1, the same characteristics of organisms: plant nutrition: most of them make organic matter through photosynthesis; Animal nutrition: Get ready-made nutrition from outside.

2) living things can breathe.

3) Organisms can excrete wastes from their bodies.

The way animals excrete waste: sweating, exhaling and urinating.

The way plants excrete waste: fallen leaves.

4) Organisms can respond to external stimuli. Exodus: The zebra flees quickly after discovering the enemy's harm. The response of mimosa to stimulation.

5) Organisms can grow and reproduce.

6) All living things are made up of cells except viruses.

2. Scope of the biosphere: the bottom of the atmosphere, most of the hydrosphere and the surface of the lithosphere.

3. The biosphere provides basic conditions for living things: nutrients, sunlight, air and water, suitable temperature and a certain living space.

4. Environmental factors affecting biological survival:

Abiotic factors: light, temperature, moisture, etc. Biological factors: other organisms that affect the life of a certain organism.

Exodus: Ladybug septempunctata preys on aphids, which is a predatory relationship. Weeds and rice in rice fields compete for sunlight, which is a competitive relationship. Division and cooperation of family members of ants and bees.

5. Exploration: the influence of light on the life of rat and girl.

1) Question: Will light affect the life of female rats?

2) Make a hypothesis: light will affect the life of a female rat.

3) Make a plan: to test whether the hypothesis is correct, we need to explore it through experiments.

The experimental scheme requires that a control experiment needs to be designed, and illumination is the only variable in this inquiry experiment. Other conditions are the same.

4) Implementation plan

5) Draw a conclusion

6) Expression and communication

6, biological adaptation and the impact on the environment:

1) Example of biological adaptation to the environment: Camels in the desert have little urine. The underground roots of Alhagi are much longer than the aboveground parts. Seals in cold seas, thick subcutaneous fat on the chest, flag trees, etc.

2) Biological impact on the environment: Earthworms move in the soil, which can loosen the soil, and their feces increase the fertility of the soil; Sand plants such as windbreak and sand fixation belong to the biological influence environment.

7. Concept and composition of ecosystem

Concept: The unified whole formed by biology and environment in a certain area is called ecosystem.

Composition: including biological part and abiotic part. The biological part includes producers, consumers and decomposers. Abiotic parts include sunlight, water, air, temperature, etc.

8, food chain and food web:

The relationship between producers and consumers is mainly the relationship between eating and being eaten, thus forming a food chain. There are often many food chains in an ecosystem, which often cross each other to form a food web.

Second unit

9. Names and functions of various parts of the optical microscope:

Mirror holder-stabilize the mirror body. Column—Supports the component above the column. Mirror arm-the part that supports the mirror. Stage-the place where the slide specimen is placed. There is a light hole in the middle and two flat clips on both sides. Lens barrel-the eyepiece is installed at the upper end and the converter is installed at the lower end. Converter-a turntable with an objective lens. Coarse focus screw-when rotating, the lens barrel can be greatly raised and lowered. Fine-tuning the focus screw-when rotating, the lifting range of the lens barrel is small, which can make the image clearer. Eyepiece and objective lens-the eyepiece is the lens for eyes to observe; An objective lens is a lens close to an object. Shader-there are round holes of different sizes on it, called aperture. The light intensity can be adjusted for light holes with different apertures. Reflector-one side is a flat mirror (used in strong light) and the other side is a concave mirror (used in low light). Rotating the reflector can make the light reflect upward through the light hole. The magnification of the object image is the magnification of the eyepiece multiplied by the magnification of the objective lens.

10, and observe the loading situation with a microscope.

① The object seen from the eyepiece is an inverted image. Example: If you see a "D" in the field of vision of a microscope, then "P" is written on transparent paper. ② Eyepiece magnification ╳ objective magnification = microscope magnification

1 1, the basic structure and function of cells

① Cell membrane-it can protect the interior of cells and control the entry and exit of substances inside and outside cells. ② Cytoplasm-Cytoplasm contains many fine structures related to various life activities. The cytoplasm of living cells has fluidity, which is beneficial to the material exchange between cells and the external environment. ③ Nucleus-plays an important role in biological inheritance. The nucleus contains a kind of material closely related to biological heredity-genetic material.

12, the difference between plant cells and animal cells

In addition to cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus, plant cells generally have cell walls, chloroplasts and vacuoles.

