decided to legislate to ban the Northeast. The rich northeast region was regarded as "private land" and "back garden" for private use by the nobles of the Qing Dynasty, and it was closed to the outside world for more than 200 years, which made the northeast completely lag behind other provinces of 18. During the Opium War, Northeast China encountered the world in ignorance. Its military, political, economic and social systems are decadent and collapsed, making it vulnerable.