13, Preparation and Observation of Onion Epidermal Cell Slices

Manufacturing steps: (1) First, drop a drop of water in the center of a clean glass slide. (2) Break the onion scales outward, and tear off a small piece of transparent film from the inner surface of the scales with tweezers. (3) Put the torn film into the water drop in the center of the glass slide and flatten it gently with a dissecting needle. (4) Clamp the edge of one side of a cover glass with tweezers, first touch the other side with water drops, then gently flatten it and cover it on the film. Be careful not to leave bubbles under the cover glass. (5) After dyeing with iodine solution. (6) Slice the prepared onion epidermal cells and observe them under a low-power microscope.

14. Preparation and observation of oral epithelial cells

(1) Use a dropper to drop a drop of physiological saline in the center of a clean slide. (2) Rinse your mouth with cold boiled water and scrape it gently from the buccal wall of your mouth with a toothpick. (3) Put some crumbs attached to the toothpick in the normal saline on the glass slide for a few drops. (4) Cover the cover glass and be careful not to leave bubbles. (5) After dyeing with iodine solution. (6) The prepared oral epithelial cells were sliced and observed under a low-power microscope.

15, cell membrane function

Cell membrane can allow useful substances to enter the cell, keep other substances out of the cell, and at the same time, it can also discharge the waste produced in the cell.

16, the role of mitochondria and chloroplasts in energy conversion

(1) Mitochondria and chloroplasts are energy converters in cells. (2) Chloroplast: Chloroplast converts light energy into chemical energy and stores it in the organic matter it produces. (3) Mitochondria: release chemical energy in organic matter for cells to use.

17, the role of nucleus in biological inheritance

The control center of a cell is the nucleus. There are chromosomes in the nucleus, DNA in the chromosomes and genetic information in the DNA. These information are actually a series of instructions to guide and control the changes of substances and energy in cells.

18. Cell division produces new cells.

Cell division is the division of one cell into two cells. During division, the nucleus is first divided into two parts, and then the cytoplasm is divided into two parts, each of which contains a nucleus. Finally, a new cell membrane is formed in the center of the original cell, and plant cells also form new cell walls. As a result, one cell divides into two cells.

19, cells differentiate into tissues.

Cell differentiation produces different cell groups, and each cell group is composed of cells with similar morphology, structure and function. Such cell groups are called tissues.

20. Explain the structure of the human body.

Cell → Tissue → Organ → System → Human Body

2 1, indicating the structural level of plants.

Cells → tissues → organs → plants

22. Six organs of green flowering plants

① Roots, ② stems and ③ leaves (belonging to vegetative organs)

④ Flowers, fruits and seeds (belonging to reproductive organs).

23. An organism with only one cell.

Yeast, paramecium, Chlamydomonas, Eupolyphaga, Amoeba, etc. They are all single-celled organisms, which can live independently and have all physiological activities.

24, the morphological structure of the virus and the characteristics of life activities.

Morphological structure: The virus is diverse, with simple structure, consisting of protein's outer shell and internal genetic material, and has no cell structure.

Life activities: viruses can only live in living cells,

25. Pay attention to the relationship between viruses and other organisms in the biosphere, especially human beings.

Influenza, hepatitis, etc. Viruses cause serious harm to human health; Aids is also caused by viruses; Foot-and-mouth disease, chicken plague and many plant viruses have caused great losses to agriculture and animal husbandry.

On the one hand, people try to treat and prevent viral diseases, on the other hand, they use viruses to benefit mankind. Vaccination of smallpox vaccine, oral polio vaccine, foot-and-mouth disease, chicken plague and other animal viruses can also be prevented by vaccination. These vaccines are artificially attenuated viruses.

Third unit

27. Distinguish common algae, mosses and ferns.

Algae: Most of them live in water and can carry out photosynthesis without differentiation of roots, stems and leaves.

Common algae plants: Spirogyra, Chlamydomonas, Kelp and Porphyra.

Bryophytes: Most of them live in humid land environment, and generally have stems, leaves and rhizomes.

Common bryophytes: pumpkin, reed.

Pteridophyte: Most of them live in humid environment and have roots, stems and leaves.

Common ferns: Dryopteris nephrolepis, Selaginella Selaginella, Rhizoma Osmundae, Cimicifuga, Manjianghong.

28. Experiment: Observe the structure of seeds.

(1) Observe the structure of kidney bean seeds;

① Take a soaked kidney bean seed and observe its shape. (2) Peel off the outermost seed coat of the seed and separate the closed two cotyledons. ③ Carefully observe cotyledons, radicles, embryos and hypocotyls with a magnifying glass to see what they have.

(2) Observe the structure of corn seeds:

① Take a soaked corn seed and observe its shape. ② Cut the corn seeds longitudinally from the center with a blade. (3) Drop a drop of iodine solution on the outline, and then carefully observe the endosperm dyed blue and the pericarp and seed coat, radicle, embryo, hypocotyl and cotyledon that are not dyed blue with a magnifying glass to see what their characteristics are.

29. Distinguish common gymnosperms from angiosperms.

Gymnosperms: The seeds are bare and there is no pericarp coating outside.

Common gymnosperms: pine, fir, cypress, ginkgo, cycad, etc.

Angiosperms: The seeds are covered with pericarp.

Common angiosperms: peach, soybean, rice, rose, etc.

29. Explore the conditions of seed germination:

See page P90 of the first volume of Grade 7.

30. Main structure of seeds (similarities and differences between kidney bean seeds and corn seeds)

similarities and differences

Bean seeds have seed coat and endosperm, and nutrients are stored in cotyledons. Two cotyledons.

Corn seeds have seed coat, embryos have endosperm, and nutrients are stored in endosperm. Cotyledons.

3 1, seed germination conditions

Self-condition: The seed must be intact and the embryo must be alive.

External conditions: moisture, air and suitable temperature.

32. Nutrients for plant growth

Moisture, inorganic salts (inorganic salts containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are most needed) and organic matter.

33. The structure of peach blossom

Pedicels, sepals, petals, pistils (stigma, style, ovary), stamens (anthers, filaments).

34, the formation of fruits and seeds

The ovary develops into fruit, the ovary wall develops into fruit skin, the ovule in the ovary develops into seed, and the fertilized egg in the ovule develops into embryo.

35. The characteristic of roots is that they are suitable for absorbing water.

The part of root system that absorbs water is mainly the mature area of root tip. There are a lot of root hairs in the mature area.

36, the role of catheter

Transport moisture and inorganic salts.

37. Conditions, raw materials and products of photosynthesis

Conditions: light energy, chloroplast raw materials: carbon dioxide, aquatic products: organic matter, oxygen.

38, the respiration of plants

Plant cells use oxygen to decompose organic matter into carbon dioxide and water, and release the energy stored in organic matter to meet the needs of life activities; This process is called respiration of plants. Breathing is mainly carried out in mitochondria.

Fourth unit

It shows that human beings originated from forest apes.

The ancestors of modern apes and humans are forest apes.

40 Structure and Function of Male and Female Reproductive System (P9)

Testis is the male reproductive organ that produces sperm and secretes androgen. Ovary is the female reproductive organ that produces eggs and secretes estrogen.

4 1 Physical changes in adolescence

(1) The height suddenly increased, and the nervous system and cardiopulmonary functions were also significantly enhanced. (2) Rapid development of sexual organs: boys have nocturnal emission, and girls will menstruate.

42 main nutrients needed by human body

Six nutrients: sugar, fat, protein, water, inorganic salts and vitamins.

Three nutrients in human body: sugar, fat and protein.

43 main diseases caused by vitamin deficiency in human body

Lack of vitamin A: dry skin, night blindness (unclear at night), dry eye, etc.

Vitamin B 1 deficiency: neuritis, beriberi (vitamin B 1 deficiency), indigestion, loss of appetite, etc.

Lack of vitamin C: scurvy, decreased resistance, etc.

Lack of vitamin D: rickets, osteoporosis, etc.

Vitamin D can promote the absorption of phosphorus and calcium and bone development.

The composition of human digestive system. (Book P32 Diagram and P34 Explaining Graph)

The digestive system consists of digestive tract and digestive glands.

The digestive tract is a long tube. Digestive glands can be divided into two categories:

Some are large digestive glands located outside the digestive tract, such as the liver, and some are small glands distributed on the wall of the digestive tract, such as intestinal glands.

Digestion of food and absorption of nutrients

Starch, fat and protein in food are all organic substances with large molecules and complex structures. After entering the digestive system, they are gradually decomposed into simple materials before being absorbed by the human body. This process is called digestion. Digestion is mainly carried out through the action of various digestive enzymes. Besides salivary amylase in the mouth, there are many digestive enzymes in the stomach, small intestine and other organs.

Starch, maltose and glucose: fat, glycerol and fatty acids.

Protein amino acid

Food is digested in the digestive tract and eventually decomposed into nutrients that can be absorbed by the human body, such as glucose and amino acids. Small intestine is the main organ for human body to absorb nutrition. After various nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine and other places, they are transported to the whole body with the blood of internal blood vessels. The stomach can absorb water, inorganic salts and alcohol. The large intestine absorbs a small amount of water, inorganic salts and some vitamins.

Salivary amylase that begins to digest oral sugar.

Stomach protein begins to digest pepsin.

Small intestine sugar, protein, fat, enzymes that can digest sugar, fat and protein.

46 Pay attention to food safety

1, pay attention to the nutritional ingredients, whether there are additives on food packaging, production date, shelf life, manufacturer and manufacturer's address.

2. According to the production date and shelf life, it is estimated whether it will expire.

3. When you buy food, you should see whether the color of the food is fresh or not, and whether it is hard to touch with your hands. When buying fish, it depends on whether the color is shiny and whether the meat is stamped with the seal of the quarantine department.

Composition of human respiratory system

The respiratory system consists of respiratory tract and lungs. (Volume 43)

The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchus in the respiratory system are the channels for gas to enter and leave the lungs, which are called respiratory tract.

The nose is the starting position of the respiratory tract, and the throat is the channel for breathing and the organ for making sounds. The lung is the main organ of the respiratory system.

47. Gas exchange between alveoli and blood:

In exhaled gas, the oxygen content decreases and the carbon dioxide content increases. How did this change happen?

The inhaled gas follows the branches of the bronchi in the lung to the alveoli formed at the ends of the thinnest branches of the bronchi. Extraalveolar bread is surrounded by abundant capillaries. Both alveolar wall and capillary wall are flat epithelial cells. When inhaling, many alveoli bulge like small balloons, and oxygen in the air enters the blood through the alveolar wall and capillary wall. At the same time, carbon dioxide in the blood also enters the alveoli through the capillary wall and alveolar wall, and then is excreted with the exhalation process.

Composition and function of blood

Blood consists of plasma and blood cells.

(1) plasma (morphology): After blood stratification, the upper layer is light yellow transparent liquid.

(Function): Carrying blood cells, transporting substances needed to maintain human life activities and wastes generated in the body.

(2) Blood cells: including red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

A. red blood cells: (morphology) after blood stratification, red blood cells are in the lower layer and are red. Mature red blood cells have no nucleus.

Places with high oxygen content are easy to combine with oxygen.

It is easy to be separated from oxygen in places with low oxygen content.

(Function): It has the function of transporting oxygen.

B. White blood cells: (morphology): nucleated and spherical. Function: defense and protection.

Features: White blood cells can penetrate the capillary wall, concentrate on the invasion site of germs, surround and devour germs.

C. Platelets: morphology: irregular shape, no nucleus. Function: It can stop bleeding and accelerate blood coagulation.

49 Structure and function of three kinds of blood vessels

Concept and function of vascular types.

Arteries carry blood from the heart to all parts of the body. The blood vessels are thick and elastic, and the blood flow velocity in the tubes is fast.

Veins carry blood from all parts of the body to the heart. The blood vessel wall is thin, the elasticity is small and the blood flow is slow.

Capillary connects at least the blood vessels between arteries and veins, and is the place where blood and intercellular substances exchange. The tube wall is thin and consists of a layer of epithelial cells, and the blood flow velocity in the tube is the slowest.

50 Structure and function of heart (P68 diagram)

The heart wall is mainly composed of myocardium, and the heart has four cavities: left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle and right ventricle. Only the ipsilateral atrium is connected to the ventricle (Figure P69). Aorta is connected with left ventricle, pulmonary artery is connected with right ventricle, there are valves between ipsilateral atrium and ventricle, and between ventricle and artery. These valves are one-way, and can only flow in one direction, but not in reverse.

5 1 human systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation (P70)

Systemic circulation: blood flows from the left ventricle into the aorta, then through the arteries and capillaries of the whole body, and finally into the superior and inferior vena cava. The circulation flowing back to the right atrium passes through the systemic circulation, and the bright red arterial blood becomes dark red venous blood.

Pulmonary circulation: blood flows from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery, then through the capillary network of the lung, and finally returns from the pulmonary vein to the left atrium. After pulmonary circulation, dark red venous blood becomes bright red arterial blood again.

Distinguish arterial blood from venous blood

Arterial blood: rich in oxygen and bright red in color. Venous blood: low oxygen content, dark red color.

Blood transfusion, blood type and voluntary blood donation

It's time for blood transfusion, and the principle should be to input the same type of blood. (Table P76)

Blood type acceptable blood type convertible blood type

O A，AB

B B、O B、AB

AB A、B、AB、O AB

O O A、B、AB、O

A blood loss > 1200 ~ 1500ml: life-threatening.

> 800 ~ 1000 ml: dizziness, heartbeat, black eyes and cold sweat.

> 400 ml: the lost plasma components and blood cells will return to normal in a short time.

Since 1998, China has implemented a voluntary blood donation system to encourage healthy citizens aged 18~55 to donate blood voluntarily. Healthy adults donate 200 ~ 300ml of blood each time, which will not affect their health.

Composition of human urinary system

The urinary system consists of kidney, ureter, bladder and urethra.

The kidney is the organ that forms urine.

Ureter, bladder and catheter are the channels for urination, and bladder also has the function of temporarily storing urine. (Volume 80)

The formation and excretion of urine. (Figure P8 1) (Figure P82)

Formation of urine: The kidney is the organ that forms urine. The formation of urine mainly goes through two continuous processes: filtration and reabsorption. The formation of urine is mainly related to nephron. The glomerulus in nephron and the renal capsule wall near it play a filtering role. When blood

When flowing through the glomerular and renal capsule wall, in addition to protein and macromolecules of blood cells, some substances in plasma, such as water, inorganic salts, glucose, urea, etc., can enter the renal capsule through glomerular filtration. The fluid in the renal capsule is called protourine. The urine produced by human body every day is about 150 liter.

When the original urine flows through the renal tubule, all glucose, most water and some inorganic salts are reabsorbed by the renal tubule, enter the capillaries around the renal tubule and return to the blood, while the remaining water, inorganic salts and urea form urine. The human body excretes about 1.5 liters of urine every day.

Urine excretion: urine formed in the kidney flows into the bladder through the ureter for temporary storage. When the urine in the bladder is stored to a certain amount, people will feel micturition, micturition and urine will be excreted through the urethra. Urinating can not only discharge waste, but also regulate the balance of water and inorganic salts in the body and maintain the normal physiological functions of tissues and cells.

56. The structure of the eyeball and the formation of vision:

Structure of eyeball: (Figure) The main structures related to visual formation are cornea, iris, lens, vitreous body and retina.

The formation of vision: the light reflected by external objects passes through the cornea, pupil, lens and vitreous body, refracted by the lens, and finally falls on the retina to form an object image. There are photoreceptor cells in the retina, which transmit image information to the visual center of the cerebral cortex through the optic nerve, thus forming vision.

57. The composition and function of the nervous system:

Composition of nervous system:

Central nervous system-brain: 1. Cerebellum 2. Brain stem 3. Brain.

Peripheral nervous system: 1. Cranial nerve II. Spinal nerve 3. Spinal cord.

Function of nervous system: Excitement after stimulation and conduction.

58. The basic way of neural regulation and the structure of reflex arc:

The basic way of neuromodulation is reflex. The structural basis of reflection is reflex arc.

Reflex: The regular response of the human body to various external or internal stimuli through the nervous system.

For example, simple reflexes such as knee-jumping reflex and hand-shrinking reflex, and complex reflexes such as watching plums quench their thirst and saying that plums secrete saliva.

Reflections related to language and writing, such as looking at plums to quench thirst, are complex and unique to human beings.

The structure of reflex arc: receptor → afferent nerve → nerve center → efferent nerve → effector.

59. The role of several hormones in the human body:

(1) The role of growth hormone:

Short stature caused by insufficient secretion of growth hormone in childhood of dwarfism patients.

Height of patients with gigantism caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone in childhood.

(2) Thyroid hormone:

Iodine deficiency can lead to endemic goiter.

Iodine deficiency in childhood can lead to dementia.

(3) Insulin (islet secretion)

Insufficient insulin secretion can lead to diabetes.

59. Skills Training: [Design Control Experiment]

See P 109, the textbook in the second volume of the previous grade.

60. The impact of human activities on biology:

(1) Deforestation seriously damages the ecological environment, exacerbates soil erosion and causes sandstorms.

(2) Air pollution will form acid rain.

(3) Water pollution will destroy the water ecosystem.

(4) Invasion of alien species will seriously harm local organisms.

(5) Human activities will also improve the ecological environment.

Fifth unit

6 1. Characteristics of aquatic animals adapting to life in water:

Fish can live in water, so it has two important characteristics: one is to swim with fins to get food and defend against enemies, and the other is to breathe in water with gills.

62. The main characteristics of mammals:

Body surface coat; Teeth are divided into incisors, canines and molars; There is a diaphragm in the body cavity; Breathe with the lungs; The heart has four completely separated ventricles; Constant body temperature; Developed brain; Most of them are viviparous and breastfeeding.

63. The difference between warm animals and warm-blooded animals:

Mammals and birds can keep their body temperature constant by self-regulation. They are all warm-blooded animals. The body temperature of other animals changes with the change of the surrounding environment, belonging to the temperature-changing animals.

64. Morphological and structural characteristics of terrestrial animals adapted to land environment:

(1) The land climate is relatively dry; Accordingly, animals living on land generally have structures to prevent water loss. For example, reptiles have horny scales or nails, and insects have exoskeletons.

(2) Land animals are not affected by the buoyancy of water, and generally have organs that support their bodies and movements.

(3) Except for earthworms and other animals, animals living on land can generally breathe air. Various respiratory organs located in the body, such as trachea and lungs.

(4) Animals living on land generally have developed sensory organs and nervous systems, which can respond to the changing environment in time.

65. The structure and characteristics of skeletal muscle:

Structure: Tendon: Thin milky white parts at both ends of skeletal muscle.

Abdomen: the thicker part in the middle

Features: No matter what kind of stimulation (including excitement from nerves), muscles will contract, stop stimulation and relax.

66. Distinguish between innate behavior and learning behavior of animals:

Congenital behavior (1): It is the innate behavior of animals, which is determined by their genetic material. For example, bees that collect honey, and hens that have lost their cubs raise kittens.

(2) Learning behavior: It is the behavior obtained from life experience and learning through the role of environmental factors on the basis of genetic factors, which is called learning behavior, such as parroting, counting dogs and monkeys performing tricks.

67. The role of animals in nature:

The important role of (1) in ecological balance cent

(2) promoting the material circulation of the ecosystem

(3) Help plants pollinate and spread seeds.

68. Morphological structure and reproduction mode of bacteria.

(1) Bacterial morphology: spherical, rod-shaped and spiral.

(2) the structure of bacteria:

Yes: 1. Flagella 2. Capsule 3. Cell four. Cytoplasm 5. DNA region 6. Cell membrane

No: 1. Chloroplast 2. Nucleation

(3) The propagation mode of bacteria: ① Bacteria propagate through division, from one bacteria to two bacteria.

② When the environment is suitable, bacteria can divide once in less than half an hour.

③ In the later stage of growth and development, some bacterial cell walls contract and thicken to form spores.

(4) Spores are dormant bodies of bacteria and have strong resistance to adverse environment.

⑤ Spores are small and light, which can be scattered everywhere in the wind, but they can't germinate into bacteria when they fall in a proper environment.

69. Nutritional mode of bacteria: heterotrophic: Most bacteria can only survive by using ready-made organic matter and decomposing it into simple inorganic matter.

70. Nutrition mode of mold and mushroom: using ready-made organic matter to obtain the material and energy needed for life activities.

7 1. The difference between bacteria and fungi:

Bacteria: 1. The individual is very small, and there is no formed nucleus in the body. 2. Reproduce offspring through division. 3. There is no chloroplast in the cell.

Fungi: There are both small species and large species. There are real nuclei in cells, which can produce spores, which can develop into new individuals.

72. The role of bacteria and fungi in the material cycle.

① Participate in the material cycle as decomposers: bacteria and fungi decompose animal and plant remains into CO2, water and inorganic salts. ② Causes diseases of animals, plants and people. ③ Animals and plants: 1. Lichens (fungi and algae) II. Nodules (rhizobia and plants).

72. Skills training: [pilot program evaluation]

See page P69 of the first textbook for grade 8.

Sixth unit

73. The main groups of plants are algae, bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms.

The main groups of animals: protozoa, coelenterates, flatworms, linear animals, annelids, mollusks, echinoderms, arthropods, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.

74. According to the similarity between organisms, organisms are divided into different levels of taxonomic units, from large to small, namely, boundary, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species.

75. The connotation of biodiversity includes three levels: the diversity of biological species, the diversity of genes and the diversity of ecosystems. China is the country with the richest gymnosperms, which is called "the hometown of gymnosperms". Bryophytes, ferns and seed plants in China rank third in the world.

76. Protecting the living environment of organisms and the diversity of ecosystems is the fundamental measure to protect biodiversity, and establishing nature reserves is the most effective measure to protect biodiversity.